Husnul Haq IAIN Tulungagung, [email protected]

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Husnul Haq IAIN Tulungagung, Husnulbojonegoro@Gmail.Com eISSN: 2549-4198 ALHURRIYAH : Jurnal Hukum Islam pISSN: 2549-3809 Vol. 02 , No. 01., Januari-Juni 2017 Husnul Haq IAIN Tulungagung, [email protected] Diterima: 24 Mei 2017 Direvisi: 18 Juni 2017 Diterbitkan: 30 Juni 2017 Abstract Islam is a comprehensive religion. The comprehension of Islam does not lie in the completeness of the content of the Qur'an and Hadith, because in fact the verses of the Qur'an and Hadith are limited in number, while the human problems are growing. So, the role of ijtihad as a means of reform of Islamic law is vital. One of the methods of ijtihad is Istishâb. This study aims to describe the nature of Istishâb, clerical opinion about the value of its strength as a source of law, as well as the influence of ulama's opinion about the value of his resistance to differences of opinion in Islamic law. This study concludes that the majority of scholars of the Maliki, Shafii, and Hambali sect assert that Istishâb is a hujjah to defend (daf'i) and establish something (itsbat). The late ulamas of the Hanafi sect assert that Istishâb is a hujjah in defense of something, while the majority of the Hanafi scholars and some scholars of the Shafi'i sect state that Istishâb is not a hujjah. The difference of the ulama's view of the use of Istishâb in ijtihad has led to differences in their views on Islamic law, as in the case of the law of the disappeared’s inheritance. In addition, the existence of Istishâb becomes a solution to find out contemporary Islamic law, as in the principle of presumption of innocence and the absence of rights and duties for men and women as long as there is no evidence of their marriage. Keywords: Istishâb, argumentative, Islamic Law, Ulama Abstrak Islam merupakan agama yang komprehensif. Komprehensifitas Islam tidak terletak pada kelengkapan kandungan Alquran dan Hadis, sebab faktanya ayat Alquran dan hadis jumlahnya terbatas, sedangkan permasalahan manusia semakin kompleks. Karenanya, peran ijtihad sebagai sarana pembaharuan hukum Islam sangatlah vital. Salah satu metode ijtihad adalah Istishâb. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan hakikat Istishâb, pendapat ulama tentang nilai kehujjahannya, serta pengaruh perbedaan pendapat ulama tentang nilai kehujjahannya terhadap perbedaan pendapat dalam hukum Islam. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa mayoritas ulama mazhab Maliki, Syafi’i, dan Hambali menyatakan bahwa Istishâb merupakan hujjah untuk mempertahankan (daf’i) dan menetapkan sesuatu (itsbat), sedangkan ulama Muta’akhirin dari mazhab Hanafi menegaskan bahwa Istishâb merupakan hujjah dalam mempertahankan sesuatu, sementara mayoritas ulama mazhab Hanafi dan sebagian ulama mazhab Syafi’i menyatakan bahwa Istishâb bukan merupakan hujjah. Perbedaan pandangan ulama ini ternyata menyebabkan perbedaan dalam hukum Islam, seperti dalam kasus hukum waris orang hilang. Di samping itu, keberadaan Istishâb menjadi solusi penetapan hukum Islam kontemporer, seperti dalam asas praduga tak bersalah dan ketidakadaan hak dan kewajiban bagi laki-laki dan perempuan selama tidak ada bukti perkawinan mereka. Kata Kunci: Istishâb, Kehujjahan, Hukum Islam, Ulama Husnul Haq 17 Penggunaan Istishab dan… http://ejournal.iainbukittinggi.ac.id/index.php/alhurriyah/index eISSN: 2549-4198 ALHURRIYAH : Jurnal Hukum Islam pISSN: 2549-3809 Vol. 02 , No. 01., Januari-Juni 2017 PENDAHULUAN tidak berdasar pada fakta. Sedangkan ulama Tidak terbantahkan lagi bahwa Syariat yang mendukung Istishâb justru menganggap Islam merupakan penutup semua risalah bahwa Istishâb merupakan salah satu alternatif samawiyah, yang membawa petunjuk dan penentuan hukum Islam ketika dalil hukum tuntunan Allah SWT bagi seluruh umat tidak ditemukan dalam Alquran, Hadis, Ijmâ’ manusia. Karenanya, Allah mewujudkan dan Qiyâs. Di sinilah signifikansi pembahasan format Syariat Islam dalam bentuk syariat yang Istishâb sebagai salah satu alternatif metode abadi dan komprehensif, sehingga mampu perumusan hukum Islam. menjawab persoalan-persoalan baru yang Tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji konsep semakin kompleks dan berkembang seiring Istishâb sebagai dalil yang diperselisihkan perkembangan waktu dan ilmu pengetahuan. penggunaannya di kalangan ulama ushul fikih Sifat komprehensifitas Syariat Islam yang tentunya berdampak pada perbedaan bukan terletak pada kelengkapan Alquran dalam hukum Islam dan fatwa-fatwa yang maupun hadis; sebagai sumber primer ajaran dihasilkan. Tulisan ini disusun secara ilmiah Islam, karena faktanya, sebagaimana meliputi: pengertian Istishâb, macam- diungkapkan Ibnu Rusyd, bahwa jumlah ayat macamnya, pendapat ulama tentang Alquran dan Hadis terbatas sedangkan kehujjahannya, dan pengaruh perbedaan problematika kehidupan manusia tidak tersebut dalam hukum Islam. terbatas. 1 Tetapi, sifat tersebut terletak pada adanya instrumen penting dalam Islam yaitu PENGERTIAN ISTISHÂB berupa ijtihad yang diharapkan mampu Istishâb secara etimologi berasal dari dalam sighat istif’al )استصحب) menjawab persoalan-persoalan baru yang kata is-tash-ha-ba Kalau .اِ ْستِ ْم َرا رِ ِال ُّص ْحبَة :yang bermakna (اِ ْستِ ْف َعا ِلِ) .belum jelas status hukumnya ”diartikan “sahabat” atau “teman ال ُّص ْحبَة Para ulama berijtihad untuk mengawal kata ,diartikan selalu atau terus menerus اِ ْستِ ْم َرا رِ Syariat Islam agar senantiasa dinamis dan dan responsif terhadap perkembangan zaman. maka Istishâb secara lughawi artinya selalu Mereka menggali hukum dari berbagai menemani atau selalu menyertai. 3 Dengan sumbernya yang dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu memperhatikan makna secara bahasa ini sumber hukum yang disepakati mayoritas sekilas bisa dimaknai bahwa Istishâb ulama berupa Alquran, Hadis, Ijmâ’ dan Qiyâs, merupakan upaya mendekatkan satu peristiwa serta sumber hukum yang diperselisihkan hukum dengan peristiwa lainnya, sehingga berupa Istihsan, Maslahah Mursalah, Urf, Istishâb, keduannya dinilai sama hukumnya. Syar’u Man Qablana, Saddu al-Dzari’ah, dan Qaul Sedangkan pengertian Istishâb secara 2 al-Shahabi. terminologi, para ulama ushul fikih berbeda- Salah satu sumber hukum yang beda dalam menyusun redaksinya, sekalipun diperdebatkan nilai kehujahannya adalah secara substantif mengarah pada makna yang Istishâb. Ulama yang menolak Istishâb menilai sama. Imam Ibnu al-Subki mendefinisikan Istishâb tidak cukup kuat untuk dijadikan Istishâb sebagai menetapkan hukum atas sebagai sumber hukum, karena ia membangun masalah hukum yang kedua berdasarkan hukum hanya berdasar pada dugaan semata, hukum yang pertama karena tidak ditemukan 1 Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rusyd, Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al-Muqtashid, (Beirut: Dar al- Kutub al-Ilmiyyah,), 2. 2 Wahbah al-Zuhayli, Ushul al-Fiqh al-Islamy 3 Amir Syarifuddin, Ushul Fiqh (Jakarta: (Damaskus: Dar al-Fikr, 1986), I/415. Kencana, 2008), II/364. Husnul Haq 18 Penggunaan Istishab dan… http://ejournal.iainbukittinggi.ac.id/index.php/alhurriyah/index eISSN: 2549-4198 ALHURRIYAH : Jurnal Hukum Islam pISSN: 2549-3809 Vol. 02 , No. 01., Januari-Juni 2017 dalil yang merubahnya.4 Dengan redaksi yang sekarang (al-Hadir) dan waktu yang akan berbeda, Imam Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyah datang (al-Mustaqbal). Tiga konsep waktu itu mendefinisikan Istishâb sebagai melanggengkan dalam Istishâb cenderung dianggap sama hukum dengan cara menetapkan hukum nilainya sampai terbukti ada pergeseran yang berdasarkan hukum yang sudah ada, atau mengubah karakteristik hukum yang melekat meniadakan hukum atas dasar tidak adanya padanya.8 hukum sebelumnya. 5 Sedangkan Wahbah Untuk memberikan gambaran utuh Zuhaili mengartikan Istishâb: Menghukumi tentang Istishâb, perlu dikemukan contoh tetap atau hilangnya sesuatu pada masa kini Istishâb dalam kedua bentuknya; Tsubut dan atau masa mendatang berdasar pada tetap atau Nafi. Pertama, Bila tadi pagi seseorang telah hilangnya sesuatu tersebut di masa lalu karena wudhu untuk shalat subuh, maka keadaan tidak ada dalil yang merubahnya.6 telah wudhu tersebut itu masih diperhitungkan Dari beberapa definisi di atas dapat keberadaannya pada waktu ia akan disimpulkan bahwa Istishâb mengukuhkan atau melaksanakan shalat Dhuha (ia tidak perlu menganggap tetap berlaku apa yang pernah berwudhu kembali), selama tidak ada bukti ada. Keadaan yang pernah terjadi di masa lalu dan tanda-tanda bahwa wudhunya telah batal. itu ada dua macam, yaitu: Nafi (keadaan tidak Kedua, beberapa waktu lalu telah ditetapkan pernah ada hukum), dan Tsubut (keadaan pemilikan harta bagi seseorang melalui pernah ada suatu hukum). Dengan demikian pewarisan secara sah. Pemilikan harta itu berarti bahwa yang dahulunya “belum pernah berlaku untuk seterusnya selama tidak ada ada”, maka keadaan “belum pernah ada” itu bukti bahwa pemilikannya tersebut sudah tetap diberlakukan untuk masa berikutnya. beralih kepada orang lain, seperti melalui Begitu pula, jika di masa sebelumnya “pernah transaksi jual beli atau hibah. ada”, maka keberadaannya tetap diberlakukan Sedangkan contoh Istishâb dalam untuk masa berikutnya.7 bentuk nafi adalah: Di masa lalu, tidak pernah Dari definisi di atas juga dapat diambil ada hukum tentang wajibnya puasa di bulan kesimpulan bahwa konsep Istishâb sebagai Syawal, karena memang tidak ada dalil syara’ metode penggalian hukum mengandung tiga yang mewajibkannya. Keadaan tidak adanya unsur pokok. Pertama dari segi waktu, kedua hukum wajib tersebut tetap berlaku sampai dari segi ketetapan hukum dan ketiga dari segi masa kini dan mendatang karena memang dalil dalil hukum. Dari segi waktu, Istishâb syara’ yang akan mengubahnya untuk itu tidak menghubungkan tiga waktu sebagai satu akan ada lagi dengan meninggalnya Nabi Saw. kesatuan
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