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Synopsis of Biological Data on Frigate Mackerel Auxis Thazard (Lacépède

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Synopsis of Biological Data on Frigate Mackerel Auxis Thazard (Lacépède Species Synopsis No, 8 FAO Fisheries Biology Synopsis No, 51 FIb/S51 (Distribution restricted) SAST - Tuna SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON FRIGATE MACKEREL Auxis thazard (Lacépde) 1802 (PACIFIC OCEAN) Exposé synoptique sur la biologie de ltauxide Auxis thazard (Lacépde) 1802 (Océan Pacifique) Sinopsis sobre la biología de la melva Auxis thazard (Lacépde 1802 (Océano Pacifico) Prepared by RICHARD N. UCHIDA U. S, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Honolulu, Hawaii FISHERIES DIVISION, BIOLOGY BRANCH FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1963 2'41 FIb/'SSl Frigate ckerel 1:1 iIDENTITY variable vascular system, and only in minor details of that system, cannot exist in an equal 1. 1 Taxonomy status with the other four orders of the Teleostomi ami should, therefore, be thrown 1. 1. 1 Definition (After Schultz, 1960) out. Another argument against the use of Phylum Chordata Kishinouyes classification wasgiven by Subphylum Craniata Hildebrand (1946). He stated that difficult Superclass Gnathostomata dissections are involved In followi ngiKisbinOUY&B Class Osteichthys classification, and some of the characters are Subclass Teleostomi scarcely usable except by an' expert. Superorder Teleosteica Order Percomorphida Wade (1951) pointed out that Herre (1953) Suborder Scombrina and Jordan (1923) placed the so-called Family Scombridae scombroid fishes in two families, the Scorn- Genus Auxis Cuvier and Valenciennes bridae and Thunnidae. Berg (1947) in his 1831 classification created an additional family, Species Auxis thazard (Lacpède) 1802 which he called Cybiidae. Fraser-Brunner The establishment of the genus Auxis under (1950), on the other hand, rejected any diviSion "Les Scombres" first appeared in Cuvier's of the family Scombridae, saying that atterppts Règne Animal in 1829. Kishinouye (1915) hailed tosubdividethe fanily on the basis of lesser this work and stated that this marked a great characters have "resulted in arrangements, advance in taxonomy. However, from the time which are artificial and have left the classifica- of Cuvier's work to the present, the genus Auxis tion in an uneasy shifting state." has had several reclassifications. Even the species included under this genus have been Thus, the placement of the genus Auxie confused, with the result that to4ay several depends on the taxonomic authority one wishes names exist for the two or three (?) types of to accept. 'Auxis in the Pacific. 1.1.2 Description In classifying the genus Auxis, Kishinouye (1915) first included it in the family Thunnidae. - Genus Auxis Cuvier and Valenciennes However, in a later work (1917a), he created a 1831 new order of the Teleostomi and called it ìecostei. He placed the families Scombridae "Body oblong, plump,my naked posterior- 'and Cybiidae in the order Teleostei and the ly, anteriorly covered with small scales, those families Thunuidae a Catsuwonidae under his of the pectoral region enlarged, forming a new order Plecostel. H placed the'genue. corse1e; snout very short, conical, scarcely Thunnue under Thv,ndae and the genera compressed;mouth rather small, the jaws Kate uwonus. Euthynnue, and Auxis under the equal; teeth very small, mostly in a single family Katsuwonidne(Kishiaouye. 1 923).,The series, on the jaws only; tail very slender, order Plecoetci was establishedsolely onthe depressed, with a rather large keel on each basis. of a partial variation in the vascular side; fjrt dorsal short, separated from the system. The primary characteristic of the new second by a. considerable interspace; second order was then the presence of well-developed dorsal and anal small, each with 7 or 8 finlets; subcutaneous bloodvecelcand the secondary pectorals and ventrale small; no air bladder; characteristic was the development of dark rèd branchiostegals 7; pyloric coeca dendritical; lateral tissue in relation to the eubcutaneoto gill raks, very long and slender, numerous; blood vessels. Another difference pointed out vertebrae 39 in number, peculiarly modified, was the difference in the kidneys. and the vascu- essentially as in 9da." (Jordan and lar systems within the kidneys. Evermana, l805) Tkahashi (1924) refuted Kishinouye's belief About the genus Auxis,Kishinouye (1915) in the need to create a new order and presented wrote that this group is more degeaera.e than his argumsnt. In brìef he stated that the new Euthynnus, and accordingly differs widely frOm order Plecostei which io established solely on the other chunnids. The haemal spines of the the basis of a paria1 variation in the highly thoracic vertebrae do not form a haen-ìal arch, 2Lf2 1:2 FIb/S51 Frigate Mackerel the first vertebra is not fused to the cranium, the body. The outline trails posteriorly, and the first and second dorsals are not con- toward the origin of the second dorsal fin. tinuous. There is no air b1ader.It is a small From the anterior end of the dorsal wedge, tlié fish about one foot long, with a short snout and dorsal profile of the middle extension of the coloration roughly the same as that of E.yaito. corselet trails posteriorly and ventrally toward However, there are no spots below the pectoral the lateral line and meets its complement which fin. begins near the angle of the opercie and rises obliquely toward the lateral line.The lower - Auxis thazard (Lacpde) 1802 wedge begins near the angle of the opercle and trails ventrally toward the tip of the ventral The following description of A. thazard is fins.Variations in the length of the corselet quoted from Matsumoto (1960:174) who examined occur only in the middle branch which roughly five specimens of this species: follows the lateral line; hence the term corse1et as used in this paper shall refer to this middle "Dorsal XI, 10-12, 8.Anal 13, 7.Gill extension." rakers 9-10+1+28-31= 39-42.Total length 272- 283 mm. On external coloration of the live specimen, Serventy (1941) stated that A. thazard resem- "Body robust, more or less compressed bles E. alletteratus, commonly called mackerel laterally. Snout short, pointed.Mouth moder- tuna, in having a wavy mackerel-like pattern on ate; gape to well past anterior edge of pupil. the back.This pattern is, however, somewhat Each jaw with single row of small, weak teeth. Indistinct in A. thazard and instead of being on Palatines and v'óìer toothless. Dorsal fins a dark green background, the markings are laid well separated. Dorsal interspace less than on a lead -colored one.After death, the fish half the distance between the origins of the presents a shiny, lead-like appearance, which first and second dorsal. somewhat resembles the lead-pencil shading on note paper and to which the name "leadenall" is "Vertebrae 20+19= 39, including urostyle. due. First haernal.arch on 8th vertebra; first closed haen-ial arch and first haemal spine on 21st The color of a specimen preserved in alco- vertebra. Haemal canal borne away from body hol was noted to be blackish-blue above, lighter of vertebra by pedicles. below, and becoming silvery on the belly.The color of the fins was the same as the adjacent "Body naked, except for corselet of scales. body color (Jordan and Evermann, 1905). Corselet along lateral line extends posteriorly to about two thirds the distance from the origin 1.2 Nomenclature of first dorsal to the origin of second dorsal. Lateral line only one or two scale-rows wide 1.2.1 Valid scientific name beneath second dorsal origin.Lateral line ma or less undulating, without any pronounced arch, - Auxis thazard (Lacpde) 1802 "Body markings about 16 dark, oblique bars There is much confusion at 'present among running posterodorsally and overlying bluish taxonomists and hence in the literature as to background above lateral line. Bars variable the number of valid species of this genus. in numbernd often broken into spots. Dark Evidently, there are some who believe that continuous band over top of head and along there is only one single world-wide species and dorsal margin of body.The band more or less this is A. thazard. There are others who just uniform in width to above tip of pectorals as firmly believe that one or more additional whence it narrows posteriorly to base of second species are to be found. dorsal finlet.Body below lateral line silvery white and free of markings or spots." 1.2.2 Synonyms (Fig 1.) In the Pacific Ocean, the scientific names Matsumoto (1959) descihesthe corselet which are ascribed to A. thazard or some of as "a plaque of scales on the anterior part of the other closely related species are given the body in tìfrm of three wedges, whose below (De Beaufort and Chapman, 1951; Rosa, àpices point posteriorly.The dorsal wedge 1950). begins near the tip of the pectoral fin, halfway between the ],ateiai line and the dorsal edge of 243 FIb/S51 Frigate Mackerel 1:3 Scomber thazard Lacpde, 1802 collection of six specimens from Woods Hole, AuxiB taso Cuvier and Valenciennes, Mass., Hawaii, and Java agrees in gillraker 1831 count of the lower gill arch with Auxis thazard Auxis thyrmoides Bleeker, 1855 as named here. The specimen used by Walford Auxis roch ei GUnther, 1860; Steindachner, (1937) to illustrate Auxis thazard is clearly 1868; Mellis, 1875; Jordan identifiable as A. apeinosorna with its long and Gilbert, 1882; Goode, posterior extension of the corselet along the 1880; Steindachner and lateral line.It is not known whether the east- Doderlein, 1885; ern Pacific forms are identical with the species Kitahara, 1897; Hoek, occurring in Philippine waters, and a careful 1914; 8orja, 1920; Travis, study of a considerable number of collections 1925; JenkIns, 1925; will be necessary before this can be Jordan, Evermann, and ascertained." Clark, 1930; Irvine, 1947 Auxis hira Kisl2inouye, 1915; Jordan Kishinouye (1915) stated that there are two and Hubbs, 1925; species in Japanese waters which are distin- Soldatov and Lindberg, guished by differences in the number of scales 1930 on the lateral line and in the breadth of the body.
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