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A Historic Context Document for Rapid City, South Dakota

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A Historic Context Document for Rapid City, South Dakota Our History, Our Future: A Historic Context Document for Rapid City, South Dakota Figure 1: New construction intermingles with the forest on the hillside above Canyon Lake Park. Prepared for the Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission By Eric Steven Zimmer, PhD and Eric John Abrahamson, PhD Vantage Point Historical Services, Inc. with Brenna Maloney, MS, MA PENULTIMATE DRAFT April 2021 Acknowledgement of Grant Funding This program receives Federal financial assistance from the National Park Service. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the American With Disabilities Act of 1990, and South Dakota law SDCL 20-13, the State of South Dakota and U. S. Department of the Interior prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, creed, religion, sex, disability, ancestry or national origin. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: South Dakota Division of Human Rights, State Capital, Pierre, SD 57501, or the Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 201 I Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. Figure 2: The sign at the Baken Park shopping plaza and Dinosaur Hill reflect the centrality of retail trade and tourism to the economic history of Rapid City. Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission 2 Historic Context Document – April 2021 Table of Contents List of Figures 5 Section A. Executive Summary 6 Section B. Introduction 8 - Project Overview and Methodology 10 - How to use this document 10 Section C: Environmental and Community Profile 13 - Environmental profile 13 - Contemporary Community Profile 16 Section D. Overview of Rapid City’s History 18 - Archaeology and Early Indigenous Presence: ~ to 1875 18 - Hay Camp: 1876 to 1918 19 - Depression and War: 1919 to 1945 21 - Expanding Rapid City: 1946 to 1972 23 - Flood and Rebuilding: 1973 to 2000 24 - New Millennium: 2001 to 2021 25 Section E. Key Themes in Rapid City’ History 26 - Community 26 o Family Bonds and Worship 26 o Community Organizations 28 o Recreation and Culture 30 o Race Relations 32 - Government 33 o City and County 34 o Education 36 o State and Federal Government 37 o Military 39 - Economy 40 o A Historic Passing Place 41 o Subsistence and Transportation 41 o Retail and Tourism 44 o Healthcare 47 Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission 3 Historic Context Document – April 2021 Section F. Significance and Sense of Place 49 - Eligibility Criteria 49 o NRHP and SD State Register of Historic Places 49 o Criteria for Evaluation 49 o Criteria Considerations 50 o Integrity 51 - Other Considerations that Contribute to Sense of Place 51 o Landscape, Waterscape, and Skyscape Elements 52 o Traditional Cultural Properties 52 o Community Cultural Elements 52 - Assessing Significance 53 - Focused Investigations: Executive Summaries 54 o Landscape and Memory in Rapid City 54 o Rapid City’s Historic Cemeteries 57 o Indigenous Presence 60 o Rapid City Indian School / Sioux San Lands 62 o Diverse Rapid City 64 o Postwar Residential Development 66 o Postwar Commercial Architecture 68 o Suburban Worship 70 o Postwar School Architecture 72 Appendices 74 - Appendix 1: Existing National and State Registry Properties 74 o NRHP Listings in Rapid City 74 o SDSRHP Listings in Rapid City 77 - Appendix 2: Full Investigations and Windshield Surveys 78 - Appendix 3: Bibliography 258 Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission 4 Historic Context Document – April 2021 List of Figures *Unless noted, all photographs by Vantage Point History Figure 1: Canyon Lake Park Cover Figure 2: Baken Park and Dinosaur Hill 2 Figure 3: Slide from Outreach Presentation 6 Figure 4: Map of Rapid City in South Dakota, Brenna Maloney, 2020 7 Figure 5: Existing NRHP Properties, RC Community Development Department, 2020 8 Figure 6: Main and Seventh Streets, Minnilusa Historical Association 9 Figure 7: Phase I Community Meeting Flyer 10 Figure 8: Black Hills Bagels Sign 12 Figure 9: Black Hills Geology, Library of Congress 13 Figure 10: Limestone and Pines 14 Figure 11: Map of Rapid City, Google Maps, 2021 15 Figure 12: Historical Population of Rapid City, 1880-2014, Population.us 16 Figure 13: Main Street Square 17 Figure 14: Indigenous Camp near Robbinsdale, Minnilusa Historical Association 19 Figure 15: Rapid City Indian School, Minnilusa Historical Association 20 Figure 16: Haines, Ellsworth, and Others, Minnilusa Historical Association 21 Figure 17: Rapid City Annexations by Decade, Brenna Maloney, 2020 22 Figure 18: Motel Rapid, XXXX 23 Figure 19: Greenway 24 Figure 20: B-1 Bomber, Wikimedia Commons 25 Figure 21: Emmanuel Episcopal Church 27 Figure 22: First Congregational Church 28 Figure 23: Loyal Order of the Moose 29 Figure 24: Winona Club, Rapid City Journal, November 29, 1976 30 Figure 25: Floyd Fitzgerald Stadium 31 Figure 26: Pennington County Courthouse, Minnilusa Historical Association 34 Figure 27: Rapid City High School 36 Figure 28: Outdoor Campus West, Google Maps, 2021 37 Figure 29: I-90 Gap 41 Figure 30: Aby’s Feed & Seed 43 Figure 31: Retail Stores, Minnilusa Historical Association 45 Figure 32: Rapid City Regional Hospital 48 Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission 5 Historic Context Document – April 2021 Section A. Executive Summary In 2018, the Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission (RCHPC, “the Commission”) engaged Vantage Point Historical Services, Inc. to assist with the updating of its Historic Preservation Plan and Historic Context Document. This project evolved into a three-year strategic planning and updating initiative. It included multiple public outreach and community engagement efforts and the development of a series of research and survey assets that focused on the histories of racial, ethnic, and religious groups that have called Rapid City home before and throughout the city’s history; the environmental history and public memory of the community; and the expansion of the built environment during the postwar boom between 1945 and 1972 when a devastating flood marked a critical turning point in Rapid City’s history. Overall, this work has strengthened the Commission’s understanding of Rapid City’s history and articulated a vision for the role the Commission, history, and historic preservation planning can play in the Rapid City community. This Historic Context Document reflects the culmination of the research into various themes and developments from Rapid City’s history. It is designed to be used alongside the Preservation Plan (2021) as the RCHPC and the Rapid City community undertake the strategic goals and priorities outlined therein. This document is not a comprehensive history of Rapid City. Rather, it was designed to serve as a factual and interpretive asset from which the Commission and the community can continue to Figure 3: This screenshot from a community outreach webinar in June 2020 speaks to the RCHPC's efforts to think broadly about places and spaces explore recurring themes in that are significant to Rapid City's history. the city’s history and develop a deeper understanding of specific eras and events. It is a step in the process of building awareness about the importance and utility of history and historic preservation to the Rapid City community as it looks forward to growth and seeks to provide a strong quality of life for residents and a memorable experience for visitors. The project that produced the Historic Context Document and Historic Preservation Plan was conducted in collaboration with the RCHPC and members of the Rapid City community in order to build upon the work of previous commissions and community advocates to connect the interests of the local community to the RCHPC’s strategic goals and priorities. This Historic Context Document was also developed in accordance with the principles, priorities, and best practices of the South Dakota State Historic Preservation Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission 6 Historic Context Document – April 2021 Office (SHPO) and the National Park Service (NPS). It has also been shaped by recent developments in historic preservation, including the Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL) framework adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2011. HUL promotes the incorporation of built and natural elements of a community into historic preservation planning and encourages communities to understand diverse human experiences as key elements of local history. Viewing Rapid City’s history through myriad lenses, and thinking broadly about the relationship between people, landscape, and structures, this Historic Context Document provides a key asset to support the RCHPC in coming years. Figure 4: Located on the eastern edge of the Black Hills, Rapid City is the largest urban center in Western South Dakota. Map by Brenna Maloney, 2020. Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission 7 Historic Context Document – April 2021 Section B. Introduction The Rapid City Historic Preservation Commission (RCHPC, “the Commission”) is comprised of citizen volunteers dedicated to identifying, protecting, and educating the public about cultural resources and historic sites in and around Rapid City, South Dakota. Staffed by and housed within the City of Rapid City’s Community Development division, the RCHPC is a local manifestation of a national and international historic preservation community that also includes state and federal agencies, municipal and regional planners, cultural resource management
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