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Appendix I (Narrators, Interviewers, and Transcribers)

Narrators

Keith Bright (b.1915) was born in Taft, , earned a degree in Petroleum Engineering from the University of , and built a career in the oil industty. In 1968, Keith and his wife Jane moved with their three children from the area ro a cattle ranch in the . Early involvements with state party politics led ro an appointment in 1986 ro a seat on the Inyo County Board of Supervisors. At the same time, Keith served as a negotiaror for the Inyo County-Los Angeles Long Term Water Agreement. In 1993, he was appointed to serve on the Advisoty Commission for National Historic Site. The Brights live on their historic ranch north of Independence.

Truman Buff (1906-1996), an Owens Valley Paiute, was born at the Fort Independence Reservation and lived there most of his life. Excelling in music and sports as a boy, he studied violin and saxophone at the Sherman Institute, an Indian boarding school in Riverside, California. He later played with dance bands in southern California and in the Owens Valley. Following a tour of the western states with an all-Indian band, he returned to the valley, mar• ried, and worked twenty-seven years as a heavy equipment operator for the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. A talented player, he played for over thirty years with teams in the Owens Valley.

Owen Cooper (b. 1916) retired in 1984 from Chalfant Press in Bishop, capping a fifty-year career as printer and co-publisher of the Owens Valley newspapers. Born in Los Angeles, he moved in 1927 to Independence, where the family operated Jim's Place, a popular restaurant. In 1933, Owens was the lone graduating senior at Owens Valley High School. During World War II, he oversaw printing of the Manzanar War Relocation Center internee-produced newspaper, the Manzanar Free Press. A devoted ham radio operator and father of two children, he lives now in .

Ritsuko Eder (b. 1917) was born in San Diego. At the outbreak of World War II she was living on Terminal Island in Los Angeles with her husband. They lived a year at Manzanar, where their son was born in December 1942, and resettled in Colorado before returning to Los Angeles in 1945.

Nettie Roeper Fausel (1874-1968) was born on her grandparents' homestead in the ranching area near Manzanar. Her grandfather, a German immigrant, went to California in the early 208 I Appendix I

1850s as a prospector. In 1882, the family moved to Independence, where Nettie's father Julius was the butcher, postmaster, and music teacher. Nettie and Max Fausel were married in 1899 and had one daughter. The Fausels lived in a small house on Edwards Street (Highway 395) behind the post office where Nettie was postmistress of Independence from 1903 to 1946. Nettie remained in Independence until her death in 1968.

Dawn Kashitani (b. 1910) was living in Redondo Beach, California, at the outbreak of World War II. She and her husband, a minister, along with their son Paul, lived at Manzanar for over two years before relocating to Pennsylvania. Her daughter Joanne was born at Manzanar in September, 1944. Dawn lives in Santa Monica, California, close to her children and four grandchildren.

W.C. "Stub" Lydston (1870-1957), originally from Maine, brought his wife and three daughters to Manzanar in 1919 from Whittier, a Quaker settlement in southern California. At Manzanar, he owned a small farm and orchard and worked for cattlemen in the area. The Lydstons moved to Independence in 1934, and Stub worked for the City of Los Angeles until his retirement in 1938. At age 68, he began work as a custodian for the Owens Valley Unified Schools. He passed away in Independence at age 87.

Mary Kageyama Nomura (b. 1925) was born in Los Angeles. She lived at Manzanar War Relocation Center, 1942-1945, and graduated from Manzanar High School in 1943 where she was senior class vice-president and a staff member for the annual, Cardinal and Gold. A tal• ented vocalist, she is still remembered as the "Songbird of Manzanar." At Manzanar, she met Shiro Nomura, and after leaving in 1945, they married, had five children, and for over thirty years operated a fish and grocery market in Garden Grove, California. With Mary's help, Shi assembled the Nomura Collection of Manzanar photographs and artifacts at the Museum in Independence. After Shiro passed away in 2000, Mary moved to Huntington Beach, California; she enjoys her children and grandchildren and in 2004, performed with "The Camp Dance," a musical revue abour life in the internment centers.

Emily Roddy (b. 1911) went to the Owens Valley in 1923 ftom Berkeley, California, and lived at the railroad station at Owenyo, where her family operated the boxcar hotel and restaurant. Emily married and later lived at Manzanar and packed apples. Living in California's Central Valley, she raised two children and worked as a truck driver before returning to Bishop, where she enjoyed church activities and driving her vintage yellow Mustang. She lives now in a Bishop nursing home.

Concha (Connie) Lozano Salas (1915-2003) moved with her family in 1915 to Cartago, in southern Owens Valley, where her father Miguel worked at the Pacific Alkali soda ash operations on . She graduated from Lone Pine High School in 1936, married soon after and raised five children. Connie and her second husband, Silvestre Salas, retired to Lone Pine in the 1960s, and she was active in charities and enjoyed gardening. Connie passed away in Lone Pine in 2003, leaving a family legacy that included her husband, five children, sixteen grandchildren, sixteen great-grandchildren, and one great-great grandson.

Doris Semura (1912-2005) was born in Hawaii, moved to Los Angeles in 1936, and married in 1938. The Semuras and their six-month-old son were sent to Manzanar in 1942; they stayed one year and relocated to Pocatello, Idaho, working on farms until they returned to Hawaii in 1948. Doris served as a house parent for the Diamond Head School for the Deaf and Blind for twenty-six years until her retirement in 1977. She passed away in Honolulu in 2005. Appendix I I 209

Vic Taylor (1910-1999) moved with his family from Los Angeles to George's Creek, near Manzanar, in 1920. For over forty years, Vic was a surveyor, hydrographer, and civil engineer with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power in the Owens Valley. An avid outdoors• man, he operated an early ski-tow operation in the Sierras near Independence. He and his wife Eleanor had two children and lived in Independence throughout their entire sixty-four years of marriage.

LaVerne Reynolds Zediker (1919-1996), an Owens Valley native, was the only daughter of long-time Owens Valley cattle ranchers Fred and Hazel Reynolds. The family moved to a ranch near Manzanar in 1928 where they ran cattle and supplied stock for Western rnoviernakers work• ing near Lone Pine. LaVerne and her husband Jake had two daughters and operated a pack service into the Sierras.

Nancy Connor Zischank (1907-1999) was born in Columbus, Ohio, and grew up in Boston. She married Max Zischank in southern California in 1931 and in 1935 they moved to Mammoth Lakes, where Nan became a championship skier. For over thirty years, they operated the Long Valley Resort at Crowley Lake. Nan lived at Manzanar during World War II and worked as a driver for the . She retired in Bishop afrer Max passed away and remained active in church and civic organizations until her death at ninety-two.

Interviewers

Arthur Hansen (Mary Nomura) is Professor ofHistoty, Emeritus, and Director of the Center for Oral and Public Histoty at California State University Fullerton, and is a consultant to the Japanese American National Museum in Los Angeles. He is past president of the Oral History Association.

Bessie Poole and Jan Hillis (Nettie Fausel and Stub Lydston) and Catherine Piercy (Ritsuko Eder, Doris Semura, Dawn Kashitani) were long-time residents of Independence and Eastern California Museum staff members or volunteers. It is unlikely they had formal training in interviewing. All are now deceased.

Richard Potashin (Vic Taylor, Emily Roddy, Connie Salas, Owen Cooper, LaVerne Zediker, Nan Zischank, Keith Bright) has lived in the Owens Valley for nearly twenty years. A self-taught oral historian with a background in environmental and plant science, he conducted over three hundred interviews while on the staff of the Eastern California Museum in Independence. He is now a Park Ranger, Interpretation, at Manzanar National Historic Site and oversees its oral history program.

Jane Wehrey (Truman Buff) is an Owens Valley native and current resident, a historian and former Research Associate at the Center for Oral and Public History, California State University, Fullerton, and has consulted for the on the development of Manzanar National Historic Site.

Transcribers

Diane Gray, former staff member, Eastern California Museum

Leah Kirk, former staff member, Eastern California Museum 210 I Appendix I

Garnette Long, former director, Tapes Into Type, California State University Fullerton Oral History Program, transcribed eight interviews.

Bessie Poole, interviewer and former staff member, Eastern California Museum

Suzanne Walter, transcriber, Tapes Into Type

Jane Wehrey, interviewer and author Appendix II (Owens Valley Historical Periods)

3500 BC-1834 American Indian Pre-contact Era AD 600 Period of greatest use of Owens Valley by Indian people begins 1769 Padre Junipero Serra establishes first of twenty-one California missions at San Diego, begins Spanish colonization 1781 Los Angeles founded as a Spanish pueblo with 44 people

1825-1870 Early Visions: Exploration, Assessment, Settlement 1834 Joseph Walker expedition brings first known white presence to the Owens Valley 1845 John C. Fremont party names Owens Valley after expedition member 1848 Gold discovery at John Sutter's Coloma mill on Sierra western slope 1850 California gains statehood as thirty-first state 1855 A.w. Von Schmidt two-year survey and mapping expedition of Owens Valley and Mono Basin 1860 Discovery of Coso silver deposits near Owens Lake; stockmen follow with cattle 1861 U.S. Civil War begins Charles Putnam builds first cabin in Owens Valley, a trading post at Little Pine (now Independence) 1862 Homestead Act passed by Congress U.S. Army Volunteers establish Camp Independence on Oak Greek July 4 1863 Soldiers remove nearly 1,000 Owens Valley Indians to the San Sebastian Reservation at 1864 Cattleman John Shepherd homesteads 160 acres at present-day Manzanar 1865 Silver strike at Cerro Gordo produces $17 million in bullion, shapes growth of Los Angeles 1866 Inyo County formed, with Independence as county seat

1870-1900 Expansion of Pioneer Society and Economy 1870-1880 Period of mining booms at Aurora, Darwin, Panamint, Bodie 1870 First newspaper, the Inyo Independent, published in Independence 1872 Earthquake, estimated Richter magnitude 7.8, levels Lone Pine, alters landscape 212 I Appendix II

1877 Fort Independence closed, soldiers depart. 1878 First irrigation canals dug near Bishop 1883 Carson and Colorado Railroad puts 300-mile narrow-gauge line from Nevada into Owens Valley to serve mining 1885 Inyo Development Company begins soda ash processing on Owens Lake 1890 established 1892 First Indian school established in Bishop

1900-1920 Changing Visions: Agriculture and Water Transfers 1900 Population, Inyo County: 4,377. Population, Los Angeles: 102,479 1901 Theodore Roosevelt elected president 1902 Congress passes Newlands Reclamation Act Bishop Power and Light Company supplies first electricity in valley 1903 Reclamation Service assesses possible water storage project in Owens Valley Mary Austin publishes The Land o/Little Rain 1904 William Mulholland, superintendent of the Los Angeles Water Company, visits the Owens Valley to assess potential water sources. 1905 Former Los Angeles Mayor Fred Eaton takes options on land for water rights, turns them over to Los Angeles The announces Owens River aqueduct project Los Angeles voters approve $1.5 million bond for purchase of Owens Valley land and water rights Irrigation developer George Chaffey's interests purchase Shepherd Ranch, other properties and water rights in Owens Valley 1906 Roosevelt backs aqueduct project, passage of Flint Bill granting public land right-of-way for construction 1907 Reclamation Service officially abandons Owens Valley project in favor of Los Angeles municipal plans 1908 Construction begins on Los Angeles builds Power Plant 1 on Division Creek, first of eight plants in Owens Valley 1910 Southern Pacific builds standard-gauge line from Mojave to Owens Valley, connects with narrow-gauge at Owenyo Chaffey interests form Owens Valley Improvement Company, subdivide Manzanar land 1912 OVI plants 22,000 fruit trees at Manzanar 1913 First Owens River water flows through 233-mile aqueduct to Los Angeles 1914-1918 World War I

1920-1940 New Visions: Rebellion, Decline, Recovery 1920 Population, Inyo County: 7,03l. Population, Los Angeles: 576,000 First movie, The Roundup, filmed in Owens Valley 1922 Drought conditions increase demand for Owens River water, Los Angeles begins additional land buyouts, consolidation of Owens Valley stream and groundwater rights Appendix II I 213

1924 Four-day occupation of aqueduct spillway at Alabama Gates protests Los Angeles policies, gains nationwide publicity 1927 Aqueduct dynamited eleven times Inyo County Bank closed for shortage of funds, valley residents lose life savings, owners are convicted of embezzlement, resistance to LA collapses All ptoperty and water rights at Manzanar in LA ownership Eastern California Museum opens in Inyo Country Courthouse basement 1928 Failure of the St. Francis Dam, part of aqueduct system, kills over 400 people in southern California, ends William Mulholland's career. 1929 Stock market crash, beginning of the Great Depression 1931 Paved road completed between Mojave and Bishop Los Angeles begins purchase of most remaining town and farm property to offset economic losses Owens Valley agricultural production down by 84 percent 1933 Los Angeles owns 95 percent of valley agricultural land, 85 percent of town ptoperties Death Valley National Monument established 1934 Los Angeles discontinues irrigation to Manzanar orchards 1935 Business and civic leaders form Inyo-Mono Associates to promote tourism, foster economic recovery 1937 "Wedding of the Waters" pageant celebrates completion of final link in Death Valley to Whitney Portal road, receives national publicity Owens Valley Land Exchange creates new Indian reservations at Bishop, Big Pine, Lone Pine

1940-1970 Rebirth, Wartime, Stability 1940 One million people travel through Owens Valley Mono Basin Extension Project adds 105 miles to aqueduct system, taps water 1941 Long Valley Reservoir dedicated to honor late Father John J. Crowley Hydrographer and skier Dave McCoy installs first rope tow on , beginning of ski industry Japanese , u.S. enters World War II Aqueduct completed, brings water to southern California 1942 President Franklin Roosevelt issues Manzanar War Relocation Center opens as Owens Valley Reception Center Riot at Manzanar leaves two internees dead 1945 World War II ends, Manzanar camp closes 1959 Nearly 200 movies filmed in Owens Valley since 1920s 1960 Last run of the narrow-gauge "Slim Princess" between Keeler and Laws California Institute of Technology opens Owens Valley Radio Observatory near Big Pine 1964 Wilderness Act passed, protects nearly 5 percent of U.S. land 1968 Pittsburgh Plate Glass, last of soda ash plants on Owens Lake, closes

1970-2005 Valuing the Past, Envisioning the Future 1970 Second Los Angeles Aqueduct opens, increases water export capacity by 50 percent Passage of California Environmental Quality Act 214 I Appendix II

1972 Inyo County Hles lawsuit against Los Angeles, cites non-compliance with CEQA in groundwater pumping 1988 Civil Liberties Act of 1988 authorizes redress payments to surviving internees of World War II relocation centers 1990 First annual Lone Pine Film Festival 1991 Acceptance of a Long Term Water Agreement by Inyo County and the City of Los Angeles 1992 Manzanar National Historic Site established by Act of Congress 1994 California Desert Protection Act passed by Congress 2000 Population, Inyo County: 17,945. Population, Los Angeles: 3,694,820 Los Angeles begins work on Owens Lake Dust Control Project to meet air quality standards 2001 Terrorist attacks in New York, D.C., Pennsylvania 2004 Interpretive Center opens at Manzanar National Historic Site 2005 Founder Dave McCoy sells controlling interest in $365 million Mammoth Mountain ski resort Notes

Introduction

1. Sue Irwin, California's : A Visitor's Guide (Los Olivos, CA: Cachuma Press, Inc., 1991), 9. 2. Ibid., 8. 3. See Ibid, 8-12; Jeff Putnam and Genny Smith, eds. Deepest Valley: Guide to Owens Valley, 2nd Ed. (Mammoth Lakes, CA: Genny Smith Books, 1995), 119-148; Warren A. Beck and Ynez D. Haase, HistoricalAtlas ofCalifornia (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974),4. 4. Refers to The Land ofLittle Rain, the 1903 masterpiece about the Owens Valley by Maty Austin. 5. J. B. Lippincott, quoted in Robert Sauder, The Lost Frontier: water Diversion in the Growth and Destruction of Owens Valley Agriculture (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994), 107. 6. See William H. Michael, " 'At the Plow and in the Harvest Field': Indian Conflict and Accommodation in the Owens Valley 1860-1880," MA Thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1993,8-12. 7. Zenas Leonard, quoted in Harlan Unrau, "The Evacuation and Relocation of Persons of Japanese Ancestty During World War II: A Historical Resource Study of the Manzanar War Relocation Cenrer," 2 Vol. (United States Departmenr of the Inrerior, National Park Service, 1996), 137; W. A. Chalfant, The Story ofIn yo, 2nd Ed. (Bishop, CA: Chalfant Press, 1933), 121; Edward Kern, quoted in Unrau, 138; Philip J. Wilke and Henry J. Lawton, eds., The Expedition ofCapt.J W. Davidsonftom Ft. Tejon to the Owens Valley in 1859 (Socorro, NM: Ballena Press, 1976),6-7. 8. Sauder, The Lost Frontier, 63-74. 9. Putnam and Smith, Deepest Valley, 248. 10. San Franciso Chronicle, quoted in ''A Truthful Statemenr," Inyo Register, January 1898, 2. 11. Sauder, The Lost Frontier, 85. 12. Ibid.,86. 13. Ibid., 108. 14. John Walton, wtstern Times and water wars: State, Culture, and Rebellion in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 142. 15. Charles Fletcher Lummis, quoted in Walton, wtstern Times and water wars, 142. 16. Los Angeles, Aqueduct Investigation Board, "Report" quoted in Sauder, The Lost Frontier, 113. 216 I Notes

17. See Abraham Hoffman, Vision or Villainy: Origins ofthe Owens Valley-Los Angeles water Controversy (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1981), 208-243, and Gordon R. Miller, "Los Angeles and the Owens River Aqueduct" Ph.D. diss. (Claremont Graduate School, 1977). 18. Hoffman, Vision or Villainy, 79-84; Inyo Register, August 3, 1905,3. 19. Walton, Wl-stern Times and water wars, 138. 20. See Jeffery Burton and Jane C. Wehrey, Three Farewells to Manzanar: The Archaeology ofManzanar National Historic Site, 3 Vol. Chap. 6: "History Background" Publications in Anthropology 67 (Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1996). 21. Unrau, "The Evacuation and Relocation of Persons of Japanese Ancestry During World War II," 164; Walton, Wl-stern Times and water wars, 191-92. 22. Walton, Wl-stern Times and water wars, 212-213. 23. Ibid., 212. 24. Groundwater is pumped to the surface via deep wells and piped to the aqueduct; see also Abraham Hoffman, Vision or Villainy, 265-266. 25. U.S. Census, California Quickfacts, Inyo County, California; California Employment Development Department, Industry Trends and Outlook, 2001. 26. T.H. Breen, Imagining the Past: East Hampton Histories (Reading, MA: Addison• Wesley in Publishing Company, 1989), xii. 27. Kathleen Norris, Dakota: A Spiritual Geography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993),127. 28. Lopez, "Mapping the Real Geography," 21. 29. BarbaraAilen, "Recreating The Past: The Narrator's Perspective in Oral History," Oral History Review (1984), 1. 30. See Roy Rosenzweig and David Thelen, The Presence ofthe Past: Popular Uses ofHistory in American Lifo (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998). 31. See Arthur H. Hansen, Introduction, in Camp and Community: Manzanar and the Owens Valley, Jessie A. Garrett and Ronald C. Larson, eds. (Fullerton: California State University Japanese American Oral History Project, 1977; Alessandro Portelli, The Death ofLuigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991), 50. 32. Kathleen M. Blee, "Evidence, Empathy, and Ethics: Lessons from Oral Histories of the Klan," Journal ofAmerican History (September, 1993), 597. 33. Portelli, The Death ofLuigi Trastulli and Other Stories, 57. 34. Ibid., vii-ix. 35. See T. H. Breen, Imagining the Past: East Hampton Histories. 36. Linda Shopes, "Popular Consciousness of Local History: The Evidence of Oral History Interviews," Paper given at the International Oral History Conference, New York (October 1994), 4. 37. Wayne Franklin and Michael Steiner, "Taking Place: Toward the Regrounding of American Studies," in Mapping American Culture (Iowa City: University ofIowa Press, 1992),4. 38. Pierce Lewis, "Defining a Sense of Place," The Southern Quarterly 17 (Spring-Summer, 1979),24-29. 39. See Glenda Riley, "Writing, Teaching, and Recreating Western History Through Intersections and Viewpoints," Pacific Historical Review (August, 1993),339-357. Notes 1217

40. Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords ofMemory (New York: Vintage Books, 1993),7 41. Donald Worster, "The Legacy of Conquest, by Patricia Nelson Limerick: A Panel of Appraisal," in The Wfstern Historical Quarterly (August, 1989),304. 42. See Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman: Universiry of Oklahoma Press, 1991; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy ofConquest: The Unbroken Past ofthe American West (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1987). 43. David Glassberg, "Public History and the Study of Memory," Public Historian 18 (Spring 1996), 55. 44. Alessandro Portelli, Lecture, University of California at Los Angeles, April, 1996, notes. 45. G. David Brumberg, "The Historians-in-Residence Program," in History for the Public, G. David Brumberg, Margaret M. John, and William Zeisel, eds. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), 10. 46. Portelli, The Death ofLuigi Trastulli and Other Stories, 57. 47. Michael Frisch and Milton Rogovin, Portraits in Steel (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993),19. 48. See Linda Shopes, "Beyond Trivia and Nostalgia: Collaborating in the Construction of a Local History," International Journal ofOral Histroy (November, 1984). 49. Arthur H. Hansen, in Garrett and Larson, eds., Camp and Community, 2.

One Nettie Roeper Fausel (1874-1968)

1. Mary Austin, Earth Horizon, An Autobiography (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1932),234. 2. The Inyo County census for 1870 showed 1,956 residents: 18 percent non-white, 40 percent foreign-born, 15 percent born in English-speaking Europe or British North America, 12 percent from Mexico or indigeneous , 6 percent from Germany. Others were from China, France, South America, and other western European coun• tries (Walton, Wfstern Times and ~ter ~rs, 60-61). 3. Walton, Wfstern Times and ~ter ~rs, 63. 4. Ibid., 91-94. 5. Ibid., 94-95. 6. Mary Austin, The Land of Little Rain (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1903), xi. 7. Austin, Earth Horizon, 286.

Two w.e. "Stub" Lydston (1870-1957)

1. Jane Marie Pedersen, Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin, 1870-1970 (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1992),4. 2. Pollyanna (1920), starring Mary Pickford. 218 I Notes

Three Truman Buff (1906-1996)

1. William H. Michael, ''At the Plow and in the Harvest Field," 12. 2. Walton, western Times and ~ter ~rs, 50. 3. Ibid., 37. 4. "Institute Tried to Drum 'Civilization' Into Indian Youth," Los Angeles Times, February 23, 2003, B4. 5. George Miles, "To Hear an Old Voice: Rediscovering Native Americans in American History" in Under An Open Sky: Rethinking America's western Past, William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, eds. (New York: w.w. Norton, 1992), 54. 6. Limerick, The Legacy o/Conquest, 214. 7. Julian Steward, "Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute" (Berkeley: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33, 1932-34),321. 8. U.S. Census 2000, Inyo County Quickfacts. 9. The caves at Fort Independence used by Army soldiers when they arrived in the Owens Valley in 1862 have eroded but are still visible. A state historic landmark marker for the Fort is nearby. 10. When Manzanar was under military administration in the first months, food and sup• plies were requisitioned from the Army Quartermaster Corps; food not produced at Manzanar was later supplied under a rationing system similar to that of the civilian population at large.

Four Vic Taylor (1910-200 I)

1. Hydrography is the "scientific description and analysis of the physical conditions, boundaries, flow, and related characteristics of oceans, lakes, rivers, and other surface waters." (American Heritage Dictionary) 2. Wallace Stegner, "Living Dry," in Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs: Living and Writing in the west (New York: Random House, 1992),61. 3. White, A New History o/the American west, 3. 4. Steve Lopez, "Upside of State's Water Crisis, No More Washing My Car," Los Angeles Times, January 3,2003, B-7. 5. Stegner, "Living Dry," 75. 6. Dave McCoy is founder and former owner of Mammoth Mountain, today one of the premier ski resorts in the West. Born in 1915, he was a champion ski racer at 22 and went to work for the Los Angeles DWP in 1936 on snow surveys. He lives today in Bishop. 7. Second foot: one cubic foot of water per second flowing past a given point. 8. Acre foot: volume of water (43,560 cubic feet) that covers one acre to a depth of one foot. 9. Spreading is the distribution of water over the ground surface to percolate into the soil and replenish groundwater storage. In the Owens Valley, the City of Los Angeles spreads surplus stream water it cannot otherwise store or does not immediately need for the aqueduct. It is later extracted from the ground by well pumping. Notes/219

Five Emily Roddy (b. 191 I)

1. White, A New History ofthe American west, 252. 2. John R. Spears, quoted in Richard C. Datin, Jr., "The Carson and Colorado Railroad," in Inyo 1866-1966, Inyo County Board of Supervisors (Bishop, CA: Chalfant Press, 1966),57. 3. Complete Report on the Construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct (Los Angeles: Department of Public Service of the City of Los Angeles, 1916),90. 4. White, A New History ofthe American west, 253-255. 5. In 1885, the William Penn Colonial Association, operating out of Whittier, California, acquired 13,000 acres of land near the Owens River and the station at Owenyo. The first irrigation settlement of its kind in the Owens Valley, the Quaker colony used previously dug irrigation canals and built others for a rotal 42 miles of canals. Alkaline soil conditions and the farmers' inexperience in desert environments left the tract largely undeveloped and unoccupied by 1905, when it was among the first to be sold to Los Angeles. 6. Car whacker: railroad car repairman. 7. Packing and shipping operations were contracted to Consolidated Produce Company, Los Angeles. 8. The City sold ftuit from the 300 remaining acres of orchards at Manzanar, usually through a bidding system. Smaller buyers from southern California reportedly sent private trucks to pick up apples left on the ground or not sufficiently colored for regular shipment. Manzanar also supplied fruit to City work camps. 9. The City of Los Angeles prohibits swimming in the aqueduct.

Six Concha Lozano Salas (1915-2003)

1. Observations on early Lone Pine and its multi-ethnic population may be found in Walton, western Times and Water Wars, 67,124. 2. White, A New History ofthe American west, 320-323. 3. See Sucheng Chan, ''A People of Exceptional Character: Ethnic Diversity, Nativism, and Racism in the California Gold Rush," California History (Summer 2000),44-85. 4. White, A New History of the American west, 446; "Milestones of Growth and a New Ethnic Order," Los Angeles Times, March 30, 2001, CCl. 5. The California Alkali Company plant at Cartago opened in 1917, closed down in 1921, reopened for three and a half months in 1923, and remained closed again until May, 1924. It was then acquired by Inyo Chemical Company and continued in operation until its permanent closure in January, 1932.

Seven Owen Cooper (b. 1916)

1. Robert V. Hine, Community on the American Frontier: Separate But Not Alone (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980),21. 220 I Notes

2. Yi-Fu Tuan, Space and Place: The Perspective ofExperience (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977), 145. 3. Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under An Open Sky: Rethinking America's W1>stern Past, William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, eds. (New York: w.w. Nonon and Company, 1992),178. 4. Inyo Independent, March 6,1942,1. 5. Owen Cooper describes Manzanar on the afternoon of December 6,1942, just hours before the riot broke out that left two internees dead and nine wounded. A large crowd had gathered in the Administration area as Project Direct Ralph Merritt met with an internee committee negotiating the release of mess hall worker Harry Ueno. Accused of beating another internee the previous day, Ueno was being held in the Inyo County Jail in Independence. As the crowd grew unruly, approximately thirty armed soldiers stood by. The crowd dispersed but returned that evening. It briefly took over the police sta• tion, demanding the release of Ueno, by then back at Manzanar. The confrontation turned deadly when soldiers used tear gas, then fired into the crowd.

Eight LaVerne Reynolds Zediker (1919-1996)

1. White, A New History ofthe American W1>st, 615. 2. Ibid., 613. 3. See Teresa Jordan, Cowgirls: Women of the American W1>st (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), xxiii-xxxiv, for a comprehensive study of the "cowgirl." 4. April Reese, "The Big Buyout," High Country News, Vol. 37, No.6, April 4, 2005,10. 5. D. W. Meinig, The Interpretation ofOrdinary Landscapes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 164. 6. Kenneth Turan, Sundance to Sarajevo: Film Festivals and the World They Made (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 144. 7. In the early weeks of the camp, small groups of internees were permitted to shop in Lone Pine under guard. A reponed 500 town residents opposed to the practice petitioned the War Relocation Authority, and the trips were halted. Wartime rationing of some goods did not immediately go into effect following America's entry into World War II.

Nine Ritsuko Eder (b. 1917), Doris Semura (1912-2005), Dawn Kashitani (b. 1910)

1. Examiner, May 8, 1900, quoted in Roger Daniel, Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 (Seattle: Press, 1988), 112. 2. Daniel, Asian America, 116. 3. Los Angeles Times, March 24, 1942, 1. The 1,000 evacuees who departed Los Angeles on March 23, 1942, went to Manzanar in two nearly equal groups, the first by train to Lone Pine Station, and the others in the caravan of private vehicles. See also Burton, Three Farewells to Manzanar, 17-25,45-55: Unrau, "The Evacuation and Relocation of Persons of Japanese Ancestry During World War II," 187-194. Notes I 221

4. Most barracks were initially configured with four apartments, each holding up to eight people.

Ten Nancy Connor Zischank (1907-2000)

1. Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 109-112. 2. John Cassian quoted In Yi-fu Tuan, Topophilia, 110. 3. Remi Nadeau, The Wtzter Seekers, 3rd ed. (Santa Barbara: Crest Publishers, 1993), 111. 4. Limerick, Legacy ofConquest, 27. 5. Evacuees with advanced cases of cancer and other illnesses, including psychiatric patients, were usually transferred to Los Angeles General Hospital. 6. By 1940-1941, only a very few businessmen were considered moderately wealthy. They were successful in the wholesale produce business, import-export trade, and finance, but figures relating to individual wealth are not available. 7. There were no Japanese American 5-star generals. This may have been Colonel John Aiso, whose parents were interned at Manzanar. 8. Some were infants of unmarried mothers in the relocation centers, others were chil• dren of Caucasian mothers who did not go to the camps. Others could not be cared for by their parents for varying reasons. 9. The mass exclusion order for persons of Japanese ancestry living in the west coast military areas was lifted on December 17, 1944, and evacuees were free to return to their homes beginning January 2, 1945. At that time the population at Manzanar was 5,549, down from a high of 10,121 in 1942. 10. Vegetable production at Manzanar, 1942-1944, was 7,747,201lbs; of that, 847,960 1bs. went to war relocation centers at Tule Lake, California, and Poston, Arizona. 11. MP supervision of internee workers in fields and facilities outside the fenced camp boundary was gradually lifted, and the workers were permitted to wear identification, check out at the gate, and work on their own.

Eleven Mary Kageyama Nomura (b. 1925)

1. Wayne Franklin and Michael Steiner, "Taking Pace," 3. 2. Daniel, Asian America, 201. 3. The Willow Motel was built using Manzanar barracks.

Twelve Keith Bright (b. 1915)

1. Thomas "Tip" O'Neill, quoted in Timothy P. Duane, Shaping the Sierra: Nature, Culture, and Conflict in the Changing W1>st (Berkeley: Universiry of California Press, 1999), 269; Robert Bellah in Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 266, 269. 2. White, A New History ofthe American W1>st, 570. 3. Bellah, quoted in Duane, Shaping the Sierra, 266. 222 I Notes

4. In 1980, Inyo County voters approved an ordinance giving the county authority to reg• ulate groundwater pumping by Los Angeles. The measure was ruled unconstitutional in 1983. 5. The 1994 California Desert Protection Act placed more than 3 million acres of desert in southeastern California into Wilderness status. Included are areas on the eastern edge of the Owens Valley previously accessible with vehicles. The bill added 1.3 million acres to Death Valley National Monument and designated it a national park. 6. Geothermal energy production at Coso Hot Springs in southern Inyo County is the second largest in the country. 7. Plans for expanded soda ash processing on Owens Lake in the 1990s were stalled. U.S. Borax presently operates a facility there. 8. A California Historic Landmark plaque affIxed to a large boulder at the entrance to the former relocation center reads: "In the early part of World War II, 110,000 persons of Japanese ancestry were interned in relocation centers by Executive Order 9066, issued February 19, 1942. Manzanar, the fIrst of ten such concentration camps, was bounded by barbed wire and guard towers, confIning 10,000 persons, the majority being American citizens. May the injustices and humiliation suffered here as a result of hysteria, racism, and economic exploitation never emerge again."

Afterword

1. Limerick, The Legacy ofConquest, 291. 2. Mary Austin, The Land ofLittle Rain, xi-xi. 3. Richard White, "Tribute to Richard White," Oral History Association Meeting, Los Angeles, 2001, notes. 4. Kathleen Norris, The Cloister Walk (New York: Riverhead Books, 1996),244. Readings/Sources Consulted

The following sources were valuable in researching and writing this project; others appear in the notes. They do not represent a complete listing of all the works, persons, interviews, or other material consulted, nor do they include all of the possibilities for investigating a broad and complex history.

The Owens Valley, Manzanar, The West

Published Works

Austin, Mary. The Land ofLittle Rain. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1903. ---. Earth Horizon. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1932. Bahr, Diana. Viola Martinez, California Paiute: Living in Two Worlds. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003. Brooks, Joan. Desert Padre: The Life and Writings of Father John J Crowley, 1881-1940. Desert Hot Springs, CA: Mesquite Press, 1997. Chalfant, w.A. The Story ofIn yo. Rev. ed. Bishop, CA: Chalfant Press, 1933. Cragen, Dorothy Clora. The Boys in the Sky-Blue Pants: The Men and Events at Camp Independence and Forts of Eastern California, Nevada and Utah, 1862-1877. Fresno, CA: Pioneer Publishing, 1975. Cronon, William, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, eds. Under An Open Sky: Rethinking America's Wfstern Past. New York: Norton, 1992. Daniels, Roger. Asian America: Chinese andJapanese in the United States since 1850. Seattle, University ofWashingron Press, 1988. ---, Sandra C. Taylor, and Harry H. L. Kitano, eds. : From Relocation to Redress. Rev. ed. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991. Duane, Timothy P. Shaping the Sierra: Nature, Culture, and Conflict in the Changing Wfst. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Farquhar, Francis P. History of the . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965. Garrett, Jessie A. and Ronald C. Larson, eds. Camp and Community: Manzanar and the Owens Valley. Fullerton: California State University Fullerton, Japanese American Oral History Project, 1977. Hansen, Arthur A., Debra Gold Hansen, Sue Kunitomi Embrey, Jane C. Wehrey, Garnette Long, Kathleen Frazee. An Annotated Bibliography for Manzanar National Historic Site. Fullerton: California State University Oral History Program, 1995. 224 / Readings/Sources Consulted

Heizer, Robert F. and Alan F. Almquist. The Other Californians. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971. Hine, Robert V. Community on the American Frontier: Separate but Not Alone. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980. Hoffman, Abraham. Vision or Villainy: Origins of the Owens Valley ~ter Controversy. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1981. Holland, Dave. On Location in Lone Pine. Granada Hills, CA: Holland House, 1990. Hundley, Norris. The Great Thirst: Californians and ~ter, 1770's-1990's. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Inada, Lawson, ed. Only What Wf Could Carry: The Japanese American Internment Experience. Berkeley/San Francisco: Heyday Books/California Historical Society, 2000. Inyo County Board of Supervisors. Inyo 1866-1966. Bishop, CA: Chalfant Press, 1966. Inyo Register. Inyo County California Anno Domini, 1912: Beautifol Owens Valley. Bishop, CA: Inyo Register, 1912. Irwin, Sue. California's Eastern Sierra: A Visitor's Guide. Los Olivos, CA: Cachuma Press, 1991. Jordan, Teresa. Cowgirls: Women of the American Wfst. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. Liljeblad, Sven and Catherine S. Fowler. "Owens Valley Paiute." In Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 11: Great Basin. Warren L. D'Azevedo, vol. ed. and William C. Sturtevant, gen. ed. 412--434. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. Limerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy ofConquest: The Unbroken Past ofthe American Wfst. New York: Norton and Company, 1987. ---, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles Rankin, eds. Trails: Toward a New Wfstern History. University Press of Kansas, 1991. Manzanar Committee. Reflections in Three Self-Guided Tours of Manzanar. Los Angeles: The Manzanar Committee, 1998. McWilliams, Carey. Southern California: An Island on the Land. Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1973. Mulholland, Catherine. William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Myres, Sandra. Wfstering Women and the Frontier Experience 1800-1915. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982. Nadeau, Remi. City Makers: The Story ofSouthern California's First Boom. Corona del Mar, CA: Trans-Anglo Books, 1977. ---. The Silver Seekers. Santa Barbara: Crest Publishers, 1999. ---. The ~ter Seekers. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1950. Nugent, Walter. Into the Wfst: The Story ofIts People. New York: Vintage Books, 1999. O'Brien, David J. and Stephen S. Fugita. The Japanese American Experience. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. Ostrom, Vincent. ~ter and Politics: A Study of~ter Policies and Administration in the Development ofLos Angeles. Los Angeles: The Haynes Foundation, 1953. Putnam, Jeff and Genny Smith. Deepest Valley: Guide to Owens Valley, Its Roadsides and Mountain Trails. Rev. ed. Mammoth Lakes, CA: Genny Smith Books, 1995. Riley, Glenda. A Place to Grow: Women in the American Wfst. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1992. Rolle, Andrew. California: A History. 5th ed. Arlington Heights, Ill: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 2003. Readings/Sources Consulted / 225

Rowley, William D. U.S. Forest Service Grazing and Rangelands: A History. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1985. Sauder, Robert. The Lost Frontier: water Diversion in the Growth and Destruction ofOwens Valley Agriculture. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994. Smith, Henry Nash. Virgin Land: The American W1>st as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950. Smythe, William E. The Conquest ofArid America. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1900. Southern Inyo Association of Retired Persons. Saga of Inyo County. Covina: Taylor Publishing Company, 1977. Stanley, Jerry. I Am an American. New York: Crown Publishers, 1994. Starr, Kevin. Material Dreams: Southern California Through the 1920s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. ---, and Richard J. Orsi, eds. Rooted in Barbarous Soil: People, Culture, and Community in Gold Rush California. Vol. 4, Summer 2000, of the California History Sesquicentennial Series. California Historical Society/University of California Press. Stegner, Wallace. Where the Bluebird Sings to the Lemonade Springs: Living and Writing in the W1>st. New York: Random House, 1992. Steward, Julian. The Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute. Berkeley: University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33, 1932-1934. Turan, Kenneth. Sundance to Sarajevo: Film Festivals and the World They Made. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Turner, George. Slim Rails Through the Sand. Long Beach, CA: Johnstone and Howe, 1963. Walton, John. W1>stern Times and water wars: State, Culture, and Rebellion in California. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. White, Richard. It's Your Misfortune and None ofMy Own: A New History ofthe American W1>st. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

Government Reports, Theses, Newspapers, Other

Burton, Jeffrey. Three Farewells to Manzanar: The Archaeology of Manzanar National Historic Site, California. 3 vol. Tucson: Western Archaeological and Conservation Center, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Publications in Anthropology 67, 1996. Busby, Colin 1., John M. Findlay, and James C. Bard. A Cultural Resource Overview ofthe Bureau of Land Management, Coleville, Benton, and Owens Valley Planning Units, California. For U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Bakersfield District Office. Oakland, CA: Basin Research Associates, 1980. Ciry of Los Angeles, Department of Public Service. Final Report on Construction ofthe Los Angeles Aqueduct. City of Los Angeles, 1916. Cotton, J.S. ''Agricultural Conditions of Inyo County, California." 1905. Typescript. Eastern California Museum. Eastern California Museum: Oral History Collection. ---. Subject Heading and Family History Files. Inyo Independent Inyo Register Los Angeles Times ManzanarFree17eli 226 / Readings/Sources Consulted

Michael, William. ''At the Plow and in the Harvest Field: Indian Conflict and Accomodation in the Owens Valley, 1860-1880." Master's thesis, University of Oklahoma, 1993. Miller, Gordon R. "Los Angeles and the Owens River Aqueduct." Ph.D. diss., Claremont Graduate School, 1977. Unrau, Harlan. "The Evacuation and Relocation of Persons of Japanese Ancestry During World War II: A Historical Study of the Manzanar War Relocation Center." 2 vol. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1996. Van Horn, Lawrence F. Native American Consultations and Ethnographic Assessment: The Paiutes and Shoshones ofOwens Valley, California. Denver: United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1995. Wehrey, Jane. A Convergence of Pasts: Remembering Other Manzanars. Paper given at the Oral History Association Annual Meeting. Raleigh-Durham, NC, October, 2000. ---. "Voices from This Long Brown Land: Oral Recollections of Owens Valley Lives and Manzanar Pasts." Master's thesis, California State University Fullerton, 1998.

Oral History, Memory, Sense of Place

Altman, Irwin and Setha M. Low, eds. Place Attachment. New York: Plenum Press, 1992. Amato, Joseph A. Rethinking Home: A Case for Writing Local History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. Bodnar, John. Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Breen, T.H. Imagining the Past: East Hampton Histories. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1989. Dunaway, David K. and Willa Baum. Oral History: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. 2nd ed. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, 1996. Franklin, Wayne and Michael Steiner, eds. Mapping American Culture. Iowa City: University ofIowa Press, 1992. Frisch, Michael. A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990. ---and Milton Rogovin. Portraits in Steel. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993. Hareven, Tamara K. and Randolph Langenbach. Amoskeag: Lifo and Work in An American Factory City. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. Ives, Edward. The Tape-Recorded Interview: A Manual for Fieldworkers in Folklore and Oral History, 2nd ed. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995. Jones-Eddy, Julie. Homesteading Women: An Oral History of Colorado, 1890-1950. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992. Kammen, Michael. Mystic Chords ofMemory. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. Kikemura, Akemi. Through Harsh Winters: The Lifo of a Japanese Immigrant Woman. Novato, CA: Chandler and Sharp, 1981. Kyvig, David E. and Myron A. Marty. Nearby History: Exploring the Past Around You. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1982. Linenthal, Edward T. and Tom Engelhardt. History Wtm: The Enola Gay and Other Battles for the American Past. New York: Henry Holt, 1996. Lopez, Barry. "Mapping the Real Geography." Harper's Magazine (November 1989): 19-21. Readings/Sources Consulted / 227

Meinig, D.W. The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes. New York, Oxford University Press, 1979. Norkunas, Martha K. The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History, and Ethnicity in Monterey, California. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. Norris, Kathleen. Dakota: A Spiritual Geography. Boston: Houghton Miffiin Company, 1993. Pederson, Jane Marie. Between Memory and Reality: Family and Community in Rural Wisconsin 1870-1970. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1992. Ponelli, Alessandro. The Death ofLuigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990. Rosenzweig, Roy and David Thelen. The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. Shopes, Linda. "Beyond Trivia and Nostalgia: Collaborating in the Construction of a Local History." Internationaljournal ofOral History 5 (November 1984): 151-158. Thelen, David. Memory and American History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. Thompson, Paul. The Voice ofthe Past, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Tuan, Yi-Fu. Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977. ---. Topophilia: A Study ofEnvironmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974. Index

Aberdeen, Calif, 52 Bishop, Calif, 4, 8, 9, 11, 155, 164 Adams, Ansel, 17 celebrations, 15, 50 agriculture, 5, 6, 8-9, 37-8, 40, 61-5, Chalfant Press in, 109, 117, 119 127, 161 Bishop Creek Canal, 5,77 decline of, 9, 10-11, 21, 38, 92, Bodie, Calif, 5 127-8 Bodie Mike, 155, 164 fruit production, 9, 10,37-8,40,63-4, Boyd, William, 133 89-92, 101, 113-14 Bradley, Mayor Tom, 196 and historical memory, in, 21, 40 Brierly family, 46, 47 land ownership and leases, 9-11, 14,38, Bright, Jane, 187, 193 75-6,92,127-8,191 Bright, Keith, 187-204,207 Manzanar War Relocation Center and, cattleman, 190-1, 192-3 107, 136, 161, 221n10 Inyo County Supervisor, 188, 193, 194, Paiute, 2-3, 47 196, 197 railroads and, 40, 79-81, 91 and Long Term Water Agreement, 188, see also cattle industry; Manzanar orchard 191, 194-6 community and Manzanar National Historic Site Alabama Gates, 130, 9-10 Advisory Commission, 188, Alabama Hills, 11,96, 124-5 197-202,204 Albers, Fred, 41, 65, 68, 127 Bristlecone Pine, 2 American Indians, see Indians; Paiute, brothels, 88, 164 Owens Valley Brown, Robert, 153 American Legion, 200 Buff, Clara, 53-4 Arbuckle, Roscoe "Fatty", 11 Buff, Truman, 23, 43-57, 102,207 aridity, 59, 61 living among whites, 43, 46, 47, 50-3, Army, U.S., 4, 12, 69 54-5 assembly centers, 170 and Manzanar War Relocation Center, Austin, Mary, 29, 30-1, 32, 33, 206 56-7 Autry, Gene, 106 musician, 43, 46, 51, 52-3, 102 at Sherman Institute, Riverside, Calif, Bairs Creek, 63 and, 44, 46, 51, 52 Bandhauer family, 53 see also Independence, Calif.; Paiute, Bandhauer, Robert J., 40 Owens Valley store, Manzanar, 40, 89, 127 Bureau of Land Management, U.S., 200 Bartlett, Calif, 96, 105-6 grazing permits, 124, 190, 192 beekeeping, 61, 62 Big Pine, Calif., 2, 4, 50 California, State of, 2, 195 Canyon, 69-70 demographics, 95-6, 195,206 Big Whitney Meadow, 126, 128, 131 geography, 1, 2 230 I Index

California, State of-continued communities, 2, 16,65, 183, 187 Gold Rush, 96 ethnic groups in, 30, 51, 85, 87, 96,100, Spanish influence in, 2, 96 105, 180 California Alkali Company, 98, 99-100, formation and development of, 4, 29, 103, 104, 219n5 (ch. 6) 30,110 see also soda ash processing meanings of, 12-13,39,95, 102-3, 109, California Desert Protection Act, 196, 144-5, 170 221n5 (ch. 12) memoty in, 21, 109, 115 California Environmental Quality Act newspapers and, 110, 117 (CEQA), 14, 188 transformations in, 4, 10-11, 13, 109, Camp Independence, see Fort Independence 134, 140, 180 Carson and Colorado Railroad, 5,33, see also under individual names; see also 79-80 celebrations and festivals Carson Peak, 165 Consolidated Produce Company, 113, Cartago, Calif, 68, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105 219n57 Mexican community, 102-3, 105 Cooper, Gaty, 133 soda ash processing at, 96, 99, 103, 104 Cooper, Owen, 109-21,207, 220n5 (ch. 7) Casa Diablo, 164 in Independence, 109, 112, 113, 114-15 cattle industty and stock raising, 41-2, 68, Manzanar Free Press, and printing of, 124, 126, 128-33, 190, 192-3 117-21 cattle drives, 128-33 and Manzanar orchards, 113-14 grazing permits and, 124, 129-30, 131, newspaper business, career in, 109-11, 190, 192-3 115-21 growth and development, 4, 5-6, 11, 14 see also Manzanar War Relocation Center Los Angeles leases and, 76--7, 127, 129, Coso 190-1 Geothermal Project, 197 ranches and ranchers, 6, 9, 41, 61-2, 65, Mountains, 4 101, 127, 128, 188-9 CottonwoodCanyon, 71, 129, 130 women in, 123-4, 126, 128-33 cattle trail, 68,129,131 celebrations and festivals, 9,15,41,50,102, snow course, 69 104, 105, 176 Cottonwood Lakes, 133 Cerro Gordo, 5, 49, 126 Cowboy and the Lady, The, 133, 134 Cerro Gordo Freighting Company, 5 cowboys, 126, 130-1, 132, 134 Chaffey, George, 9, 10,37, 80 in popular culture, 123, 125, 133, 134 Chalfant, Pleasant A., 111 Crowley, Father John J., 11, 103, Chalfant Press, 109, 110, 111, 116, 117-20 104, 105 Chalfant, WA., 17, 116 and Inyo-Mono Associates, 11 The Story ofIn yo, 17, 116 Crowley Lake, 149, 162 Chinese, 30, 32, 49, 95,115-16 see also Long Valley Resort anti-Oriental attitudes and, 30, 137-8, Cushion, Ruth, 152, 153-5, 157, 159 141 Cushion, Tex, 72,152,162,164-5 immigration, 138 dog teams, 154, 164-5 churches, 47, 103, 104, 105 cities dances and dancing, 13,83, 102, 104, 164, growth of, 6, 20, 38, 60-1, 79,80,150 175,179 climate, 2, 64, 67, 72, 77,167,190 Japanese traditional, 57,171-2 drought, 64, 65, 75, 190 Old-time, 38, 40-1, 52, 53, 65 wind, 9, 82, 104-5, 141, 147, 155 Paiute, 50, 55, 57 Cline, Ada, 82 see also celebrations and festivals Colorado River Aqueduct, 59 Darwin, Calif, 6, 104, 126 Index I 231

Davidson, Captain John, 3, 4 fandango, 50 Deadman Summit, 73 Farm Bureau, 38, 65 Dearborn, Lottie, 101 Fausel, Max, 31 Death Valley National Park, 2, 125, 196 Fausel, Nettie Roeper, 22, 24, 29-35, 207-8 Dehy, Judge William, 33 coyote as pet, 29, 34 Depression, Great, 65-6, 83, 89, 99-100, Independence Fire of 1886 and, 33 102, 152, 173 Mary Austin and, 30-1, 32-3 Desert Padre, see Crowley, Father John J. as postmistress ofIndependence, 31-2 Desert Protection Act of 1994, 196, see also Independence, Calif.; Owens 221n5 (ch. 12) Valley, settlement of Dow Hotel, 106, 115 fish and fishing, 11,49,68, 112, 133, 135, 156, 162 Earthquake of 1872,1,31 limits, 40, 63 Eastern California Museum, 22, 43, 137, lodges and camps, 71, 149, 161-2, 163 177,181, 182 Manzanar War Relocation Center and, oral hisrory and, 22-3, 26 135,158,201 Shiro Nomura Manzanar Collection, Mt. Whitney Hatchery, 133, 192 181-2, 184, 185 planting, 133 Eastern Sierra Fish and Game, California Department of, watershed, 59, 68-72, 73-5, 150 133, 194-5 see also Mammoth; Owens Valley; Sierra Forest Service, U.S., 14,72, 124, 129, Nevada 131-2 Eastern Sierra Scenic Byway, 205 grazing management and, 124, 129, 131, Eaton, Fred, 6--7, 41, 42 190, 192 Eaton, Harold, 153 Fort Independence, 32 econom~ 5,6, 11, 15, 110, 120, 196-7, 199 military post, 1862-1877; 4, 47-8, and Great Depression, 65-6, 83, 85, 89, 218n9 (ch. 3) 99-100, 102, 152, 173 Fort Independence Indian Band, 51-2 decline of, 5, 9-11, 38 Fort Independence Reservation, 40, 43, growth of, 4, 11, 13, 14, 110, 149-50 46-9 Indian labor and, 5, 6, 11,44 see also Paiute, Owens Valley Japanese Americans and, 138, 221n6 Fort Tejon, Calif, 4, 44 railroads and, 5,79-81 442nd Regimental Combat Team, 156, 205 Eder, Ritsuko, 137, 138, 140-1, 207 Frizzell, Louis, 174, 176, 177-8,205 at Manzanar War Relocation Center, see also Manzanar War Relocation Center 140-1 frontier, 19-20,29,38, 110 at Terminal Island, Los Angeles, 140, 141 see also Japanese Americans; Manzanar Gee, Sun-Ki, 115-16 War Relocation Center geology and soil conditions, 1, 64, 67, 68, Eibeshutz, Julian, 41 76, 219n5 (ch. 5) engineers and engineering, 8, 59, 60-1, Georg, Hans, 165 67,69 George's Creek, 6, 40, 61-3, 5 environmentalism, 14-15, 124, 187-8, 191, Lake, 66 194-5, 197 ranches, 41, 62, 127, 128, 134 groundwater pumping and, 14, 191 geothermal production, 196, 221n6 public land grazing and, 124 Gold Rush, 96 ethnic diversiry, 5,20,23,30,95-6,151-2, Camp, 71 180 Gonzales, Charlie, 105, 106 see also under individual groups Gorman, John, 64, 93 Executive Order 9066, 138 Grant, Cary, 11, 106 232 I Index

Great Basin, 1 Inyo County Board of Supervisors, 193, Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control 194, 197, 198 District, 15 Inyo County Courthouse (1921),54 Gunga Din, 11, 106, 134 Inyo County Groundwater Pumping Ordinance, 194, 221n4 (ch. 12) Haiwee Reservoir, 14 Inyo County-Los Angeles Long-term Water Hansen, Arthur H., 209 Agreement, see Long Term Water Harvest Festivallfandango), 50 Agreement Heath, Clarita, 165 Inyo County Water Department, 195 Heinz Springs, 67-8 Inyo Development Company, 98, 99 Hession, Jess, and family, 34, 55 see also soda ash processing Hillis, Jan, 209 Inyo Independent, 33,110,111,115,117 history, versions of, 16, 17-18,20-1,38, Inyo-Mono Associates, 11, 110,205 44, 123-4, 184-5 , 1, 2 Hoffman, Abraham, 17 , 14, 192 Hogback Creek, 61, 62 Inyo Register, 7,116,117 Homestead Act of 1862, 4, 5 irrigation, 5, 21, 38, 60, 63, 114, 128, 191 Hopkins, Ross, 202 canals, 6, 30, 41, 77 hotels and resorts, 33, 106, 152, 164, 183 colonies, 9, 38, 80 see also Long Valley Resort; Mammoth drought and, 64-5, 75-6,191 Mountain Ski Resort Paiute, Owens Valley and, 2-3 Issei, 171-3, 175 Inada, Lawson, 17 immigration and economic advancement Independence, Calif, 4, 11,29-35,41, of, 137-8, 172,201, 221n6 52-5,115,125,183-4 and relocation centers, 169-70, 175 education in, 33, 40,51,113 ethnic groups in, 30, 32, 46-7, 51, James, Greg, 195 54-5 Japan, 137-8, 173 fire of 1886, 30, 33 Japanese American Citizens League, 141, hotels and restaurants, 33, 109, 114-6 173,175 Mary Austin in, 30-1, 32 Japanese Americans, 137-47, 154-61, Independence Creek, 46 169-70,174-9,181-5,198-204 Indian boarding schools, 44, 46, 51, 52 evacuation and exclusion from West Indians, 44 Coast, 12-13, 17, 117-21,137-47, images of, in history, 44, 52-3 154-61,169-70,174-9,201-2 tribal units and population, 46 loyalty questionnaire and, 13 white paternalism and, 44 racism and, 138, 141, 155, 159 see also Paiute, Owens Valley relocation and resettlement, 13, 141, Inland Stage, 155 144-5, 154-5, 157-8, 159-60, Inyo County, Calif, 4, 9, 13, 14,30,33, 179-80, 221n9 (ch. 3) 195, 197, 199 return to Manzanar, 15, 145, 181-2 area and land ownership, 9, 14, 15, southern California, 137-8, 140, 197,206 141,145,172-4,179-81 economy of, 5, 14, 15, 196-7, 197, 199 views on internment, 20, 141, 143, 144, Los Angeles Department of Water and 147,169-70,184-5,201-2 Power and, 14, 188, 191, 194, see also Issei; Nisei; Manzanar War 195, 197 Relocation Center population, 15,206, 217n2 (ch. 1) "Jawbone" branch, 80, 85 Inyo County Bank, 10 see also Southern Pacific Railroad Index I 233

Jim's Place, Independence, 109, Sixteenth of September celebrations, 114-15,116 50,96 Jive Bombers, 174 stores, 101, 102, 107, 135, 183 Wilderness, 14, 124 Lone Pine Creek, 101 June Lake, 112, 156 Lone Pine Film Festival, 15 Justice Department, U.S., internment Lone Pine High School, 105 camps, 138, 145 Lone Pine Station, 89, 105 Manzanar internees arriving at, 140, 143, Kashitani, Dawn, 137, 138, 145-7,208 220n3 (ch. 9) detention of husband, 138, 145 Long Term Water Agreement, 14, 188, 191, evacuation and internment, 194-6 145-7 Long Valley, 6, 42, 153, 155 see also Japanese Americans; Manzanar Long Valley Dam, 6, 11 War Relocation Center Long Valley Resort, 153, 156, 158, 161-2 Kearsarge Station, 39, 61,104,113 Los Angeles, Cali£, 98, 112, 140 Keeler, Calif., 40, 88, 98, 104 growth of, 5, 6, 9, 150 narrow-gauge railroad terminus at, 5, population, 6, 96, 195 39-40,80,85 voluntary movement, 138-9 Mexican community, 104-5 water needs of, 6, 7, 8 soda ash production at, 40, 96, 98, Los Angeles Aqueduct, 6-8, 59-60,68, 99, 104 73-5,93,127, 150,219n9(ch. 5) Kelley, Anna, 183 Alabama Gates, seizure at, 9-1 ° Kern, Edward, 3 inception and construction of, 6-8, 40, Kibei, 178 54,80 Kispert Ranch, 41, 62 maintenance of, 66-7, 73, 75 Kuhnerts, 105 Mono Basin extension, 11,73, 115, 153 Second Aqueduct, 14 Land o/Little Rain, The, 30,206 violence against, 9 land laws, 4, 5 see also Los Angeles Department of Water Latinos, populations in U.S., 96, 98 and Power Laws, Calif, 85,117 Los Angeles County, 96 LeeVining, Calif, 155, 164, 167 Los Angeles Department of Water and Lewis, Rep. Jerry, 194, 198 Power (City, City of Los Angeles, Levy, Henry, 41 DWP), 6-11,17,26,54,59,62, Lippincott, Joseph B., 7 67,114 Lone Pine, Calif., 11, 15, 40, 95, 105, 117, gtoundwater pumping by, 14,67-8, 130, 183 75-6,191, 194-5,221n4(ch. 12) bars and restaurants, 95, 102, land ownership, 11, 12, 13, 15, 106, 107 92-3,200 hotels and motels, 106, 183 land and water rights acquisitions, 7, 9, Manzanar War Relocation Center and, 10-11,14,38,46-7,64-5,127 107-8, 119, 120, 135 leases, 10, 14,71,75-6,77, 127, movie companies and filming, 11, 96, 190-1 106, 123, 125, 133-4 Long Term Water Agreement and, 14, multi-ethnic population, 30, 50, 95-6, 188, 191, 194-6 104, 105 Lower Owens River Project and, 14, in 1930s-1940s, 101, 102, 105, 106-7 194-5 and 1942 vehicle convoy to Manzanar, Owens Lake dust control and, 14-15, 107, 139 191-2 234 I Index

Los Angeles Department of Water and Manzanar National Historic Site, 4, 8,21, Power-continued 188,197-204,205 Owens Valley conflict and, 6-7, 9-10, designation and development of, 15,20, 14,17,117 197-204 Owens Valley residents, attitudes to, 7, Interpretive Center, 13, 203, 205 13,21,65,76,113, 116-17, 191, Japanese Americans and, 20, 199, 195-6 200-2,205 policies, 59, 64, 75-6, 92, 135, 188, National Park Service and, 15, 199, 191, 192 202,203 Southern Pacific Railroad and, 33, 40, 80 Owens Valley residents and, 20, 198, water records and snow surveys, 67, 199-202,205 69-72,75, 218nl (cho 4) Manzanar National Historic Site Advisory water spreading, 76-7, 218n9 (cho 4) Commission, 188, 198, 199, Los Angeles River, 6 200-1, 202 Los Angeles Sportsmen's Show, 165 Manzanar orchard community, 1905-1935: Los Angeles Times, 7, 139, 169 21,38-9,55,79,101,110,126-8, Lower Owens River Project, 14, 194-5 134-5 Lozano, Miguel "Mike," 96, 98, 99, 100, community life, 21, 38, 40-1, 55, 65 103-5 decline of, 10-11,38-9,55,81,92, 114, Lydston, w.e. "Stub", 24, 37-42, 208 128, 134-5 cattle ranching and, 41-2 farming and ranching, 40, 41,127, Manzanar orchard community and, 129, 133 37-8,40-1,42 fruit processing and shipping, 63, 80, 81, 89-93,113-14, 127,219n7(cho 5) Mairs family, 46, 50, 55, fruit production, 9, 10,38,39,40,63-5, cattle business, 126, 128, 129 101, 113-14, 128 Mammoth (area), 69, 72, 149, 152-3, George Chaffeyand development of, 9, 162-7 10,37-8,62-3,80 Mammoth Lakes, 112, 152-3, 164 irrigation, 9, 10-11,21,63,64,93 Mammoth Mountain Ski Resort, 13,72, Los Angeles as owner of, 10-11, 38, 149-50,162-3, 218n6 (cho 4), 64-5,81,91-3,114,127, ManzaKnights, 179 219n8 (cho 5) Manzanar (site), 13, 15,21,198-9 town, 9,21,37,40-1,62-3, 89, 114, California State Historical Landmark at, 126-7 198,222n8 Manzanar Pilgrimage, 15,57, 184,202 memory and history, place of, 19-21,23, Manzanar Riot, 13, 110, 121, 220n5 128,147,170,184-5,200,205 Manzanar War Relocation Center, 12-13, 56, National Historic Landmark at, 15 63,110,137,140-7,169-70,174-9 National Register of Historic Places arrival at, 12, 107, 138-9, 140, 143, 145 and,15 births, 140, 146-7, 170 return of internees to, 15, 137, 145, community life and cultural events, 13, 147, 181 136, 144, 110, 157, 169-70, 174-9 Manzanar Children's Village orphanage, employment, 12-13, 159, 221nll 112,221n8 fishing and, 135, 158 Manzanar Committee, 202 food and agriculture, 21, 56, 107, 136, ManzanarFreePress, 13, 110, 117-21, 174 144,161,218nl0,221nl0 Manzanar High School, 174, 175, 176-7, gardens and landscaping, 12,21, 135-6, 201,205,208 157,159-60,175,201 Manzanar Irrigated Farms, 9, 38, 63 hospital and health care, 141, 161, 221n5 Index I 235

housing, 140, 143, 174, 220n4 workers' camp, 153, 164 site selection and construction, 12, 56, inspections, 73, 75 110,134,135,138 Mono Lake, 165-7, 191 names for, 25-6, 169-70, 198,200 motion picture production, 11, 13,41, 106, newspaper, see Manzanar Free Press 125, 133-4 Owens Valley communities, interaction actors, 11,96, 106, 133---4 with, 13, 107, ll7-21, 136, 139, Mto Whitney, 2 154-61, 178 Muir, John, 1, 30, 150 and Owens Valley residents' responses to, Mulholland, William, 6-7, 60-1 13,20-1,56,110,117,136, see also Los Angeles Aqueduct 156-61, 198-201 privacy at, 140, 143, 147, 170 Nadeau, Remi (aurhor), 17 shopping and stores, 107, 121, 157, 175, Nadeau, Remi (freighter), 5 220n7 (cho 8) National Park Service War Relocation Aurhority staff, 12-13, Death Valley, 196 153, 157, 159 Manzanar National Historic Site, 15, Manzanar Water Company, 10 188,202,204 Masonic Order, 30, 52 National Soda Products Company, 40, 98, Mazourka Canyon, 34, 76 104-5 McCoy, Dave, 71-2,149-50,162-3, Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902, 6, 60 218n6 (ch.4) newspapers, 110 McGee Mountain, 72, 73 communities and, 109, llO, ll7 Mciver Ditch, 41 publishing and printing, 109, llO, lll, Merritt, Ralph, 13, 153, 155, 157 ll5-21 and Inyo-Mono Associates, 11 Nisei, 137, 138-40, 169, 173, 178 Methodist Church, Pioneer Memorial, 47 military service and, 110, 138, 156,200, Mexicans, 5,49,82,87, 95-107 205, 221n7 celebrations, 50, 95, 96, 102, 104 Nisei Week, 173 immigration, 96, 98 Nomura, Mary Kageyama, 19,23,24,25, mining and, 5, 95, 96 169-85,205,208 railroads and, 82, 87, 105 internment, views on, 181, 185 soda ash plants and, 98, 100, 103, at Manzanar War Relocation Center, 104-5, 106 174-9 Military Areas, 138, 139, 221n9 (cho 10) and Owens Valley, 181---4 see also Japanese Americans and resetrlement, 172, 179-83 Military Police, 121, 158, 161, 221n11 as singer, 169, 172-9,205 Mina, Nevada, 84-5 see also Japanese Americans; Manzanar mining and mines, 4, 5, 6, 11, 80, 95, War Relocation Center 96, 126 Nomura, Shiro, 182, 184-5 economic importance of, 4,5 as businessman, 180-1,183-4 multi-erhnic populations at, 95, 96, 104 Manzanar Exhibit at Eastern California railroads and, 5, 80 Museum, 181-2, 184-5 Modernaires, 175-6 at Manzanar War Relocation Center, 170, Mojave, Calif, 40 173, 175, 177, 179 Southern Pacific Railroad at, 84, 85 Northrup, Jack, 72 Mojave Desert, 1 Mono Basin Extension Project, ll, 73 Oak Creek, 188, 192 Mono Craters Tunnel, 11 Ochi, Rose, 199 construction, ll5, 153 Olancha, 103 236 I Index

Onion Valley, 72-3, 128 education, 40, 44,46, 51,52 oral history, 18,22-5 food and agriculture, 2, 3, 47, 49, 56 Eastern California Museum and, 22-3 language, 3, 43,49, 50 editing, 24-6 reservations, 11, 43, 46-9 memory and, 18-19,23-4 Panamint, 5, 125-6 uses of, 18, 22-3, 25 Parker Ranch, 32, 188-9, 190 Owens Lake, 1-2,3, 5, 6, 11,68, 103, 195 Pearl Harbor, 107, 137, 153,201 drying of, 14, 191-2 Phillips, Robert, 191 Dust Control Project, 14-15, 191 Piercy, Catherine, 209 soda ash, 96, 197 Pittsburgh Plate Glass, 105-6 Owens River, 2, 6, 14,41, 68,194-5 place, significance of, 19,23,24-5,79, 109, irrigation and, 6,15,191-2 170,206 Los Angeles Department of Water and Pleasant Valley Dam, 77 Powerand,6, 7,14,68,69,76,194 pogonip, 167 Owens River Aqueduct, see Los Angeles Poole, Bessie, 209 Aqueduct Potashin, Richard, 22, 209 Owens River Canal, 77 Powell, John Wesley, 61, 206 Owens Valley, 1-15,205-6 Report on Lands ofthe Arid Region, 61 assessments and descriptions, 1,3, 8, 30, Pratt, Richard Henry, 44 40,77, 116-17, 124-5 Pre-emption Act of 1841, 4 exploration and settlement, 2, 3-5, 30 Progress Citizen, Lone Pine, 117 history, versions of, 1-15, 16, 17 Progressive movement, 6, 60, 80 isolation of, 2, 33, 109, 113 Los Angeles and railroads, 5, 8, 33, 39-40, 79-89, 106, see Los Angeles Aqueduct; Los Angeles 150, 155 Department of Water and Power and ethnic diversity and racism, 23, 49, Owens Valley High School, 111, 113, 207 82,85,87,105 Owens Valley Improvement Company, 9, and growth of West, 79-80 62-3 mining and, 5, 80, 88 Owens Valley Land Exchange of 1937, 11 political influence and, 80 Owens Valley Paiute, see Paiute, stations, 39, 80, 91,101,105,113,140, Owens Valley 143, 220n3 (ch. 9) Owens Valley Reception Center, 170 see also Owenyo; Southern Pacific Owenyo Station, 40, 49, 80-5, 87-9, Railroad 219n5 (ch. 5) Raub, Henry, 181, 182, 183 freight and passenger transfer at, 33, 79, Reclamation (Newlands) Act of 1902, 80,84,85,87-8 6,60 multi-ethnic population, 23, 82, 85, Reclamation Service, U.S., 6, 7, 8 87, 105 recreation and tourism, 11, 15,95,109-10, town, description and community life, 112,197,199,205-6 40,82-5,87,88 growth of, 11, 13, 149-50, 161-3 see also Southern Pacific Railroad promotion of, 11, 110, 117, 150, 165 see also fish and fishing; hotels Pacific Alkali Company, 105, 106 and resorts; Sierra Nevada; Paiute, Owens Valley, 2, 3, 4, 7,9,34,41, skiing 43-57 Red Mountain Fruit Ranch, 64, 90-1 ceremonies and celebrations, 44, 50, Red Rock Canyon, 112 55-6,57 Reno, Nevada co-existence with whites, 4, 5, 6, 11,30, railroadsand,33,84-5, 155-6, 158 43-7,49,50-5,56 Reward, Calif., 39, 40 Index I 237

Reynolds, Fred, 126, 133 Sherman Institute, Riverside, Calif, 44, cattle business, 126, 128-33 46, 51, 52 movie production, work in, 134 Sierra Club, 72, 194 Reynolds, Hazel, 122, 126, 128, 129, Sierra Forest Reserve, 8 131, 135 Sierra Nevada, 1,2, 14,69-73, 124, Reynolds Ranch, 127, 133-4 149-50, 158, 164-5 roads and highways, 130, 139, 150, 152, avalanches, 70, 72, 73, 163 155-6, 158, 163 images of, 2, 125, 150 building of, 6, 109-10, 153 lakes, 66, 70, 72, 133, 152, 156, 162 condition of, 40, 101, 112-13,206 meadows, 41-2, 126, 128-9, 131-2 Rock Creek, 69 management and protection of, 15, 124, Basin, 126 128-31 Lakes, 133 trails, 3, 49-50, 69, 124, 129, 133 Roddy, Emily, 23, 79-93, 208 see also recreation and tourism at Owenyo Station, 79-91 skiers and skiing, 13,70-1,71-3, 149, and Manzanar orchard community, 79, 162-3, 165 81,85,89-92 soda ash, 84, 87-8, 96, 103, 104 Roeper, Julius, 31, 32, 52, 55 processing, 11,95, 96, 98-9, 103, 104, Roosevelt, Franklin, 170 105-6, 197 Roosevelt, Theodore, 7-8, 60, 188 railroads and, 80, 87-8 "Songbird of Manzanar," see Nomura, Mary Salas, Concha (Connie) Lozano, 23, 24, Kageyama 95-107,208 Sonora, Mexico, 96 Lone Pine descriptions, 95-6, 101, 105, Southern California, 53, 80, 112 106--7 ethnic groups, 98, 180 and Mexican community, 102-3, 104-5 growth of, 6, 38, 80, 150 and soda ash plant housing, 99-101, irrigation colonies, 9, 80 102-4, 105-6 railroads and, 80 Salas, Sylvestre, 95, 106 Southern Pacific Railroad, 79-80 Saline Valley, 98 Japanese American evacuation and, 140, Santa Monica Ski Club, 73 142, 220n3 (ch. 9) Sauder, Robert, 17 "Jawbone" line ro Owens Valley, 8, 40, Savage George, 110, 115 79,80 schools and education, 32, 33, 40, Owenyo Station and, 82-3, 85 44,51 political influence of, 80 grammar, 21, 40,51,62,82-3,98,100, Southern Sierras Power Company, 6 113, 126--7 Spainhower, Russell, 134 high school, 105, 111, 174-7,207 Ranch, 101 Semura, Doris, 137, 139, 141-5,208 Stevens, Ted, U.S. Senator, 198 evacuation from Los Angeles, Symmes, John, 47, 49, 54, 55 137, 143 husband as early volunteer to Takeno, Roy, 119 Manzanar, 139 Tamarack Lodge, 152 see also Japanese Americans; Manzanar Taylor, Eleanor, 59, 209 War Relocation Center Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, 124 Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, Taylor, Vic, 59-77, 209 14, 124 civil engineer, career as, 59, 67, 69-71, Shepherd Creek, 4, 63 73, 75-7 Shepherd John, 4, 6, 9, 35 and Manzanar orchard community, 62-5 Ranch,6,9,41 ski tow operation, 72-3 238 I Index

Taylor, Vic-continued Whitney Portal, 73 on snow surveys, 69-71 Wickser, James, 194 see also Los Angeles Aqueduct; Los wilderness, 2,15,29,37 Angeles Department of Water and areas, 14, 124, 196-7 Power images of, 150-1 Templeton Meadow, 41-2,126,131,132 see also Sierra Nevada Terminal Island, Los Angeles, 138, 140, Wilderness Act of 1964, 14 141, 174 wilillifu, 1,2,29,34,40,42,66,77 trapping and hunting, 2, 40, 42, 49, 59, 66 see also fish and fishing; trapping and Tule Lake Segregation Center, 13 hunting Tunnel Meadow, 131, 132 William Penn Colonial Association, 82, Turner, Frederick Jackson, 38 219n5 (cho 5) Willow Motel, Lone Pine, 183, Van Norman, Claude, 62 221n3 (cho 11) Veterans of Foreign Wars, 13,205 Winterton Ranch, 62 Von Schmidt, A.w., 3 World War II, 12, 120,201-2 Pearl Harbor, 107, 137, 138, 153 Walker, Captain Joseph, 2, 3 rationing, 56, 135 Walton, John, 17 women War Relocation Authority, 13, 157, 160, 170 cattle industry and, 123-4, 126 see also Manzanar War Relocation Center images of in western history, 30-1, 123-4 Wartime Civilian Control Authority, 170 water, 59 Yamato Hall, 173 hydrography, 59, 67, 69, 218n1 (cho 4) measurement of, 67, 218n7 (cho 4), Zediker, Jake, 130, 132, 133, 209 218n8 (cho 4) Zediker, LaVerne Reynolds, 123-36,209 sources,!, 2, 6, 9, 14,43,63,67-71, and cattle drives, summer grazing, 76-7 128-33 spreading, 76-7, 218n9 (cho 4) Manzanar orchard community, girlhood storage and transfer projects, in West, at, 126-8 59,60 and movie production, 125, 133-4 see also Los Angeles Department of Water see also cattle industry; motion picture and Power; Owens River production Watterson, Mark and Wilfred, 10 Zischank, Max, 149, 152-3, 161-2, Wayne, John, 96,133-4 163-5,209 West, the, 20, 38, 60, 123-5, 150,206 Zischank, Nancy Connor, 19,22,23,25, defined as region, 61, 20,123-5,205 149-67,209 frontier and, 19-20,29, 38, 110 and Long Valley Resort, 149, 153, history, versions of, 16, 19,20,37,38, 161-2, 163-4 44, 96, 123-4 at Manzanar War Relocation Center, 150, multi-ethnic populations in, 30, 96, 153, 157-8, 159, 160 137-8, 151-2 skiing and, 162, 165 settlement of, 4, 29, 30, 31-2,110, War Relocation Authority, driver 123-4 for, 150-2, 155-8, 159-61, water management in, 59, 60 165, 167 women, images in history of, 30-1, see also Japanese Americans; Manzanar 123-4 War Relocation Center; tourism and White-Inyo Range, 1, 2 recreation