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No Middle Ground Iss Chronology of recent events The Chilean government throwing protesters and tear gas-, water Jan. 15took control of the na­ canon- and rifle-firing "forces of order" tion's largest banks at the behest of the led to 1300 arrests, many injuries and International Monetary Fund's austerity several deaths. Students held campuses, program. Chile is scheduled to pay $3.5 particularly the University of Santiago billion dollars on its loans this year. for three days. When they marched off Riots and demonstra­ campus, the police attacked with clubs M ar. 26 tions occurred in four and drove them back. To protest human cities. The military was called out against rights violations, the Pinochet's constitu­ the population for the first time since tion was ignominiously burned outside 1974. the supreme court before hundreds of M A general strike and plant demonstrators. Several city buses were BY 8 occupation by the National destroyed by fire. Bombs exploded at Union Command, a confederation of seven electric power facilities. Chile's largest unions, was called off be­ Union leaders and the cause Pinochet sent tanks and troops to JUD8 20 Communist Party dis­ three of the largest mines and threatened avow the violence which they claim is due to "invade" any occupied facilities. In­ to "splinter groups" outside their con­ stead, the Union Command sponsored trol. the first national day of protest on May The junta arrest Gabriel 11th. JU IV 12 Valdez and other lead­ M 11 700Jo of the nation's stu­ ers of the Democratic Ahiance-a coali­ BJ dents boycotted classes. tion dominated by the Christian Demo­ Motonsts blocked business-related and crats- for organizing the third national military traffic by packing the streets with day of protest. Lawyers throw small automobiles. Marches and rallies of sev­ change at government prosecutors in the e.ral thousands occurred. Demonstra­ national courthouse, protesting deten­ t~ons by lawyers led to beatings in the na­ tion and arrest proceedings. twnal courthouse. As street demonstra­ May 14 Soldiers se.ized about AUg • 12 tions continued for the . 2000 people m predawn third straight day, the commander of the rruds on two areas that had shown resist­ Air Force-Fernando Matthei, a mem­ ance. on May 11th. The detained were ber of the junta-publically questioned h~l~ m soccer stadiums. About 200 union the government's account of the violence militants were arrested and t 'k· miners were fired. ' s n mg and informed Pinochet that the air force would not participate in fur~her repres­ June 10 At l~ast 550 miners sion. In late August, Brigad.1~r General . were f1red, 350 arrested Carol Urzoa Iban- the military gov­ and three killed in strike actions at the El ernor of Santiago- is assasinated: Salvador copper mine, Chile's third Jar - Rodomiro Tomic -.a est. The El Salvador and Ch . g S . uqUicamata ept. 3 Christian DemocratiC ctopper mme~ were put under direct mili­ leader-said that if Pinochet would ary occupat10n. reach minimal agreement with the peo­ ple, the protests would be unnecessary· June 11 Hundr~ds of thousands 6000 people formed the tiona! day of prot~~r~hh m the seco~d na­ S . · antytowns m rna ept. 8 funeral procession. foJ JOr Cities throughout Ch'l .­ Miguel Angel Zavala, a bus driver k~lle d caded with piles of 1.e we.re barn­ at a demonstration. 30,000 people hne d trash. Clashes betwee burmkng tires and the streets. The march, led by clerg~ a~ts n roc - and glass- members of the Chilean Human Rig 4 Fa11,1983 ''Fortunately our army is nationalist; for that reason we only in- vade our own coun t ry. " most of the night. Approximately 36,000 Commission, was stormed by police after people were involved in La Leg una along, it had entered the municipal cemetery. one Santiago shantytown. Gabriel Valdez announced that any fur­ A protest of 10,000 stu­ ther dialogue with the junta was incon­ 0 Ct. 5 dents and miners in San­ ceivable. tiago, called to support out-of-work 13J'he fourth straight day miners, burned an effigy of Pinochet. Sept_. of . protests inclu~ed Riot police fired buckshot and tear gas mairltammg the barncades of burnmg when the crowd tried to march on the na­ tires to block military/police related traf­ tional palace with the slogan ''Enough of fic, marching, pot-banging, throwing crime and torture." rocks at cops, and assembling, through -N.M. No Middle Ground 5 X Chronology of the Chilean workers' movement The Gran Federaci?n direct action, and, as its objective, 1909 Obrera de Chzle abolition of wage-labor and direct (GFOC) is formed in September by control of production by the the more conservative labor groups workers. to bring together the workers' coo?­ Arturo ~lessandri eratives. Cooperativism is strong m 1920 Palma Is elected Chile at this time, with 55,000 people president and responds to worker ac­ in 433 workers' co-ops. tivism by propagating a "cor­ At the GFOC con- poratist" work code, inspired by 1917 gress of 1917, a more Benito Mussolini, which aims at con­ revolutionary tendency becomes trol of the working class. dominant, replacing the more con­ A coup d'etat takes servative faction, and the name of 1924 place. At first only the organization is shortened to the IWW opposes the new regime. Chilean Workers Federation But a new wave of repression hits the (FOCH). Their goal was the cot?­ workers' movement, with mas­ plete abolition of capitalism and Its sacres, imprisonment, tortures. replacement by the workers' union federation, which would control in­ 1927 A new military reg­ dustry. ime comes to power with Carlos Ibanez del Campo at its 1922 The firs~ serious ~f­ head. A ferocious dictatorship fort at direct mamp­ destroys the unions one by one. ulation of the workers' movement by There occur a series of assasinations political parties occurs. A delegation of militants in plain view as meetings headed by Lius Emilio Recabarren are letting out. Dawn kidnappings. appears at the 2nd National Con­ Tortures. People forced into exile. gress of the FOCH. Recabarren has The Chilean IWW ceases to exist. just returned from the USSR and an­ FOCH almost totally disappears. nounces his intention to form a Chilean Communist Party. FOCH 1931 The fall of the dicta­ abandons its federalist organiza­ torship. The work­ tional practice in favor of central­ ers' movement enters a period of re­ ism. The domination of CP politics organization and Chile passes alienates libertarian, syndicalist or through a period of institutional social-democratic unionists, leading crisis. The economic crisis amplifies to a split in 1925. this situation. The anarcho­ syndicalist unions create the CGT 1919 The Chilean IWW (General Confederation of is founded as an Workers). Though inspired by the anarcho-syndicalist workers IWW tradition, the CGT is built organization in Valparaiso and more on the federalist model of or­ spread rapidiy throughout the coun­ ganization such as the Argentine try. The IWW espouses, as its tactic, FORA. Throughout the period of 22 Fall.l983 -~--- --- ---- ====- 1931-34 the unions of the CGT are regulated form of unionism. The involved in strikes and movement­ CGT unions reject the legalistic ap­ building. During this process the proach as a method for "dominating General Association of Teachers is the revolutionary workers move­ formed. The various political par­ ment.'' Meanwhile, the CP has been ties, such as the Socialists (SP), trying to rebuild the FOCH but its Communists (CP), the bourgeois support is weak. During this period Radical Party (RP) and the right­ the union movement is subject to no wing Phalange, advocate a legalized, one but its own members, striking Persona non grata in several countries Italy, we're told, now has 3500 granted asylum in that country. political prisoners. Among these is Those of the six who were not in jail Juan Teofilo Pollocar- a Chilean were forced to leave Italy. libertarian exile. Juan was born in Italy now has in effect a repres­ Coyhique, in the far south of Chile, sive law which permits imprison­ in 1954 of a family of campesinos. ment of people identified with the Beginning in 1968, when he was 14, revolutionary left under a catch-all Juan came to participate in struggles charge of "subversive association." on the land, in occupations of lati­ This law had been passed, with the fundia (large estates) and played crucial aid of the Italian Communist various roles in organizations of Party, after the Red Brigades's as­ Chilean campesinos. He was in­ sasination of Aldo Moro. In 1981 volved in the setting-up of a Pollocar was sentenced to 16 years people's radio station in Coyhique, in prison, under a charge of "sub­ which is where he was the day of the versive association'' with the armed military coup that overthrew the struggle group Azione Rivoluzione. Allende government in 1973. Juan's present situation is that he After the coup in Chile, Juan fled needs medical treatments, at a cost to Argentina, where he was detained of 600,000 lira each, to avoid losing by the military authorities. After a his leg. The Italian prison system month in jail in Argentina, he was does not provide for such medical expelled and sent to Cuba. In April attention. Italian and Chilean liber­ of 1975, Juan and five other Chilean tarians have been raising money on libertarians were expelled from Juan's behalf. Information Net­ Cuba for political reasons and went work on Latin America has also to Italy. Because of their political been collecting funds on Juan's be­ expulsion from Cuba, a campaign half and will forward funds to the of defamation against the six folks in Italy handling solidarity on Chilean libertarians was launched Juan's behalf.
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