Dieprivier Powerline Amendment: Ecological Assessment Report: FINAL

Kareedouw – Dieprivier powerline amendment: Ecological Assessment Report: FINAL

Report Prepared by: Engineering Advice & Services (Pty) Ltd

EAS Project Number: 1344

19 September 2016

Kareedouw – Dieprivier powerline amendment: Ecological Assessment Report: FINAL

By: Engineering Advice & Services (Pty) Ltd. 73 Heugh Road, Walmer Port Elizabeth, 6013 Tel: +27 (0) 41 581 2421 Fax: +27 (0) 86 683 9899

EAS Project Number: 1344 19 September 2016

This Report has been prepared by Engineering Advice and Services, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client, incorporating our standard terms and conditions of business and taking into account the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. EAS disclaims any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside of the scope of the above. This report is exclusive to the client and the described project. EAS accepts no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this Report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such persons or parties rely on the report at their own risk.

Compiled by: Name Company Email Mr Jamie Pote BSc (Hons) Pr. Sci. Nat. Engineering Advice & Services [email protected] Engineering Advice & Services Mr Daniel Schroeder MSc [email protected] (GIS) EAS Ref: F:\1300-1399\1344\Environmental\Reports\Biophysical Reports\1344 - Kareedouw Ecological Assessment Report_19092016.docx

Abbreviations CARA Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 CBA Critical Biodiversity Area DEDEAT Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism DEMC Desired Ecological Management Class DWAS Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (former department name) EA Environmental Authorisation ECO Environmental Control Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIR Environmental Impact Report EMC Ecological Management Class EMP Environmental Management Plan EMPr Environmental Management Programme report ER Environmental Representative ESS Ecosystem Services IAP’s Interested and Affected Parties IEM Integrated Environmental Management LM Local Municipality masl meters above sea level NSBA National Biodiversity Assessment NEMA National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 NEMBA National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 NFA National Forest Act 84 of 1998 PEMC Present Ecological Management Class PES Present Ecological State RDL Red Data List RHS Right Hand Side RoD Record of Decision SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute SDF Spatial Development Framework SoER State of the Environment Report SSC Species of Special Concern TOPS Threatened of Protected Species ToR Terms of Reference +ve Positive -ve Negative

Glossary Corridors: Have important functions as strips of a particular type of landscape differing from adjacent land on both sides. Habitat, ecosystems or undeveloped areas that physically connect habitat patches. Smaller, intervening patches of surviving habitat can also serve as "stepping stones" that link fragmented ecosystems by ensuring that certain ecological processes are maintained within and between groups of habitat fragments. Degraded Land that has been impacted upon by human activities (including introduction of habitat/land: invasive alien plants, light to moderate overgrazing, accelerated soil erosion, dumping of waste), but still retains a degree of its original structure and species composition (although some species loss would have occurred) and where ecological processes still occur (albeit in an altered way). Degraded land is capable of being restored to a near-natural state with appropriate ecological management. ECO/ESO: Environmental Control/Site Officer – person responsible for the Day-to-Day Environmental Management on-site during construction. Ecological Ecological processes typically only function well where natural vegetation remains, Processes: and in particular where the remaining vegetation is well-connected with other nearby patches of natural vegetation. Loss and fragmentation of natural habitat severely threatens the integrity of ecological processes. Where basic processes are intact, ecosystems are likely to recover more easily from disturbances or inappropriate actions if the actions themselves are not permanent. Conversely, the more interference there has been with basic processes, the greater the severity (and longevity) of effects. Natural processes are complex and interdependent, and it is not possible to predict all the consequences of loss of biodiversity or ecosystem integrity. When a region’s natural or historic level of diversity and integrity is maintained, higher levels of system productivity are supported in the long run and the overall effects of disturbances may be dampened. Ecosystem status: Ecosystem status of terrestrial ecosystems is based on the degree of habitat loss that has occurred in each ecosystem, relative to two thresholds: one for maintaining healthy ecosystem functioning, and one for conserving the majority of species associated with the ecosystem. As natural habitat is lost in an ecosystem, its functioning is increasingly compromised, leading eventually to the collapse of the ecosystem and to loss of species associated with that ecosystem. Ecosystem: All of the organisms of a particular habitat, such as a lake or forest, together with the physical environment in which they live. Endangered: Endangered terrestrial ecosystems have lost significant amounts (more than 60 % lost) of their original natural habitat, so their functioning is compromised. Endemic: A plant or animal species, or a vegetation type, which is naturally restricted to a particular defined region. It is often confused with indigenous, which means ‘native, occurring naturally in a defined area’. Environment: The external circumstances, conditions and objects that affect the existence and development of an individual, organism or group. These circumstances include biophysical, social, economic, historical and cultural aspects. Exotic: Non-indigenous; introduced from elsewhere, may also be a weed or alien invasive species. Exotic species may be invasive or non-invasive. Fragmentation Causes land transformation, an important current process in landscapes as more and (habitat): more development occurs.

Habitat: The home of a plant or animal species. Generally those features of an area inhabited by animal or plant which are essential to its survival. Indigenous: Native; occurring naturally in a defined area. Least threatened These ecosystems have lost only a small proportion (more than 80 % remains) of terrestrial their original natural habitat, and are largely intact (although they may be degraded ecosystems: to varying degrees, for example by invasive alien species, overgrazing, or overharvesting from the wild). Riparian: Pertaining to, situated on or associated with a river bank. River corridors: River corridors perform a number of ecological functions such as modulating stream flow, storing water, removing harmful materials from water, and providing habitat for aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals. These corridors also have vegetation and soil characteristics distinctly different from surrounding uplands and support higher levels of species diversity, species densities, and rates of biological productivity than most other landscape elements. Rivers provide for migration and exchange between inland and coastal biotas. Transformation: In ecology, transformation refers to adverse changes to biodiversity, typically habitats or ecosystems, through processes such as cultivation, forestry, drainage of wetlands, urban development or invasion by alien plants or animals. Transformation results in habitat fragmentation – the breaking up of a continuous habitat, ecosystem, or land-use type into smaller fragments. Transformed Land that has been significantly impacted upon as a result of human Habitat/Land: interferences/disturbances (such as cultivation, urban development, mining, landscaping, severe overgrazing), and where the original structure, species composition and functioning of ecological processes have been irreversibly altered. Transformed habitats are not capable of being restored to their original states. Tributary/ A small stream or river flowing into a larger one. Drainage line: Untransformed Land that has not been significantly impacted upon by mans activities. These are habitat/land: ecosystems that are in a near-pristine condition in terms of structure, species composition and functioning of ecological processes. Vulnerable: Vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems have lost some (more than 60 % remains) of their original natural habitat and their functioning will be compromised if they continue to lose natural habitat. Weed: An indigenous or non-indigenous plant that grows and reproduces aggressively, usually a ruderal pioneer of disturbed areas. Weeds may be unwanted because they are unsightly, or they limit the growth of other plants by blocking light or using up nutrients from the soil. They can also harbour and spread plant pathogens. Wetlands: A collective term used to describe lands that are sometimes or always covered by shallow water or have saturated soils, and where plants adapted for life in wet conditions usually grow.

Table of Contents Abbreviations ...... 2 1 Background ...... 8 1.1 Terms of Reference ...... 8 1.2 Description of aspects of the project that potentially could cause impacts on the Vegetation and flora ...... 8 1.3 Laws and policies relating to the natural environment ...... 9 1.3.1 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108, 1996), article 24 (b) – (c) ...... 9 1.3.2 National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (Act 107 of 1998) ...... 9 1.3.3 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004...... 9 1.3.4 National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 ...... 10 1.3.5 National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan (NBSAP) (DEAT 2005) ...... 10 1.3.6 Draft National Strategy for Sustainable Development (DEAT 2006) ...... 11 1.3.7 Provincial Growth and Development Strategy Green Paper (Department of the Premier 2006) 11 1.3.8 National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) 2004 (Driver et al 2005) ...... 11 1.3.9 Environment Conservation Act and Regulations GN154 ...... 11 1.3.10 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 and Conservation of Agricultural Resources Regulations...... 12 1.3.11 Forest Act 122 of 1984 ...... 12 1.3.12 National Forests Act 84 of 1998 ...... 12 1.3.13 Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance (PNCO) of 1974 ...... 13 1.3.14 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, (NEMBA) ...... 13 1.4 Relevant Affected Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations ...... 13 1.4.1 National list of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection according to National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (act no. 10 of 2004) ...... 13 1.5 Description of the affected environment ...... 14 1.5.1 Site Location ...... 14 1.5.2 Site Topography ...... 15 2 Regional Planning Frameworks ...... 15 2.1 Regional Planning Framework...... 15 2.1.1 Vegetation of Southern Africa ...... 16 2.1.2 National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (2011) ...... 18 2.1.3 Bioregional Plans, Critical Biodiversity Areas and Ecological Process Areas ...... 19 2.1.4 Biodiversity offsets ...... 19 2.2 Protected Plants ...... 19 3 VEGETATION DESCRIPTION AND FLORAL COMPOSITION ...... 20 3.1 Ecological State and Sensitivity of Vegetation ...... 20 3.1.1 Perceived Reference State (PRS) ...... 20

3.1.2 Present Ecological State (PES) ...... 20 3.1.3 Terrestrial Vegetation Vulnerability Assessment ...... 24 3.1.4 Protection status and Species of Special Concern ...... 27 3.1.5 Alien Invasive Plant species ...... 28 3.1.6 Potential Trade-offs and Biodiversity Offsets ...... 29 4 Prediction of environmental impacts ...... 29 4.1 Introduction ...... 29 4.2 Natural Habitats and Biodiversity Threats ...... 29 4.3 Existing Impacts ...... 29 4.4 Proposed project actions ...... 30 4.5 General Impact Rating Scale for Specialists/ Baseline data ...... 30 4.5.1 The Severity/ Beneficial Scale ...... 30 4.5.2 Spatial and Temporal Scales ...... 31 4.5.3 The Degree of Certainty and the Likelihood Scale ...... 32 4.5.4 The Environmental Significance Scale ...... 32 4.5.5 Absence of Data ...... 33 4.6 Identified environmental impacts ...... 33 4.6.1 Direct loss of habitat ...... 33 4.6.2 Direct loss of Rocky Refugia; ...... 33 4.6.3 Direct loss of Thicket or Forest Vegetation along drainage lines; ...... 34 4.6.4 Direct loss of Riparian vegetation along drainage lines ...... 34 4.6.5 Direct loss of seep/wetland/seasonal pan vegetation ...... 34 4.6.6 Loss of habitat for species of special concern ...... 34 4.6.7 Loss species of special concern ...... 35 4.6.8 Increased risk of alien invasion in drainage lines and along cleared servitude ...... 35 4.6.9 Clearing of alien invasives from within the site and drainage lines ...... 35 4.6.10 Disruptions to Ecological Processes as a result of habitat fragmentation ...... 35 4.6.11 Cumulative Impacts ...... 36 4.6.12 Assessment of the reversibility of impact ...... 36 4.6.13 Assessment of the degree to which the impact causes irreplaceable loss of resources 36 5 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 38 5.1 Risks and Uncertainties ...... 38 5.2 Environmental Management Plan ...... 38 5.2.1 No Go Areas ...... 39 5.2.2 Alien vegetation clearing ...... 39 5.2.3 River crossings ...... 39 5.2.4 Search and Rescue of SSC ...... 39 5.3 Rehabilitation potential and processes ...... 40 5.3.1 Rehabilitation Objective ...... 40 5.3.2 Rehabilitation Plan ...... 40 5.3.3 Monitoring and Reporting ...... 40

6 References ...... 41 7 Maps ...... 42

List of Tables Table 3.1: Summary of Present Ecological State indicators of the study area...... 26 Table 3.2: Species having protection status under PNCO, NFA or IUCN occurring in the area...... 28 Table 3.3: Alien Invasive plants and common weeds present and CARA classification...... 29 Table 4.1: Impact summary table...... 37

List of Figures Figure 1-1: Powerline Route westwards of the Dieprivier substation...... 14 Figure 2.1: Vegetation units and conservation status (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006)...... 15 Figure 3.1: Transformed grassy vegetation with no indicators of Langkloof Shale Renosterveld ...... 21 Figure 3.2: Transformed grassy vegetation with no indicators of Langkloof Shale Renosterveld ...... 21 Figure 3.3: Transformed grassy vegetation with no indicators of Langkloof Shale Renosterveld ...... 21 Figure 3.4: Transformed grassy vegetation with no indicators of Langkloof Shale Renosterveld ...... 21 Figure 3.5: Predominantly transformed ...... 22 Figure 3.6: Predominantly transformed with alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum) ...... 22 Figure 3.7: Predominantly transformed grassy area with alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum) ...... 22 Figure 3.8:. Predominantly transformed grassy area with alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum) ...... 22 Figure 3.9: Predominantly transformed grassy area with alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum) ...... 22 Figure 3.10: Predominantly transformed grassy area with alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum) ...... 22 Figure 3.11: Some intact patches present...... 23 Figure 3.12:Transformed grassy farmland ...... 23 Figure 3.13: Transformed grassy farmland ...... 23 Figure 3.14: Transformed grassy farmland with Bluegums ...... 23 Figure 3.15: Some intcat pockets present ...... 23 Figure 3.16: Some intcat pockets present ...... 23

List of Maps Map 1: Locality Plan...... 43 Map 2: Map showing rivers and wetlands along the route...... 44 Map 3: Vegetation Units and Status...... 45 Map 4: Critical Biodiversity Areas (ECBCP)...... 46 Map 5: Aerial photo...... 47 Map 6: Land Use ...... 48

1 Background Mr Jamie Pote (Engineering Advice and Services) was appointed in 2016 to undertake a site walk down for the Eskom Kareedouw to Dieprivier 132 kV powerline in the Kouga Municipality. Environmental authorisation was issued for the project in September 2013. This report serves to describe and the authorised route (including a proposed amended section).

Site visits were conducted in August/September 2016.

1.1 Terms of Reference 1. Identify and describe the conservation value and conservation planning frameworks relevant to this site (Regional Planning) for represented vegetation units. 2. Carry out fieldwork to locate and describe the terrestrial vegetation on the study area, key focus on the impact footprint(s) for sensitive sites. No faunal assessments will be undertaken within the scope of this study. 3. Determine the species present and localities within each vegetation types. 4. Determine whether the study area falls wholly or partially within the distribution range of species listed as Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered, Protected, IUCN Red Listed or Endemic. 5. Provide a description of the current state of the vegetation on site supported by relevant photographs and maps. 6. Provide a detailed vegetation sensitivity map of the site, including mapping of disturbance and transformation on site. 7. Describe the areas where indigenous vegetation has been transformed. 8. Determine alien species present; their distribution within the study area and recommended management actions. 9. Note and record the position of unusually large specimens of trees, where applicable. 10. Identify and rate potential impacts, outline mitigatory measures and outline additional management guidelines. 11. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) recommendations relating to flora and vegetation, including generic rehabilitation and revegetation guideline will be provided in the report.

1.2 Description of aspects of the project that potentially could cause impacts on the Vegetation and flora The key components of the project and their respective impacts upon the terrestrial vegetation and floral environment are as follows: Component Ecological impacts Powerline Powerline construction will require clearing of The terrestrial environment will be impacted where vegetation within the development footprint vegetation clearing is required Pylons The installation of pylons will require footprint The terrestrial environment will be impacted where clearing during installation vegetation clearing is required for hard standing areas, resulting in removal of habitat and associated fauna and flora Roads

Component Ecological impacts Unsurfaced access roads to pylon structures The terrestrial environment will be impacted where will be required, where existing roads are not vegetation clearing is required for road construction, present resulting in loss of habitat and associated fauna and flora Temporary activities during construction Construction related lay down or storage areas, The terrestrial environment will be impacted where including work areas around the servitude, and vegetation clearing is required for any temporary other infrastructure related activities hard-standing areas. This may be of a temporary nature and post construction rehabilitation may be possible

1.3 Laws and policies relating to the natural environment Relevant administrative, legal and policy requirements which the developer will be responsible for carrying out during the construction and operation of the development: 1.3.1 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108, 1996), article 24 (b) – (c) “everyone has the right to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote conservation; and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development”

1.3.2 National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) (Act 107 of 1998) The National Environmental Management Act (Act 107, 1998) states in s2(4)(k) that "the environment is held in public trust for the people, the beneficial use of resources must serve the public interest and the environment must be protected as the people’s common heritage." Section 2(4)(a) specifies that sustainable development requires the consideration of all relevant factors including the following:  that the disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity are avoided, or, where they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied;  that the development, use and exploitation of renewable resources and the ecosystems of which they are part do not exceed the level beyond which their integrity is jeopardised;  that a risk-averse and cautious approach is applied, which takes into account the limits of current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions  that negative impacts on the environment and on people’s environmental rights be anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot be altogether prevented, are minimised and remedied;  that equitable access to environmental resources, benefits and services be pursued to meet basic human needs and ensure well-being. Special measures may be taken to ensure access by categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination Section 28 imposes a ‘duty of care’ obligation for the environment on every person with regard to taking reasonable measures to prevent pollution or degradation of the environment or, where unavoidable, to minimize and rectify such pollution or degradation.

1.3.3 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act 10 of 2004 The objectives of this Act are within the framework of the National Environmental Management Act, include:

 The management and conservation of biological diversity within the Republic of South Africa and the components of such biological diversity  The use of indigenous biological resources in a sustainable manner; and  The fair and equitable sharing among stakeholders of benefits arising from bio prospecting involving indigenous biological resources; and  Giving effect to ratified international agreements relating to biodiversity which are binding on the Republic. The Act, amongst others, provides the framework for biodiversity management and planning. Section 52 provides for the listing of threatened (critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable) and protected ecosystems (of high conservation value or of high national or provincial importance although not listed as threatened) and for activities or processes within those ecosystems to be listed as ‘threatening processes’, thus triggering the need to comply with the NEMA EIA regulations. The Act establishes the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), with a range of functions and powers (Chapter 2 Part 1). It also provides for the listing, control and eradication of invasive species (currently the responsibility of the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act, 1983).

1.3.4 National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act 57 of 2003 The objectives of this Act within the framework of the National Environmental Management Act, include the protection and conservation of ecologically viable areas representative of South Africa’s biological diversity and its natural landscapes and seascapes in order to:  Protect areas with significant natural features or biodiversity  Protect areas in need of long-term protection for the provision of environmental goods and services  Provide for sustainable flow of natural products and services to meet the needs of a local community; involvement of private landowners. The Act provides for the involvement of parties other than organs of State in the declaration and management of protected areas.

1.3.5 National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan (NBSAP) (DEAT 2005) Five main strategic objectives have been identified, namely:  Strategic Objective 1: An enabling policy and legislative framework integrates biodiversity management objectives into the economy.  Strategic Objective 2: Enhanced institutional effectiveness and efficiency ensures good governance in the biodiversity sector.  Strategic Objective 3: Integrated terrestrial and aquatic management across the country minimizes the impacts of threatening processes on biodiversity, enhances ecosystem services and improves social and economic security.  Strategic Objective 4: Human development and well-being is enhanced through sustainable use of biological resources and equitable sharing of the benefits.  Strategic Objective 5: A network of protected areas conserves a representative sample of biodiversity and maintains key ecological processes across the landscape and seascape.

1.3.6 Draft National Strategy for Sustainable Development (DEAT 2006) This Strategy stems from Section 24 (b) of the Constitution and particular the phrase “secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development”. Although still in development, the final product is set to be used by government and stakeholders to enhance South Africa’s long term planning capacity. It would specifically influence national and provincial development strategies, such as the National Spatial Development Perspective, the Provincial Growth and Development Strategies and other cross-sectoral development programmes. The draft National Strategy notes that the nation’s biodiversity provides critical ecosystem services on which socioeconomic systems depend. Our ecosystems are the basis of our society and our economy; they provide vital services and are of great use and non-use value to society.

1.3.7 Provincial Growth and Development Strategy Green Paper (Department of the Premier 2006) Economic growth is a prerequisite for boosting job creation, better quality human settlement and improved human well-being. The PGDS notes that:  Environmental integrity is 1 of 4 key pillars of the ‘shared growth and integrated development’ path to 2014, with growth, equity and empowerment.  Biodiversity embraces the richness in species as well as the wealth in endemic plants and animals. Protecting the natural resource base is essential to any economic and socially sustainable system, even when the full economic value of natural resources has not yet been calculated.  Biodiversity protection and the protection of ecological hot spots are internationally recognized imperatives governed by specific international agreements. Land cover change is the most significant driver or decline in ecosystem health. The Strategy aims for a 50% improvement in environmental condition by 2014 (through urban edge and other guidelines, target is to reduce biodiversity loss and urban/agricultural land encroachment).

1.3.8 National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) 2004 (Driver et al 2005) The NSBA establishes status for terrestrial, inland water, estuarine and marine ecosystems, protection levels and conservation priorities at a 1: 250000 scale nationally and suggested implementation options for priority areas. It provides the national context for development of biodiversity plans at the sub- national and local scale. For each vegetation type a defensible target has been determined, based on protecting 75% of species occurring in that vegetation type. Ecosystem status is thus based on the percentage of the original area remaining untransformed in relation to the biodiversity target, and a threshold for ecosystem functioning. Conservation priority areas indicate where there is a need for finer scale planning, expansion of the protected area system and integration of biodiversity-compatible development and resource management across the landscape and seascape, including on private and communal land.

1.3.9 Environment Conservation Act and Regulations GN154  Development must be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. Sustainable development requires the consideration of inter alia the following factors: o that pollution and degradation of the environment is avoided, or, where they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied; o that waste is avoided, or where it cannot be altogether avoided, minimised and re-used or recycled where possible and otherwise disposed of in a responsible manner;

o that the use and exploitation of non-renewable natural resources is responsible and equitable, and takes into account the consequences of the depletion of the resource; o that the development, use and exploitation of renewable resources and the eco-systems of which they are part do not exceed the level beyond which their integrity is jeopardised; and o that negative impacts on the environment and on peoples’ environmental rights be anticipated and prevented, and where they cannot be altogether prevented are minimised and remedied.  Environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of its concern, therefore any environmental impacts resulting from the development activities are not distributed in such a manner as to unfairly discriminate against any persons, particularly vulnerable and disadvantaged persons.  The developer is required to undertake Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for all projects listed as a Schedule 1 activity in the EIA regulations in order to control activities which might have a detrimental effect on the environment. Such activities will only be permitted with written authorisation from a competent authority.

1.3.10 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 and Conservation of Agricultural Resources Regulations. In terms of section 6 of the Act, the Minister may prescribe control measures with which all land users have to comply. The control measure may relate to the following:  the regulating of the flow pattern of run-off water;  the control of weeds and invader plants;  the restoration or reclamation of eroded land or land which is otherwise disturbed or denuded;

1.3.11 Forest Act 122 of 1984 Protected trees The Forest Act provided for the protection of trees on private land by providing that ‘no person may cut, damage, destroy, disturb or remove any protected tree from the land in question, or collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any part or produce thereof’. The Minister was authorised, in respect of any land not forming part of a State forest, to declare a particular tree, a particular group of trees, or trees belonging to a particular species occurring on that land, to be a protected tree or trees (Appendix 6) Regulations published under the Act list 58 species of protected trees to which these prohibitions apply. Although the NFA has repealed the old Forest Act, the majority or regulations promulgated under the Act still remain in force until such time they are replaced by new regulations under the NFA.

1.3.12 National Forests Act 84 of 1998 Protected trees The Minister may declare a tree, group of trees, woodland or a species of trees as protected. The Minister is required to publish a list of all species protected under this Act, an appropriate warning of the prohibitions set out and the consequences of its infringements, annually in the Government Gazette. The prohibitions provide that ‘ no person may cut, damage, disturb, destroy or remove any protected tree, or collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree, except under a licence granted by the Minister’.

1.3.13 Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance (PNCO) of 1974 Protected indigenous plants in general are controlled under the relevant provincial Ordinances or Acts dealing with nature conservation. In the Eastern Cape the relevant statute is the 1974 Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance. In terms of this Ordinance, a permit must be obtained from Department of Economic Affairs Environment and Tourism (DEAET) to remove or destroy any plants listed in the Ordinance.

1.3.14 National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, (NEMBA) The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) provides a suite of legal tools for biodiversity conservation outside protected areas, including listing of threatened or protected ecosystems, listing of threatened or protected species, bioregional plans and biodiversity management plans for ecosystems or species, and biodiversity management agreements. NEMBA provides for listing of threatened or protected ecosystems in one of the following categories:  critically endangered (CR) ecosystems, being ecosystems that have undergone severe degradation of ecological structure, function or composition as a result of human intervention and are subject to an extremely high risk of irreversible transformation;  endangered (EN) ecosystems, being ecosystems that have undergone degradation of ecological structure, function .or composition as a result of human intervention, although they are not critically endangered ecosystems;  vulnerable (VU) ecosystems, being ecosystems that have a high risk of undergoing significant degradation of ecological structure, function or composition as a result of human intervention, although they are not critically endangered ecosystems or endangered ecosystems;  protected ecosystems, being ecosystems that are of high conservation value or of high national or provincial importance, although they are not listed as critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable A schedule of national list of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection was gazetted on 9 December 2011, as per section 52(1)(a) of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004) based on the National Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) 2011, which supersedes the terrestrial ecosystem status results in the NSBA 2004.

1.4 Relevant Affected Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 1.4.1 National list of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection according to National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (act no. 10 of 2004) The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act no. 10 of 2004), lists a single vegetation type as being affected:

Langkloof Shale Renosterveld (Critically Endangered) The Langkloof Shale Renosterveld present along the Kromme River floodplain is largely degraded and transformed as a result of cultivation. Hence its elevated conservation status. A few intact and semi- intact pockets remain. The only portions potentially affected is a small portion on the eastern side of the route, where it is the traversed by the powerline (5 pylons). The area where the route is affected was noted to be transformed, with no dominant or indicative species being present. It is anticipated that a maximum of 40m2 would be cleared during construction of 5 pylons. NEMA EIA Regulations (December 2014) - Listing Notice 3:

12. The clearance of an area of 300 square metres or more of indigenous vegetation except where such clearance of indigenous vegetation is required for maintenance purposes undertaken in accordance with a maintenance management plan. (a) In Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, Limpopo, North West and Western Cape provinces: i. Within any critically endangered or endangered ecosystem listed in terms of section 52 of the NEMBA or prior to the publication of such a list, within an area that has been identified as critically endangered in the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004; ii. Within critical biodiversity areas identified in bioregional plans; iii. Within the littoral active zone or 100 metres inland from high water mark of the sea or an estuarine functional zone, whichever distance is the greater, excluding where such removal will occur behind the development setback line on erven in urban areas; or iv. On land, where, at the time of the coming into effect of this Notice or thereafter such land was zoned open space, conservation or had an equivalent zoning.

Implications: Maximum are to be cleared is 40m2, which is below the 300m2 threshold. In addition, the affected are is transformed and would not be considered indigenous vegetation.

1.5 Description of the affected environment 1.5.1 Site Location The powerline runs from the Dieprivier substation between Kareedouw and Humansdorp to the Melkhoutkraal substation (slightly north-west of Kareedouw) within the Kouga District Municipality. The portion under consideration in this assessment for an amendment is the eastern portion from the Dieprivier substation, running along the south side of the R62, before crossing over at pylon 24. This portion is being assessed in this report.

Figure 1-1: Powerline Route westwards of the Dieprivier substation.

1.5.2 Site Topography Starting from the Dieprivier substation, the route runs westwards along the southern slopes of the Suuranysberge. In general the topography is flat to gently undulating in the eastern section towards Dieprivier substation becoming mountainous along the western portion, crossing over deeply incised river valleys and drainage lines.

2 Regional Planning Frameworks The Eastern Cape Province has highly diverse vegetation since it occupies an area where the biomes of South Africa converge (Rutherford and Westfall, 1994). As a result, the Eastern Cape vegetation is a mosaic of vegetation types, many of which have become severely threatened by development (Lubke et al., 1988, Low and Rebelo, 1996).

2.1 Regional Planning Framework Current conservation status of the vegetation units at national, regional and local levels are as follows:

BIODIVERSITY PLANNING RESOURCE Vegetation Unit Status

Langkloof Shale Renosterveld Endangered The Vegetation of South Africa Lesotho and Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos Least threatened Swaziland (VegMap; Mucina & Rutherford) Eastern Inland Shale band Vegetation Least threatened Langkloof Shale Renosterveld Critically Endangered National Biodiversity Assessment (2011) Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos Least threatened Eastern Inland Shale band Vegetation Least threatened National Environmental Management Act: Langkloof Shale Renosterveld Critically Endangered Biodiversity Act (NEMBA) Eastern Cape Biodiversity Conservation Plan CBA 2 T3 (ECBCP) Jumanji Game Farm Pvt Game Res.

Figure 2.1: Vegetation units and conservation status (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006).

2.1.1 Vegetation of Southern Africa According to Mucina and Rutherford (2006; Figure 2.1), the dominant vegetation types present along the majority of the route is Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos (Least Threatened). The line traverses some narrow bands of Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation (Least Threatened), along its route. On the Eastern (Dieprivier) side the line traverses through and ends at a proposed substation situated in Langkloof Shale Renosterveld (Critically Endangered).

Langkloof Shale Renosterveld NSBA Conservation Status: Critically Endangered: NSBA, 2011 Distribution: Western and Eastern Cape. Narrow belt from Herold on the northern side of the Outeniqua Mountains to Kykoe, then descending along the upper reaches of the Keurbooms River, south of the Prince Alfred Pass, to Vleitjies se Berg; in the Langkloof Valley from Harmonie via Avontuur to Haarlem and further from Krakeelrivier via Joubertina and Kareedouw to Salielaagte. Small outlier at Brandhoek northeast of Joubertina. Altitude: 22 - 950 m. Geology and Soils: A very narrow east-west distribution of clays and loams derived from shales of the Nardouw Subgroup of the Table Mountain Group as well as the Ceres Subgroup of the Bokkeveld Group. Prismacutanic and pedocutanic and Glenrosa and Mispah forms are prominent. Vegetation and Landscape Features: Intermontane valleys and lower slopes with low, medium and dense graminoid, dense cupressoid-leaved shrubland, dominated by Renosterbos and surrounded by fynbos. Conservation: Endangered. Target 29%. None conserved in statutory or private conservation areas. Some 61 % transformed (mainly fruit orchards and pastures). Important woody aliens are Hakea sericea and Pinus pinaster. Erosion: Very Low and Low. Important taxa: Tall Shrubs: Metalasia densa, Passerina corymbosa. Low shrubs: Anthospermum aethiopicum, A. galioides subsp. galioides, Argyrolobium pauciflorum, Aspalathus nigra, Chaetacanthus setiger, Eriocephalus africanus, Helichrysum anomalum, H. teretifolium, Hermannia flammea, Indigofera denudata, Passerina rubra, Pentzia dentata, Selago mediocris, Senecio hollandii. Herb: Hibiscus pusillus, Herbaceous Climber: Thunbergia capensis. Graminoids: Brachiaria serrata, Cymbopogon marginatus, Cynodon dactylon, Ehrharta calycina, E. capensis, Festuca scabra, Ficinia tristachya, Helictotrichon hirtulum, Merxmuellera stricta, Pentaschistis angustifolia, Sporobolus africanus, Themeda triandra. Endemic taxa: Herb: Senecio euryopoides

Suitability for powerline in terms of NSBA  Vegetation of this type is categorized as Critically Endangered (NSBA: Critically Endangered), and any disturbance relating to powerline construction must be limited as far as possible.  Proposed disturbance must occur on sites which have already undergone disturbance or impacts rather than on sites that are undisturbed.  Where possible, existing roads servicing the current servitude must be used and pylon footprints must be kept to a minimum and preferably target transformed or disturbed areas.  Where unavoidable, extreme care must be taken and any disturbance kept to an absolute minimum and post construction measures must be implemented ensure rapid and successful rehabilitation.  Only potentially present at pylons 1 – 5 and site visit confirmed that the area is transformed and no intact vegetation of this type remaining.

Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos Description of conservation status from NSBA: Least threatened Distribution: Western and Eastern Cape Provinces: Between Uniondale and Uitenhage, generally surrounding FFs 27 Kouga Sandstone Fynbos at lower altitudes and often on northerly aspects. Along the lower flanks of the Kouga Mountains in the Langkloof north of Joubertina and the northern and lower slopes of the Suuranysberge to the low mountains and flats north of Humansdorp. Along the lower slopes of the Kouga and Baviaanspoort Mountains in Baviaanspoort as well as the northern slopes of the Baviaanspoort Mountains and the northern and lower slopes of the Groot Winterhoekberge, Elandsberge and Van Stadensberg including the valleys of the upper reaches of the Elands and Kwa- Zunga Rivers. Also on various ridges embedded in FRs 16 Uniondale Shale Renosterveld south to east of Willowmore including Antoniesberg and Witberg. Altitude: 220–1 220 m, mainly 300–900 m (concentrated around 480–560 m). Geology and Soils: Acidic lithosols derived from sandstones of the Table Mountain Group as well as quartzitic sandstones of the Witteberg Group (Nardouw subgroup). Glenrosa and Mispah forms prominent. Vegetation & Landscape Features: Low shrubland with sparse, emergent tall shrubs and dominated by grasses in the undergrowth, or grassland scattered ericoid shrubs. The lower dry slopes, where leaching is less severe and nutrient levels are higher, support a higher grassy cover. Conservation: Least threatened. Target 23%. About 20% conserved in wilderness and conservation areas including the Baviaanskloof, Berg Plaatz, Groendal, Guerna, Kouga, Welbedacht State Forest, and in Mierhoopplaat and Stinkhoutsberg Nature Reserves. About 2% in addition enjoy protection in private reserves such as Jumanji Game Farm, Rooi Banke Forest Reserve, Paardekop Game Farm, Thaba Manzi Game Farm, and in Beakosneck, Kouga and Sepree River Private Nature Reserves. Some 9% transformed (cultivation) but in addition much transformed to grassy pasture by too frequent burning. Notable aliens include Pinus pinaster, Acacia cyclops and A. mearnsii. Erosion: very low and low, but also high in some areas. Important Taxa: Small tree: Protea nitida. Succulent Tree: Aloe ferox. Tall Shrubs: Aspalathus kougaensis, A. nivea, Dodonaea viscosa var. angustifolia. Low shrubs: Agathosma mucronulata, A. pilifera, A. puberula, A. spinosa, Aspalathus fourcadei, Cliffortia drepanoides, Clutia alaternoides, C. polifolia, Diosma prama, D. rourkei, Disparago ericoides, Erica demissa, E. pectinifolia, E. sparsa, E. thamnoides, Euryops euryopoides, Helichrysum teretifolium, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Otholobium carneum, Passerina obtusifolia, P. pendula, Phylica axillaris, P. lachneaeoides, Polygala myrtifolia, Protea foliosa, Pteronia incana, Stoebe plumosa, Tephrosia capensis. Herbs: Alepidea capensis, Centella virgata, Gazania krebsiana subsp. krebsiana, Helichrysum felinum, Knowltonia. Geophytic herbs: Bobartia orientalis subsp. orientalis, Geissorhiza roseoalba, Watsonia meriana. Graminoids: Anthochortus crinalis, Brachiaria serrata, Cannomois scirpoides, C. virgata, Cymbopogon marginatus, Digitaria eriantha, Diheteropogon filifolius, Eragrostis curvula, Heteropogon contortus, Hypodiscus albo-aristatus, H. striatus, H. synchroolepis, Ischyrolepis capensis, I. gaudichaudiana, Mastersiella purpurea, Melinis repens subsp. repens, Merxmuellera papposa, M. stricta, Pentameris distichophylla, Pentaschistis eriostoma, P. pallida, Restio triticeus, Rhodocoma fruticosa, Tetraria capillacea, T. cuspidata, T. fourcadei, T. involucrata, Thamnochortus fruticosus, Themeda triandra, Trachypogon spicatus, Tristachya leucothrix. Endemic Taxa: Tall Shrub: Freylinia crispa. Low Shrubs: Argyrolobium parviflorum, A. trifoliatum, Cullumia cirsioides, Eriocephalus tenuipes, Euchaetis vallis-simiae, Sutera cinerea. Succulent Shrub: Lampranthus lavisii. Herbs: Annesorhiza thunbergii, Aster laevigatus, Centella didymocarpa, Peucedanum dregeanum. Geophytic Herbs: Cyrtanthus flammosus, C. labiatus, C. montanus, Gladiolus uitenhagensis. Succulent Herb: Gasteria glauca. Graminoid: Restio vallis-simius.

Suitability for powerline in terms of NSBA  Vegetation of this type is categorized as Least Threatened, and is most suited for activities ‘of limited extent' and powerline construction will have a limited and acceptable impact.  Existing roads and disturbances should preferably be selected and roads should not be constructed perpendicular to slopes, where erosion risk may be elevated.  Powerline will have no significant impact, some residual loss will be likely.

Eastern Inland Shale band Vegetation NSBA Conservation Status: Least threatened Geology and Soils: Clays derived from shale of the Cedarberg Formation. Vegetation and Landscape Features: Western and Eastern Cape Provinces: Shale bands in the eastern Outeniqua (often also bearing forest patches), Langkloof, Tsitsikamma and Kareedouw Mountains and along the southern Cape coastal plains to around Oyster Bay with the most seaward belt reaching the coast at, for example, Clinton’s Bank south of Bloukrans Pass. Altitude: 0–1 100 m. See also Figure 4.78 featuring the simplified distribution of this unit. Conservation: Endangered. Target 27%. Statutorily conserved (16%) in the proposed Garden Route National Park (including Tsitsikamma National Park), Koomans Bush State Reserve as well as in Lottering Forest Reserve, Plaatbos Nature Reserve, Kwaaibrand and Langebosch Forest Reserves and several other private conservation areas. Some 65% transformed, with cultivation accounting for most of the transformation, followed by pine plantations. Alien Pinus pinaster and Hakea sericea occur as scattered. Erosion: very low. Important taxa: Small tree: Protea nitida. Tall shrubs: Protea neriifolia, P. repens, Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, Protea punctata. Low shrubs: Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Lachnaea glomerata, Leucadendron salignum, Leucospermum cuneiforme, Protea intonsa, P. tenax. Herb: Hebenstretia integrifolia. Graminoid: Themeda triandra. Endemic taxa: Low shrub: Aspalathus incana

2.1.2 National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (2011) The NSBA 2011 assesses the state of South Africa’s biodiversity, across terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and marine environments, emphasising spatial (mapped) information for both ecosystems and species. It synthesises key aspects of South Africa’s biodiversity science, making it available in a useful form to policymakers, decision-makers and practitioners in a range of sectors.

The NSBA is central to fulfilling SANBI’s mandate in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) to monitor and report regularly on the state of biodiversity, and includes two headline indicators that are assessed across all environments: ecosystem

threat status and ecosystem protection level. The NSBA 2011 also deals with species of special concern and invasive alien species, presents new work on geographic areas that contribute to climate change resilience, and provides a summary of spatial biodiversity priority areas that have been identified through systematic biodiversity plans at national, provincial and local scales.

Implications The only vegetation unit indicated in the NSBA as needing special attention is Langkloof Shale Renosterveld (Critically Endangered) will be affected by the proposed powerline where it will be traversed by the route. Langkloof Shale Renosterveld will only be impacted upon near the Dieprivier substations, and it was found that no intact vegetation of this unit remains in the affected area (Pylons 1 – 5) so the overall impact will be negligible.

2.1.3 Bioregional Plans, Critical Biodiversity Areas and Ecological Process Areas No Bioregional Plans have yet been compiled for this area, and no designated Critical Biodiversity Areas or Ecological Process Areas are affected by the proposed powerline. Ecological process areas represent areas that, when functioning ecologically, will serve to sustain evolutionary processes.

2.1.4 Biodiversity offsets Where land uses are proposed that will have a negative impact on biodiversity, such impacts must be assessed, minimised via a "planning with nature" approach, and mitigated to the greatest extent possible. Mitigation measures are extensively utilised in order to reduce the biodiversity impacts of developments or change in land use from a natural state. However, in many instances the impacts on biodiversity will be such that mitigatory measures will be inadequate. Under such conditions the application of biodiversity offsets is generally the most appropriate response. To date, biodiversity offsets have only been used in a few, isolated cases in the municipality, but due to the extent of habitat loss during the last five years, the utilisation of biodiversity offsets is expected to increase substantially (Department of Environmental Affairs and Development Planning, 2007).

Biodiversity off sets are "conservation actions intended to compensate for the residual, unavoidable harm to biodiversity caused by development projects, so as to ensure 'no net loss' of biodiversity".  The key issue is that biodiversity offsets should only be triggered if residual impacts of a medium or higher significance are identified. No Biodiversity offset triggers are indicated in this case.

2.2 Protected Plants  In terms of the National Forests Act, 1998 (Act No 84 of 1998) and Government Notice 1339 of 6 August 1976 (promulgated under the Forest Act, 1984 (Act No 122 of 1984) for protected tree species), the removal, relocation or pruning of any protected plants will require a license (Refer relevant Appendix) from DAFF. DAFF must be involved in the EIA application process. No protected tree species were found to be located within the powerline route.  Protected indigenous plants in general are controlled under the relevant provincial Ordinances or Acts dealing with nature conservation. In the Eastern Cape the relevant statute is the 1974 Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance no 19 (PNCO). In terms of this Ordinance, a permit must be obtained from the DEDEAT to remove or destroy any plants listed in the Ordinance. A number of affected species were found to occur, requiring PNCO permits.

 Threatened or Protected Species (T.o.P.S.): In terms of this Ordinance, a permit must be obtained from the DEDEAT to remove or destroy any listed plants. Permits must be obtained from DEDEAT or the respective local conservation office.

3 VEGETATION DESCRIPTION AND FLORAL COMPOSITION Within the servitude, a number of distinct vegetation communities were observed, with some variation, at a community level.

3.1 Ecological State and Sensitivity of Vegetation 3.1.1 Perceived Reference State (PRS)  Most of the route traverses Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos but passes through narrow bands described as having, Inland Shale Band Vegetation and Langkloof Shale Renosterveld. The route also passes over a number of incised drainage lines at various points along the route.  The perceived reference state of the vegetation is intact natural vegetation, as per Vegetation of Southern Africa (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006) described above.

3.1.2 Present Ecological State (PES) Present Ecological State has been assessed for the key vegetation types found within the route. A summary of factors assessed is provided in

Table 3.1. Historical agriculture related Land-use have resulted in degradation of most of this amended route, most notably as a result of crop and pasture cultivation and management in flat lower lying areas, and to some extent from regular burning of grazing areas on mountain and hill slopes (refer to photos below).

Langkloof Shale Renosterveld  A narrow band which is largely transformed within the powerline footprint where it coincides with the powerline route in the vicinity of the Dieprivier substation.  NSBA (2011) Conservation Status: Critically Endangered  Implications: No loss of natural vegetation of this type will take place. Where remnant semi-intact pockets are present, they are outside of the proposed activity.

Figure 3.1: Transformed grassy vegetation with no Figure 3.2: Transformed grassy vegetation with no indicators of Langkloof Shale Renosterveld indicators of Langkloof Shale Renosterveld

Figure 3.3: Transformed grassy vegetation with no Figure 3.4: Transformed grassy vegetation with no indicators of Langkloof Shale Renosterveld indicators of Langkloof Shale Renosterveld

Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos  The predominant vegetation unit along the servitude, largely intact as a result of it occurring on mountain slopes where intense agricultural disturbances have been excluded due to shallower soils and steep slopes.  Incised drainage lines fragment the hilly terrain periodically and these tend to be vegetated with either a taller Fynbos or where protected from fire a thicket/forest community often becomes established.  Regular burning has altered composition in some areas which could be described as near-natural, but large parts still relatively natural and intact.  Working for water has been very active in recent years in the Kromme River catchment, and large areas have been successfully cleared of dense alien infestations.  Remnant invasion tends to be scattered and at low densities. Some isolated dense clumps of exotic trees (such as Bluegums and Wattle) are present along the proposed route and will require removal before the powerline can be installed.  NSBA (2011) Conservation Status: Least Threatened  Implications: Due to the low conservation status of the unit and the presence of the existing powerline servitude directly adjacent to the proposed route, the impact to the vegetation unit, which encompass the majority of the proposed powerline route, will be negligible. In drainage lines, where forest and thicket has developed, the lines must be strung over without clearing of vegetation, especially trees and riparian vegetation. Unless existing roads already cross these areas, they should not be traversed by vehicles during construction or operational maintenance.

Figure 3.5: Predominantly transformed Figure 3.6: Predominantly transformed with alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum)

Figure 3.7: Predominantly transformed grassy area with Figure 3.8:. Predominantly transformed grassy area with alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum) alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum)

Figure 3.9: Predominantly transformed grassy area with Figure 3.10: Predominantly transformed grassy area with alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum) alien species such as Eucalyptus (Bluegum)

Figure 3.11: Some intact patches present Figure 3.12:Transformed grassy farmland

Figure 3.13: Transformed grassy farmland Figure 3.14: Transformed grassy farmland with Bluegums

Figure 3.15: Some intcat pockets present Figure 3.16: Some intcat pockets present

Eastern Inland Shale band Vegetation  Occurs in narrow bands where geological conditions are favourable.  NSBA (2011) Conservation Status: Least Threatened  Implications: Impact to this unit will be negligible, generally outside of the area of the proposed realigned route.

3.1.3 Terrestrial Vegetation Vulnerability Assessment An overall vulnerability assessment, incorporating key vegetation and ecological indicators (summarised in

Table 3.1) was made and includes the following key criteria:  relative levels of intactness i.t.o. overall loss of indigenous vegetation cover;  presence, diversity and abundance of species of special concern (weighted in favour of local endemic species);  extent of invasion (severity and overall ecological impact), as well as the degree to which successful rehabilitation could take place;  overall degradation incorporating above factors;  relative importance of the vegetation communities relative to regional conservation status - indicated as vulnerability of the area as a result of loss. Intactness Three basic classes are differentiated as follows:  Low: < 25 % of original vegetation has been removed or lost; and/or no species of special concern present that are critically endangered, endangered or highly localised endemicity.  Moderate: 25 - 75 % of original vegetation has been removed/lost; and or presence of species of special concern but not having high conservation status or high levels of endemicity.  High: > 75 % of original vegetation has been removed or lost; and or presence of species with a highly endemicity and or high conservation status (endangered or critically endangered). Alien Invasion Three classes are differentiated as follows:  Low: no or few scattered individuals;  Moderate: individual clumps of invasives present, but cover less than 50% or original area;  High: dense, impenetrable stands of invasives present, or cover > 50 % of area with substantial loss functioning. Rehabilitation will most likely require specialised techniques over an extended time period (> 5 years). Degradation Overall Degradation is determined from the above alien invasion and intactness scores, according to the following matrix: Invasion Intactness Low Moderate High Low Pristine Near Pristine Moderately Degraded Moderate Near Pristine Moderately Degraded Severely Degraded High Moderately Degraded Severely Degraded Transformed Overall Vulnerability score Overall vulnerability (or Sensitivity) of the vegetation within the site is calculated according to the following matrix which combines degradation and overall conservation status of the vegetation units of the site.

Conservation Status Degradation Least Threatened Vulnerable Endangered Critically Endangered Severely degraded/ Low Low Moderate Low - Moderate Transformed Moderately degraded Low Moderate High Moderate - High Ecologically Pristine or Moderate - Moderate High Very High (No-Go area) near Pristine High

Areas scoring an overall LOW Vulnerability are those areas that are:  includes areas that have a low conservation status (Least Threatened).  highly degraded or transformed and it is unlikely that they could be rehabilitated to a normal functioning ecological state without extreme effort and expense.  Includes the predominant Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos, Eastern Inland Shale band Vegetation and Kouga Sandstone Fynbos areas.  This includes the portions of the site that are associated with extensive blanket vegetation clearing for agriculture, or where there is very dense alien infestation. Loss of these areas are unlikely to significantly compromise the current conservation status of the vegetation unit, unless part of a designated critical biodiversity or ecological support area.  Powerline portions that pass through areas that are degraded or are non-restorable such as agricultural lands and adjacent to road servitudes. The entire proposed amended route falls within areas having low vulnerability.

Areas scoring an overall MODERATE Vulnerability are those areas that:  have moderate, low or no alien infestation, or where forest/thicket occurs across drainage lines;  contain intact (pristine) to moderately intact (near pristine) habitat with a Vulnerable or lower conservation score and minimal disruptions to ecological functioning.  On site the areas where drainage lines are crossed and wetlands as tends to have a moderate sensitivity score.  Powerline portions that pass through intact or partially degraded vegetation with an elevated conservation status, where impacts to vegetation will be restricted to pylon footprints; or areas where species of special concern may be present and some loss of habitat may occur. No such areas were identified. Areas scoring an overall High and Very Vulnerability are those having:  an important ecological function (including ephemeral wetland pans), having specialized habitats (rocky outcrops with associated specialised flora and/or fauna) or erosion prone steep slopes;  a critically endangered or an endangered conservation status where ecological processes have NOT been irreversibly compromised (intact Langkloof Shale Renosterveld).  Powerline portions that pass through intact thicket or woody vegetation and on major drainage line crossings where clearing of vegetation may be required between pylons; as well as vegetation deemed to be more sensitive (Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos) or likely to have species of significant special concern present are classed as High. Intact Areas with intact Langkloof Shale Renosterveld are classed as very High. No such areas were identified.

Table 3.1: Summary of Present Ecological State indicators of the study area.

Aspect Description Landscape Description Aspect, Slope, Variable, mountainous in the west becoming hilly and flat towards the east and along the Topography Kromme River. Substrate Generally rocky Sandstone and Shale. Community Description Predominantly Transformed vegetated with common grasses, ruderal weeds and pioneer Vegetation units thicket and Fynbos species instead of intact Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos, or Langkloof Shale Renosterveld, Total Cover (%) > 90 % Tree Canopy Cover < 5 % (small fynbos trees and forest/thicket along drainage lines (%) Shrub Cover (%) ± 5 % (some Intact Fynbos) Herb Cover (%) ± 5 % (Intact Fynbos) >75 % (Cultivated and disturbed areas and grassy communities found along the majority Grass Cover (%) of the proposed alignment change area) Bare soil/rock (%) < 10 % (Roads and other cleared areas) Estimated Tree Predominantly < 5 m, but many large Eucalyptus trees along portions of the proposed Height (m) route. Disturbances, current land uses and sources of degradation Human disturbances/impact Widespread, relating to historical farming activities, access roads and fence lines. s Habitat Highly fragmented fragmentation Invasive Alien Generally localised, various species. Plants Relative remaining Fragmented communities outside or along periphery of proposed areas intact habitat: No substantial livestock noted during the site visit, but land is clearly managed for Grazing (livestock) livestock Hunting None evident during the site visits. Conservation (flora) Outside of heavily cultivated areas, the general area is conducive to conservation farming. Wetlands Some wetland features along the periphery of the route, not assessed in this report. Recreational (sport) None noted, but hiking and similar activities common in the general area. Sensitivities Conservation A Low to Moderate due to transformed nature importance Topography Topography variable from flat to undulating Rehabilitation High for disturbed and invaded areas, Low for cultivated and transformed areas. potential Community Variable depending on level of degradation and land use, where intact structure typical of structure fynbos and Renosterveld communities. Patterns of Biodiversity Natural indigenous vegetation contains a number of flora species endemic to the region as Flora discussed in relevant section of the report. Provides habitat for a range of faunal species, a number of which are endemic to the Fauna region.

Aspect Description Indigenous Species A number of endemic and protected species present (see Flora SSC tables) of Special Concern The temporary loss of habitat has occurred where infestation occurs but would likely Alien invasion recover should removal and management be sustained in the short to medium term. Large areas have been cleared by working for water programme. Ecological Processes The erection of fences and roads may have prevented the movement of some fauna and Barriers to gene hence plant propagules (i.e. as their agents of dispersal). Thicket tends to be bird- dispersal dispersed, so fences would not necessarily be a barrier. Transformation to grassland and pastures, would negatively affect fynbos community structure. Fences and utility structures (e.g. transmission lines, telephone lines) that act as perches Corridors for gene for birds may be viewed as corridors for bird mediated seed dispersal (Thicket species). dispersal These may not follow the dispersal routes in the PRS (e.g. ridges, drainage lines). Coastal dunes None present within the site. (mobile) Climatic gradients None Drainage Lines/ Important from an ecological process perspective within the Kromme River catchment and Riparian Vegetation associated drainage lines. Exposed rocky outcrops abundant within the area, and provide fire refuge for numerous Refugia Fynbos and Renosterveld species. None of significance noted. The frequency of fires has probably changed significantly in relation to the PRS. The Fire frequency of fires in the study area is unknown, but probably moderate in Fynbos and Renosterveld. Forest and Thicket along drainage lines is known to be fire resistant. Ecotones/Tension Ecotones are present and important habitat for fauna and particularly fauna between tree zones clumps and fynbos areas. Erosion Largely absent, except along roads on sloped areas. Carbon storage In general Fynbos and Renosterveld or grassland/pastures are low Carbon Accumulators Some medicinal plant species are present, but use/harvesting unknown. Numerous species Medicinal plants in the area are known for their medicinal properties and some informal collecting is likely. The value of the study area as a source of food is expected to be insignificant, with food Food plants being limited to a few tree species. Fuelwood No collection observed, although some alien clearing activities would have generated (availability) wood which may have been collected for fuelwood. None observed, but historical use of large trees may have occurred for fencing and Building materials homestead construction in the area. Grazing Grazing historically prevalent and likely to persist, mostly at low densities. Conservation importance Current Langkloof Shale Renosterveld has a limited distribution, Other units tend to have a greater Distribution (extent) regional distribution Relative Langkloof Shale Renosterveld has a limited distribution, and hence has a high regional Conservation conservation status. importance

3.1.4 Protection status and Species of Special Concern Within the study area and respective vegetation units, a number of protected and red-listed flora are recorded to be present. Screening of potential species indicated that NO Red-Listed Critically Rare or Rare species are likely to be present along the proposed servitude route. Many of those species of Least Concern, but having a PNCO conservation status are confirmed to be present and relevant permits will be required. The relevant red list and conservation status indicated according to Goldblatt and

Manning (2000) and Raimondo, et al (2009). Although the distribution ranges of many of the red listed species associated with the vegetation units fall outside of the proposed powerline route, a number of red listed species could potentially occur. However, due to thee minimal impact of powerline construction, it is unlikely that any significant loss will occur.

Table 3.2: Species having protection status under PNCO, NFA or IUCN occurring in the area.

Regional Distribution/ Botanical Name* Family Status** Endemism+ Bobartia orientalis subsp. Iridaceae PNCO, LC EC, Widespread Orientalis Erica demissa Ericaceae PNCO, LC EC, Widespread Erica pectinifolia Ericaceae PNCO, LC EC, Widespread Geissorhiza fourcadei Iridaceae PNCO, LC EC, Widespread Leucadendron eucalyptifolium Proteaceae PNCO, LC EC, Endemic Leucadendron salignum Proteaceae PNCO, LC EC, Endemic Leucospermum cuneiforme Proteaceae PNCO, LC EC, Endemic Protea foliosa Proteaceae PNCO, LC EC, Endemic Protea neriifolia Proteaceae PNCO, LC EC, Endemic Watsonia meriana Iridaceae PNCO, LC WC, Endemic *Highlighted Species are cited as being endemic to the vegetation units or region

** PNCO Protected by the Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance; NFA Protected by the National Forests Act of 1998 +EC – Eastern Cape, WC – Western Cape, KZN – Kwazulu-Natal,

Obtaining permission for the destruction or removal of protected species It is recommended that before the clearing of the proposed site is authorized, the appropriate permission be obtained from the Department of Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEDEAT) for the destruction of species protected by the Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance of 1974 (PNCO). In order to obtain permission to remove or destroy species occurring under the Provincial Nature Conservation Ordinance a letter needs to be drafted and sent to DEDEAT together with an application form. This letter must list the species that will be removed or destroyed and the reason for their removal or destruction.

These permits may be subject to certain conditions, for example allowing various nurseries to collect plants before vegetation clearance commences; the removal of certain species for rehabilitation purposes etc. These conditions will be drafted after the application has been received by DEDEAT and a site visit has been undertaken. All individuals of the protected indigenous species should firstly be avoided if possible, if not then secondly translocated or utilized during rehabilitation and landscaping. If this is not possible permits will be required to either trim or remove individuals.

3.1.5 Alien Invasive Plant species Alien Invasive Plants require removal according to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 43 of 1983 (CARA).

Eradication protocol Specific eradication and management procedures must be stipulated in the EMP as to the methods to be implemented to remove and control the various alien invasive species as they tend to require species specific techniques. Introduced weed species do not require removal but management is advised to prevent proliferation as a result of disturbance (i.e. within servitude and in disturbed areas). Table 3.3: Alien Invasive plants and common weeds present and CARA classification.

Botanical Name Common name Family Category1 Extent Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu Grass Poaceae Introduced weed Scattered, uncommon Hakea sericea Proteaceae CARA 1 Scattered Pinus pinaster Pine Pinaceae CARA 1 Scattered Acacia mearnsii Black Wattle Fabaceae CARA 2 Scattered clumps Port Jackson Acacia saligna Fabaceae CARA 1 Scattered clumps willow Eucalyptus spp. Bluegum CARA 1 Scattered clumps

3.1.6 Potential Trade-offs and Biodiversity Offsets  No trade-offs or Biodiversity offsets are required if mitigation measures and guidelines are implemented.

4 Prediction of environmental impacts An evaluation and prediction of the likely impacts of the proposed development on the receiving environment has been performed. This report focuses on Botanical Impacts that may result from activities that will affect the flora within the study area and immediate surrounds.

4.1 Introduction The proposed powerline servitude will result in some vegetation trimming and pruning along the servitude route, including associated access roads and complete removal of vegetation cover limited to the pylon footprints.

4.2 Natural Habitats and Biodiversity Threats Effects to natural habitats and biodiversity will be related to changes in flora and direct loss of habitat. Key issues are to do with habitat loss or alteration, direct or indirect mortality (death) of locally endemic (native), threatened or endangered species and fragmentation of natural habitats. Proposed powerline will impact terrestrial flora during construction as a result of the direct linear loss and of habitats, with a consequent loss of biodiversity and possibly loss of a few individuals of species of special concern. This may result from direct land clearance, or occur indirectly via loss or changes in habitats due to consequent changes in drainage patterns, increased fire risk in retained areas, or secondary impacts associated socio-economic factors. Mitigation measures include translocation of rare plant species and habitat to ecosystem reconstruction sites or for use in Public Open Space, and avoidance of areas that may be conservation worthy.

4.3 Existing Impacts Existing anthropogenic impacts within the study area include:

1 CARA: Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Category 1, 2 or 3)

1. Disturbances relating to agricultural activities including crops and livestock grazing; 2. Alien invasion in disturbed areas, particularly along drainage lines and within riparian zones. 3. Disturbances relating to excessive fire;

4.4 Proposed project actions The project will consist of the following infrastructure, requiring direct removal of vegetation: 1. Temporary pruning and clearing of vegetation associated with pylon construction and associated lay-down areas for powerline construction; 2. Permanent vegetation removal restricted to the specific pylon footprint; 3. Permanent clearing of vegetation where access roads are required; 4. Long term pruning of vegetation where growth may interfere with powerline operations;

4.5 General Impact Rating Scale for Specialists/ Baseline data To ensure a direct comparison between various specialist studies, six standard rating scales are defined and used to assess and quantify the identified impacts. This is necessary since impacts have a number of parameters that need to be assessed. These scales are: 1. The Severity/ Benefit Scale, which assesses the importance of the impact from a purely technical perspective. 2. The Spatial Impact Scale, which assesses the extent or magnitude of the impact (the area that will be affected by the impact). 3. The Temporal Impact Scale, which assesses how long the impact will be felt. Some impacts are of a short duration, whereas others are permanent. 4. The Degree of Certainty Scale, which provides a measure of how confident the author feels about their prediction. 5. The Likelihood Scale, which provides an indication of the risk or chance of an impact taking place. 6. The Environmental Significance Scale, which assesses the importance of the impact in the overall context of the affected system or party.

To ensure integration of social and ecological impacts, to facilitate specialist assessment of impact significance, and to reduce reliance on value judgments, the severity of the impact within the scientific field in which it takes place (e.g. vegetation, fauna etc.) was assessed first. Thereafter, each impact was assessed within the context of time and space, and the probability of the impact occurring was quantified using the degree of certainty scale. The impact was then assessed in the context of the whole environment to establish the “environmental significance” of the impact to the flora and vegetation. The scales are described in detail below.

4.5.1 The Severity/ Beneficial Scale The severity scale was used in order to scientifically evaluate how severe negative impacts would be, or how beneficial positive impacts would be on a particular affected system (for ecological impacts) or a particular affected party. This methodology attempts to remove any value judgments from the assessment, although it relies on the professional judgment of the specialist.

Negative Impact Positive Impact Very severe Very Beneficiary An irreversible and permanent change to the A permanent and very substantial benefit to the affected system(s)) which cannot be mitigated. For affected system(s) with no alternative to achieve this example, change in topography resulting from a benefit. quarry.

Severe Beneficial Long-term impacts on the affected system(s) that A long-term impact and substantial benefit to the could be mitigated. However, this mitigation would affected system(s). Alternative ways of achieving this be difficult, expensive or time consuming or some benefit would be difficult, expensive or time combination of these. consuming, or some combination of these.

Moderately severe Moderately beneficial Medium- to long-term impact on the affected A medium- to long-term impact of real benefit to the system(s) that could be mitigated. affected system(s) Other ways of optimising are equally difficult, expensive and time consuming ( or a combination of these), as achieving them in this way. Slight Slightly beneficial Medium- to short term impacts on the affected A short- to medium-term impact and negligible benefit system(s) Mitigation is very easy, cheap, less time to the affected system(s) Other ways of optimising the consuming or not necessary. beneficial effects are easier, cheaper and quicker, or some combination of these. No effect Don’t know/Can’t know The system(s) is not affected by the proposed In certain cases it may not be possible to determine the development. severity of the impact.

The severity of impacts can be evaluated with and without mitigation order to demonstrate how serious the impact is when nothing is done about it. For beneficial impacts, optimisation means anything that can enhance the benefits. However, mitigation or optimisation must be practical, technically feasible and economically viable.

4.5.2 Spatial and Temporal Scales Two additional factors were considered when assessing the impacts, namely the relationship of the impact to Spatial and Temporal Scales. The spatial scale (shown in italics) defines the impact at the following scales. Spatial Scale Explanation at a localised scale (i.e. few hectares in extent). The specific area to which this scale refers Localised - is defined for the impact to which it refers. Study Area - the site, or length of the powerline servitude District - Kouga Municipality Regional - Eastern Cape Province. National - South Africa International

The temporal scale (shown in italics) defines the impact at the following scales. Temporal Scale Explanation Short Term Less than 5 years. Many construction phase impacts will be of a short duration

Temporal Scale Explanation Medium Term Between 5 and 20 years Long Term Between 20 and 40 years, and from a human perspective essentially permanent. Permanent Over 40 years, and resulting in a permanent and lasting change.

4.5.3 The Degree of Certainty and the Likelihood Scale It is also for each specialist to state the degree of certainty or the confidence attached to their prediction of significance. For this reason, a ‘degree of certainty’ scale (shown in bold) must be used. Degree Description Definite: More than 90% sure of particular fact. To use this one will need to substantial supportive data. Probable: Between 70% and 90% sure of particular fact. Possible: Between 40% and 70% sure of particular fact. Unsure: Less than 40% sure of particular fact.

The risk or likelihood (shown in normal font) of impacts being manifested differs. There is no doubt that some impacts would occur, but certain other (usually secondary data) impacts are not as likely, and may or may not result. Although these impacts maybe severe, the likelihood of them occurring may affect their overall significance and must therefore be taken into account. It is therefore necessary for the author to state his estimate of the likelihood of an impact occurring, using the following likelihood scale: Degree Description The chance of these impacts occurring is extremely slim, e.g. natural forces Very unlikely destroying a dam wall. Unlikely The risk of these impacts occurring is slight. May occur The risk of these impacts is more likely, although it is not definite. Very Likely Slight chance that this impact will not occur. Definite There is no chance that this impact will not occur.

4.5.4 The Environmental Significance Scale The environmental significance scale is an attempt to evaluate the significance of a particular impact, the severity or benefit of which has already been assessed. This evaluation needs to be assessed in the relevant context, as an impact can either be ecological or social, or both. Since the severity of impacts with and without mitigation will already have been assessed, significance was only evaluated after mitigation. In many cases, this mitigation will take place, as it has been incorporated into project design. A six point significance scale must be applied been. Significance Description Impacts considered to have a major and permanent change to natural environment and Very High are rate as VERY HIGH, usually resulting to severe or very severe/ beneficial to very beneficial effects. Long term change and are rated as HIGH resulting to severe or moderately severe High effects/ beneficial to moderately beneficial. Medium to long-term effects. Impacts are rated as MODERATE with moderately Moderate severe or moderately beneficial effects. Medium to short term effects. Impacts are rated as MODERATE resulting in Low moderately severe or moderately beneficial effects. No Significance No primary or secondary effects, resulting in NO SIGNIFICANT impact. Don’t Know Not possible to determine the significance of impacts

4.5.5 Absence of Data In certain instances, an assessment has to b produced in the absence of all the relevant and necessary data, due to paucity or lack of scientific information on the study area. It is more important to identify all the likely environmental impacts than to precisely evaluate the more obvious impacts. It is important to be on the conservative side in reporting likely environmental impacts. Due to the fact that assessing impacts with a lack of data is more dependent on scientific judgment, the rating on the certainty scale cannot be too high. It is for these reasons that a degree of certainty scale has been provided, as well as the categories DON’T KNOW or CAN’T KNOW.

4.6 Identified environmental impacts Three key issues have been identified, relating to 10 environmental impacts and deemed important, as follows: A. Issue 1: Direct loss of natural vegetation habitat as a result of vegetation clearing for servitude; 1. Direct loss of habitat; 2. Direct loss of Rocky Refugia; 3. Direct loss of Thicket or Forest vegetation in drainage lines 4. Direct loss of Riparian vegetation along drainage lines 5. Direct loss of seep/wetland/seasonal pan vegetation B. Issue 2: Direct loss of Species of Special Concern and associated habitat: 6. Loss of habitat for species of special concern; 7. Loss of Species of Special Concern C. Issue 3: Ecological Process Changes 8. Increased risk of alien invasion in drainage lines; 9. Clearing of alien invasives from within the servitude and drainage lines. 10. Disruptions to Ecological Processes as a result of habitat fragmentation

Issue 1: Direct loss of natural vegetation habitat as a result of vegetation clearing for powerline servitude; 4.6.1 Direct loss of habitat Cause and Comments The proposed servitude will result in the removal of some intact Fynbos and Renosterveld habitat from the servitude during construction Mitigation Mitigation will not be possible for the loss of intact vegetation where pylon and access road construction footprints are required Residual Impact Fynbos and Renosterveld lost to servitude will be permanent, but limited to pylon footprints and access roads and intact vegetation will be retained for the remainder of the servitude (i.e. between pylons). Due to the transformed and grassy nature of the site, this will be negligible. Significance with Low Mitigation 4.6.2 Direct loss of Rocky Refugia; Cause and Comments The proposed servitude may result in the disturbance of Rocky Refugia habitat from the servitude where pylon construction coincides with outcropping Mitigation Rocky refugia should be avoided as far as reasonably possible Residual Impact Rocky refugia lost to servitude will be permanent, but limited in extent as no outcrops of significance were noted along this prortion.

4.6.3 Direct loss of Thicket or Forest Vegetation along drainage lines; Cause and Comments The proposed servitude is unlikely to result in the clearing of Forest or Thicket vegetation along the length of the servitude where pylon construction, access road construction and laying of overhead cables requires bush clearing. Mitigation Thicket is confined to deeply incised drainage line, so clearing is unlikely to be required. In these instances, clearing must be kept to the minimum necessary; Appropriate permits must be obtained from DAFF for removal of protected tree species should it be deemed necessary. Residual Impact If powerline is strung over such areas without clearing, residual impact will be negligible. No areas of significance were noted to be present. Significance with Low Mitigation 4.6.4 Direct loss of Riparian vegetation along drainage lines Cause and Comments The servitude may result in the loss of some peripheral riparian vegetation, particularly at road crossings, where necessary. Mitigation Riparian areas must be avoided as far as possible and pylons should not be constructed in riparian areas (must be sited at least 32 m from edge of riparian vegetation). Where absolutely necessary, appropriate specialist input must be obtained before activities commence (i.e. during the final site walkdown) and appropriate measure implemented. Residual Impact None if riparian areas are avoided Significance with Low Mitigation 4.6.5 Direct loss of seep/wetland/seasonal pan vegetation Cause and Comments The servitude may but is unlikely to result in the loss of some peripheral seeps/wetland and or seasonal pan vegetation which commonly occur in the area. Mitigation No pylons and access roads should be constructed within 32 m of a seep, wetland and/or seasonal pan, unless no alternative is possible. Where necessary, appropriate specialist input must be obtained before activities commence and appropriate measure implemented. Residual Impact Residual impact is likely to be nil if all such areas are avoided. Significance with Low Mitigation

Issue 2: Direct loss of Species of Special Concern and associated habitat: 4.6.6 Loss of habitat for species of special concern Cause and Comments Powerline is likely to result in loss of habitat containing species of special concern Mitigation Should species of special concern be identified, all reasonable measures should be implemented to minimise destruction of localised populations that may occur;

Development and implementation of a relocation plan; Where unavoidable, permits must be obtained from respective departments (DEDEAT); Residual Impact Dependant on effectiveness of relocation plan, will be negligible if successful relocation plan is implemented Significance with Low Mitigation 4.6.7 Loss species of special concern Cause and Comments Powerline may result in loss of habitat containing species of special concern Mitigation Rocky refugia (such as along ridges) should be avoided where possible during pylon positioning. Where unavoidable, permits must be obtained from respective departments (DEDEAT); Search and Rescue to be implemented before any construction commences. Residual Impact Residual impact will be of negligible significance at regional level. Significance with Low Mitigation

Issue 3: Ecological Process Changes 4.6.8 Increased risk of alien invasion in drainage lines and along cleared servitude Cause and Comments Riparian areas already tend to be infested with alien species, although clearing has been undertaken by Working for Water. Without management re-invasion is likely. Additional species may be introduced that may invade riparian habitat. Mitigation An alien management plan must be implemented and long-term monitoring conducted Residual Impact Some aliens are likely to persist in the long-term, but can be kept to manageable levels with appropriate control measures, through implementation of a long-term alien management plan Significance with Low Mitigation 4.6.9 Clearing of alien invasives from within the site and drainage lines Cause and Comments The proposed powerline will result in the removal of existing alien vegetation from within the servitude (Pylons 13 – 24), which will reduce propagules production that may be spreading into adjacent areas Mitigation Clearing of alien vegetation must be conducted as per the recommendations of an Environmental Management Plan to ensure that the spread of seed into surrounding areas is prevented. Residual Impact Some residual re-infestation is likely to occur as a result of the seed bank and result in the persistence of scattered individuals Significance with Moderate (+ve) Mitigation 4.6.10 Disruptions to Ecological Processes as a result of habitat fragmentation Cause and Comments The proposed powerline will result in the removal of existing alien vegetation from within the servitude, which will reduce propagules production that may be spreading into adjacent areas

Mitigation Clearing of alien vegetation must be conducted as per the recommendations of an Environmental Management Plan to ensure that the spread of seed into surrounding areas is prevented

Residual Impact Some residual re-infestation is likely to occur as a result of the seed bank and result in the persistence of scattered individuals Significance with Low Mitigation

4.6.11 Cumulative Impacts Potential cumulative impacts are likely to fall into the following groups:  Cumulative regional loss of Rocky Refugia:- Negligible, limited to pylon footprints and access roads;  Cumulative regional loss of Fynbos and Renosterveld:- Negligible, limited to pylon footprints and access roads;  Cumulative loss of Thicket/Forest along drainage lines:- Negligible to low if excessive additional servitudes are not cleared adjacent to existing cleared areas.

4.6.12 Assessment of the reversibility of impact  Impacts relating to pylon construction are likely to be highly reversible.  Impacts relating to road construction are likely to be moderately reversible.

4.6.13 Assessment of the degree to which the impact causes irreplaceable loss of resources  Intact or natural areas having a high conservation statues (Langkloof Shale Renosterveld) have a high irreplaceability, but these are limited in extent and number.  Irreplaceability of habitat is low for the remaining servitude area.

36 Table 4.1: Impact summary table.

Severity Significance Severity Significance Risk/ Temporal Spatial Degree of Impact without without with with Likelihood Scale Scale Certainty Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Mitigation Issue 1: Direct loss of natural vegetation habitat as a result of vegetation clearing for powerline; 1. Direct loss of Fynbos and Renosterveld Definite Permanent Site Definite Slight Moderate Slight Low 2. Direct loss of Rocky Refugia Definite Permanent Site Definite Slight Moderate Slight Low 3. Direct loss of Riparian vegetation along drainage Slight Very likely Permanent Localised Definite Slight Moderate Low lines 4. Direct loss of seep/wetland/seasonal pan vegetation Very likely Permanent Localised Definite Slight Moderate Slight Low 5. Disruptions to Ecological Processes as a result of Very likely Permanent Localised Definite Slight Moderate Slight Low habitat fragmentation Issue 2: Direct loss of habitat for Species of Special Concern: Very likely 6. Loss of habitat for species of special concern Permanent Site Definite Slight Moderate Slight Low

Moderately 7. Loss Species of Special Concern Very likely Permanent Site Definite Moderate Slight Low severe Issue 3: Impacts relating to Ecological Process 8. Increased risk of alien invasion in drainage lines and Moderately May occur Permanent Localised Possible Moderate Slight Low Servitude severe Short term 9. Clearing of alien invasives from within the site and Moderate Very likely to Localised Probable Beneficial Low (-ve) Beneficial drainage lines (positive impact) (+ve) permanent Moderately 10. Disruptions to Ecological Processes May occur Permanent Localised Possible Moderate Slight Low severe

37 5 Conclusions and Recommendations  In general the servitude passes predominantly through degraded and transformed vegetation, with segments passing through areas of intact and near intact vegetation;  Only Langkloof Shale Renosterveld is potentially present within the Powerline servitude, which has a NSBA (2011) conservation status of Critically Endangered. However no intact habitat is found to still be present and thus will not be affected by the proposed route realignment.  The proposed activity will NOT result in the clearing of greater than 300 square meters of Critically Endangered Langkloof Shale Renosterveld and a permit in terms of section 57(1) of NEMBA is NOT required to carry out 'restricted activities' (including uprooting, damaging, destroying specimens) of listed threatened or protected species (as listed in terms of section 56 of NEMBA). The portion of the site where this vegetation is most likely to occur has been transformed. Pockets were noted in the vicinity, but outside of the powerline servitude.  As part of the EMP, an ECO/ESO should be appointed to manage the identification and relocation of Species of Special Concern and management of vegetation clearing and subsequent revegetation and rehabilitation. A detailed EMP should be compiled to address these issues before construction commences.  It is recommended that a final site walk-down is conducted as part of the pre-construction phase EMP for the areas identified as having elevated sensitivities, including drainage lines and river crossings with intact Thicket and areas with intact Langkloof Shale Renosterveld to micro-site the pylons in order to minimise impact.  Powerlines passing through riverine thicket/forest patches should be sited such that impacts to this vegetation is minimised.

5.1 Risks and Uncertainties A number of risks and uncertainties relating to the powerline and associated substations and access roads have been identified for the purpose of this report:  Intact Thicket along drainage lines may require clearing during powerline construction. This could lead to loss of vegetation cover and associated removal of both protected and endemic species of special concern as well as potential long-term erosion risk and elevated erosion risk. Where this is heavily invaded, clearing may be beneficial IF alien species ONLY are removed during construction, and natural vegetation is allowed to re-establish. Where thicket/forest is composed of indigenous species, the powerline must be hung without removing trees, unless in areas where a cleared servitude already exists.  Intact rocky refugia may provide niche habitat for a number of species of special concern and local endemics present, and should be avoided during pylon micro-siting and construction. None were noted of significance.

5.2 Environmental Management Plan A detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) must be compiled to address the following key elements, some guidelines for which are provided in this report: a. Comprehensive search and rescue of protected plants as per approved relocation plan be implemented; b. Construction Action Plan for clearing of vegetation where construction activities are to commence; c. Detailed Revegetation and Rehabilitation Plan to be conducted during construction and operation as outlined above.

5.2.1 No Go Areas 1. No go areas must be clearly demarcated (using fencing and appropriate signage where applicable) before any construction commences. 2. Contractors and construction workers must be clearly informed of such no-go areas and held accountable for any infringements that may occur. 3. No access to the demarcated areas should be permitted during the construction phase and contractors must be clearly informed of these areas. A suitable control measure (such as a fine system) must be implemented to discourage infringement by contractors. 4. Activities including but not restricted to the following must not be permitted in designated no-go areas: a. Dumping of any material during and after construction; b. Turning of vehicles; c. Trampling and urination by construction workers.

5.2.2 Alien vegetation clearing 1. An alien removal program must be implemented to remove alien vegetation from within the servitude during construction phase and for the lifespan of the powerline operation;; 2. Cleared vegetation must be either removed from site or chipped in-situ, where appropriate; 3. Cleared alien vegetation must not be dumped on adjacent intact vegetation during clearing but removed or chipped; 4. Any seed bearing material should be removed from the drainage areas to prevent the spread of seed or minimise the risk of regeneration; 5. Chopped/Chipped brushwood can be used to stabilise steep areas that may be susceptible to erosion during clearing activities; 6. A suitable revegetation or rehabilitation plan must be implemented after alien vegetation clearing. 7. A long-term alien maintenance plan must be designed and implemented in conjunction with a suitably qualified expert.

5.2.3 River crossings 1. Powerline siting must be such that it minimises impact to the riparian areas with minimal alterations to riparian vegetation and must be permeable to movement of fauna and flora; 2. River crossing construction must be completed as timeously as possible and efforts must be in place to minimise erosion risk and sedimentation of the stream during the construction phase, especially during high rainfall events.

5.2.4 Search and Rescue of SSC 1. A suitable timeframe must be allowed before construction commences to undertake the plant rescue and relocation operation; 2. Plants that can be used during rehabilitation should be identified and relocated. This can be in a backward phased manner, where plants removed are relocated to a pylon where construction has been completed; 3. Plants identified as being suitable for relocation listed above can also be replanted as part of rehabilitation procedure.

5.3 Rehabilitation potential and processes 5.3.1 Rehabilitation Objective The overall objective of the rehabilitation plan is to minimize adverse environmental impacts associated with the activity whilst maximizing the future utilization of the property. Additional broad rehabilitation strategies / objectives include the following:  Rehabilitating the post construction areas to take place concurrently within prescribed framework established in the EMP.  All infrastructure, equipment, plant and other items used during the construction period will be removed from the site  Waste material of any description, including scrap, rubble and tyres, will be removed entirely from the construction area and disposed of at a recognised landfill facility. It will not be permitted to be buried or burned on site.  Final rehabilitation shall be completed within a specified period.

5.3.2 Rehabilitation Plan The overall revegetation plan will be as follows:  Ameliorate the aesthetic impact of the site;  Minimize surface erosion and consequent siltation of natural water courses located along the servitude;  Enhance the physical properties of the soil where necessary;  Re-establish a stable ecological system, through implementing a revegetation plan where necessary.

Drainage and Erosion Control To control the drainage and erosion at site the following procedures will be adopted:  Existing vegetation must be retained as far as possible to minimize erosion problems.  Adequate measures must be implemented in steep areas where erosion could be a problem through consultation with engineer and/or ECO.  No graded roads should traverse steep slopes, as per Eskom road construction Guidelines, where unavoidable a two-track type road to be constructed with minimal disturbance during construction.

Topsoil and Subsoil Replacement Where topsoil has been removed (around pylon and substation construction, sited, it should be spread over disturbed areas or replaced after completion.

5.3.3 Monitoring and Reporting Adequate management, maintenance and monitoring will be carried out annually by the applicant to ensure successful rehabilitation of the property until a closure certificate is obtained.

To minimise adverse environmental impacts associated with the activity it is intended to adopt a progressive rehabilitation programme, which will entail carrying out the proposed rehabilitation procedures concurrently with activities.

Inspecting and Monitoring  Regular monitoring of all the environmental management measures and components shall be carried out to ensure that the provisions of this programme are adhered to.

 Ongoing and regular reporting of the progress of implementation of this programme will be done. An environmental audit shall be carried out by an independent consultant on an annual/biannual basis.  Inspections and monitoring shall be carried out on both the implementation of the programme and the impact on plant life.

6 References Cowling, R., Lombard, A., Rouget, M., Kerley, G., Wolf, T., Sims-Castley, R., . . . Wilson, S. (2003). A conservation assessment for the subtropical thicket biome. University of Port Elizabeth.

Golding, J. (2002). Workshop Proceedings: Revision of the national list of protected trees as per section 12, National Forests Act of 1998. Roodeplaat. Pretoria.

Kemper, N. P. (2001). Riparian Vegetation Index. Water Research Commission.

Klein, H. (2002). Legislation regarding harmful plants in South Africa. PPRI Leaflet Series: Weeds Biocontrol, 12, 1-4.

Kleynhans, C. (2000). Desktop estimates of the ecological importance and sensitivity categories (EISC), default ecological management classes (DEMC), present ecological status categories (PESC), present attainable EMC (present AEMC), and best AEMC for quat. catchments in SA. Institute for Water Quality Studies.

Lombard, A., Wolf, T., & Cole, N. (2003). GIS coverages and spatial analysis for the Subtropical Ecosystem Planning (STEP) project. Port Elizabeth: University of Port Elizabeth.

Low, A., & Rebelo, A. (1996). Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: Department of Environemtal Affairs and Tourism.

Mucina, L., & Rutherford, M. (2006). The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Pretoria: South African Biodiversity Institute.

Pierce, S. (2003). The STEP Mapbook: Integrating the natural environment into land use decisions at the municipal level: towards sustainable development. Port Elizabeth: University of Port Elizabeth.

Stewart, W., Cowling, R., Martin, A., du Preez, D., & Lombard, A. (2004). A Biodiversity Conservation Assessment and Framework for an Open Space System for the Nelson Mandela Metropole,Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. A report of the C.A.P.E. Project for the Table Mountain Fund (WWF-SA).

Victor, J., & Dold, A. (2003). Threatened plants of the Albany centre of floristic endemism, South Africa. South Africa Journal of Science, 99, 437-446.

Vlok, H., & Euston-Brown, D. (2002). The patterns within, and the ecological proceses that sustain the subtropical thicket vegetation in the planning domain for the Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem, South Africa. Port Elizabeth: University of Port Elizabeth.

7 Maps

Map 1: Locality Plan.

Map 2: Map showing rivers and wetlands along the route.

Map 3: Vegetation Units and Status.

Map 4: Critical Biodiversity Areas (ECBCP)..

Map 5: Aerial photo.

Map 6: Land Use