Final Report(2).Pdf

ENVIS Centre Team Dr. G. Areendran Coordinator, ENVIS Centre, WWF-India

Shri Anand A. Jha Coordinator-CMS ENVIS

Mr. Rajeev Kumar Senior Programme Officer, ENVIS Centre, WWF-India

Ms. Sandhya Farswan Information Officer, JNU, ENVIS

Ms. Preeti Kashyap Information Officer, CMS, ENVIS

Mr. Vikee Kumar Information Officer, Sulabh, ENVIS

Data Source: This report has been prepared on the basis of the questions/answers & statement published by Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha Secretariat during the period from 2000-2017 (information as on 17th July, 2017)

Disclaimer: The ENVIS Centres shall not be responsible for any error, omissions arising from the information provided in this publication.

1 | Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Introduction 3  Issues discussed in Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha:

1. Montreal Protocol 5

2. Ozone Build Up 7

3. Ozone Layer Hole 7

4. Depletion in Ozone Layer in Antarctica Region 7

5. Research Station in Antarctica 9

6. Effects of Ozone Depleting Substance 10

7. Funds for Ozone Depleting Substances 11

8. Ground Level Ozone 11

9. Ozone Pollution 13

10. Measures to Check Depletion of Ozone Layer 15

11. Smuggling of Ozone Depleting Substances 15

12. Study on Changes in Ozone Layer 15

13. Ozone Pack for Primary School 16

14. Phasing out Fluorinated Chemicals 16

15. World Bank Aid for Pollution Free Environment 17

16. PIB Highlights on Ozone Layer in India-(Information as on 16th September, 2017)19

17. Photo Gallery of the Event 22

2 | Page

Introduction

Ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere – stratosphere (10 - 50 km above surface) by incoming ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation causes O2 to go to O + O. Some of the O then recombines with O2 to make O3. This ozone then absorbs more ultraviolet radiation and breaks down to O2 + O. This O can then can recombine with O2 to make more Ozone. The process is self-regulating and results in less ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Ultraviolet radiation is harmful to organisms because it is high energy radiation that damages cells. In humans, excessive exposure to ultraviolet light causes sunburns and skin cancer. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are produced to make refrigerants and styrofoam. Chlorine from these human made products enters the atmosphere and catalyzes the breakdown of ozone. It is estimated that for every Cl molecule in atmosphere, 100,000 ozone molecules can be destroyed. It has been observed that the protecting ozone layer in the upper atmosphere has deteriorated over the last 50 years, a result thought to be produced by human introduction of CFCs into the atmosphere.

Fortunately, we have seen some progress in solving this problem. In 1987 an international treaty, the Montreal Protocol, agreed to reduce CFCs and other sources of Chlorine released into the atmosphere with the goal of restoring the ozone layer to its pre 1960 values by 2050. So far the results have been encouraging as the pattern of ozone depletion seems to have bottomed out.

A number of research institutions and individual scientists both from within the country and non-resident Indian scientists have made contributions towards the phase out ODSs and recovery of Ozone layer. Indian industry has played a key role in phasing-out the production and consumption of major ODSs like Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), Carbontetrachloride (CTC) and Halons. The negotiations at Kigali was chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi in November 2016 for ex-post facto approval to the negotiating position adopted by the Government of India at the recent Meeting of Parties (MoP) to the Montreal Protocol of the Vienna Convention for Protection of Ozone Layer that took place during 6-14 October, 2016, in Kigali, Rwanda. The Kigali negotiation were aimed at including Hydrofluoro Carbons (HFCs) in the list of chemicals under the Montreal Protocol with a view to regulate their production and consumption and phase them down over a period of time with financial assistance from the Multilateral Fund created under the Montreal Protocol. HFCs are not ozone depleting but global warming substance and if controlled, can contribute substantially to limiting the global temperature and advance actions for addressing climate change. It was agreed at Kigali that there would be two set of baselines or peak years for developing countries and India will have baseline years of 2024, 2025, 2026. This decision gives additional HCFC allowance of 65% that will be added to the Indian baseline consumption and production. The freeze year for India will be 2028, with a condition that there will be a technology review in 2024/2025 and, if the growth in the sectors using refrigerants is above certain agreed

3 | Page threshold, India can defer its freeze up to 2030. On the other hand, developed countries will reduce production and consumption of HFCs by 70% in 2029. As per the decisions taken in Kigali, India will complete its phase down in 4 steps from 2032 onwards with cumulative reduction of 10% in 2032, 20% in 2037, 30% in 2042 and 85% in 2047.

On 23 May 2017 Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, along with the UN Environment OzonAction’s Compliance Assistance Programme, organized an “Ozone2Climate” Technology Roadshow, post Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, on the sidelines of the South Asia National Ozone Officers Annual Network Meeting – 2017 in Agra. Roadshow was inaugurated by the Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Ajay Narayan Jha. The Technology Roadshow was organized for the first time as part of the annual network meeting for Ozone Officers of South Asia. The Technology Roadshow showcased current refrigeration and air conditioning equipment designed to be more energy efficient, hence with a double benefit of saving money for consumers, and with a much lower impact on the environment. Over 200 refrigerant technicians, ozone officers, business representatives and government officials attended the Roadshow. On 16th September 2015 on the occasion of celebration of 21st International Day for the preservation of the Ozone layer, Shri Javadekar that Ozone layer is the protective blanket provided by Nature. The theme of the celebration is "30 Years of Healing the Ozone Together”. The theme is supported by the slogan “Ozone: All there is between you and UV”.

4 | Page

Issues discussed in Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha

Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol under Vienna Convention is responsible for protection of Ozone Layer. 191 countries have signed Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. The depletion of Ozone Layer is due to the manmade chemicals containing chlorine and bromine atoms under the extremely low temperature. These chemicals are used as refrigerants in air conditioning, blowing agents in foam industry, aerosol in fire extinguishers, solvents in different industries, and fumigants in agriculture and plant protection.The depletion of Ozone Layer is not caused by Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as CO2 is not Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS), but it is a Green House Gas responsible for global warming. The Ministry has notified on 19.07.2000 in the Gazette of India the Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The above ODS Rules have been amended in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2014 to align with the phase-out schedule of the various ODSs as per the Montreal Protocol. The country has successfully met all the targets of phase out of ozone depleting substances. The world has phased out 97 percent of the ozone depleting substances. The successful achievements of targets under Montreal Protocol by all the signatory countries, the scientists have recorded and reported in June, 2016 an improvement in healing of ozone hole.

India became a party to the Vienna Convention for Protection of the Ozone Layer on 19th June, 1991 and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer on 17- 09-1992. Further, India ratified the London Amendment on 17-09-1992 and Copenhagen Amendment, Montreal Amendment and Beijing Amendment on 03-03-2003. The Montreal Protocol controls the phase-out of production and consumption of the Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) only. Nitrous oxide is not a controlled substance under the Montreal Protocol.

The 18th Meeting of Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances the Deplete the Ozone Layer was held from 30th October to 3rd November, 2006 at New Delhi where in representatives from 132 countries were present. The Meeting of Parties considered reports of Scientific Assessment Panel, Environmental Effects Assessment Panel and Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, and took thirty six decisions. The country program was prepared in 1993 to phase-out the ODSs and India has taken the following measures:-

• The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 have been notified on 19-07-2000.

5 | Page

• Fiscal incentives extended by way of exemption from payment of Customs and Excise Duties for goods required for non-ODS technology.

• Awareness Campaigns have been carried out.

• The Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund (MLF) for implementation of the Montreal Protocol had approved 299 projects involving funding of about Rs. 1200 crores for phasing out 47085 Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) tons in production and consumption sectors of the ODSs.

As per the control schedule of the Montreal Protocol, the production and consumption of CFCs, halons and CTC are to be phased out by 2010. The production and consumption of methyl chloroform and methyl bromide are to be phased out by 2015 and production and consumption of HCFCs are to be phased out by 2030. So far, India has met all its commitments as per the Montreal Protocol schedule in phasing out of ODSs. The Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund (MLF) for implementation of Montreal Protocol had approved 296 projects involving funding of about Rs.1000 crores for phasing out 12405 Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) tons in consumption and 33683 ODP tons in production sectors of the ODSs.

27 awareness camps have been held by the Government on the dangers of destruction of ozone during the last three years in 22 States and 5 Union Territories. In the next six months, awareness camps are planned in the remaining 5 States and 2 Union Territories.

Source: USQ No.302 dated 18th July 2017, answered by DR. HARSH VARDHAN, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SHRI GOPAL SHETTY Source: USQ No.2205 dated 2nd December 2002, answered by SHRI T. R. BAALU, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by AMBATI BRAHMANAIAH Source: USQ No.3331 dated 9th December 2009, answered by SHRI JAIRAM RAMESH, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SUSHILA SAROJ Source: USQ No.2450 dated 13th March 2006, answered by NAMO NARAIN MEENA, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SANGEETA KUMARI SINGH DEO Source: USQ No.1543 dated 10th December 2008, answered by NAMO NARAIN MEENA, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by K.C. SINGH BABA Source: USQ No.3635 dated 18th December 2006, answered by NAMO NARAIN MEENA, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by BALASHOWRY VALLABBHANENI

6 | Page

Ozone Build Up

Ozone, a photo-chemical oxidant and a secondary pollutant, is not directly emitted by primary sources. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) are monitoring levels of Ozone in ambient air in Delhi. As per the information provided by DPCC, the one hourly average level for the last three years indicates that it is within limits (180 microgram/m3) but, with fluctuating trend. And the analysis of 8 hourly average levels monitored by CPCB indicates that it has not exceeded the permissible limits of 100 microgram/m3 except for one location, where it exceeded marginally in the month of May 2012 and May 2013. However, it does not indicate high build up of Ozone in the city of Delhi. Ozone in the air can cause health effects. The Central Pollution Control Board has not undertaken any study to link ground level Ozone vis-a-vis health effects. The Government has initiated emission control strategies to check the Ozone concentration which interalia include strengthening metro train as rapid mass transport system, supply of cleaner fuel as per auto fuel policy, use of gaseous fuel for public transport, pollution under control certificate for in use vehicle, use of beneficiated coal in thermal power plants, etc.

Source: USQ No.4032 dated 6th August 2014, answered by SHRI PRAKASH JAVADEKAR, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by JYOTIRADITYA MADHAVRAO SCINDIA

Ozone Layer Hole

Based on scientific findings on the cause of ozone layer depletion, international community has catalysed global action to protect the ozone layer resulting in the adoption of the Vienna Convention in 1985 and Montreal Protocol in 1987. India became the party to the Vienna Convention on 19th June, 1991 and to the Montreal Protocol on 17th September 1992 and ratified all its amendments.

As per the scientific studies, it is expected that the ozone layer will be fully recovered to the pre-1980 level by 2050. Although, the production and consumption of major Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) responsible for depletion of ozone layer have already been phased-out, still some of these chemicals which were released globally earlier are still active in the stratosphere because of their long atmospheric life, thus this necessitates some time for complete recovery of the ozone layer. The size of Antarctic ozone layer hole measured in October 2010 was 22.2 million square kilometer, while the size reported in 2009 and 2008 were 24 million square kilometer and 27 million square kilometer respectively. This clearly indicates that the global efforts made including by India through the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the ozone layer are in the right direction and the Ozone Layer is on the path of recovery.

A number of research institutions and individual scientists both from within the country and nonresident Indian scientists have made contributions towards the phase out ODSs and

7 | Page

recovery of Ozone layer. Indian industry has played a key role in phasing-out the production and consumption of major ODSs like Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), Carbontetrachloride (CTC) and Halons with effect from 1.1.2010.

A number of steps have been taken including the fiscal and regulatory measures for implementation of the Montreal Protocol for the phase out of ODSs in the country. The technical and financial support for ODS phase-out activities to the Industry are directly provided by the Montreal Protocol.

The next task ahead is the phase-out of production and consumption of next category of chemicals known as Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) with an accelerated phase-out schedule adopted by the Montreal Protocol. Source: USQ No. 4155 dated 29th August 2011, answered by SHRIMATI JAYANTHI NATARAJAN, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by BADRI RAM JAKHAR

Depletion in Ozone Layer in Antarctica Region

The India Meteorological Department has been conducting the studies to measure the vertical profile of ozone layer in Antarctica. These measurements indicate that ozone concentration exhibits a seasonal variation. During the months of September-October every year, there is about 80% decrease of ozone concentration as compared to the average value of ozone concentration during other months. The analysis of total ozone data also indicated that during September-October, about 60% of total ozone decreased when compared to the average value during the remaining months. The reason for changes in the Ozone Layer particularly over the Antarctica region is largely due to world wide emissions of the Ozone depleting substances (ODS).

In order to tackle the issue of ozone depletion, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer are the two international agreements. These agreements contain the measures for phasing out ODS in developed as well as developing countries. India is a Party to both the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol and had taken necessary steps to phase out production and consumption of ODS in various sectors in accordance with the provisions of these agreements. The country programme has been prepared for phasing out various ODS and is under implementation in India.

The Country Programme was prepared in 1993 to phase out the Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) and taken the following measures:- • The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control)Rules, 2000 under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 have been notified on 19.7.2000.

8 | Page

• Fiscal incentives extended by way of exemption from payment of Customs and Excise duties for goods required for non-ODS technology. • Awareness Campaigns have been carried out. • The use of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in Refrigerators and Mobile Air-Conditioners which damage the ozone layer has been phased out from 1.1.2003. In Air-conditioners, Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) is used, which has the low Ozone Depleting Potential and it will be phased out by 1.1.2040 as per the Montreal Protocol.

Source: USQ No. 6458 dated 9th May 2005, answered by NAMO NARAIN MEENA, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by E. PONNUSWAMY

Source: USQ No.2982 dated 5th September 2007, answered by NAMO NARAIN MEENA, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by N.S.V. CHITTHAN

Source: USQ No.3764 dated 16th December 2014, answered by SHRI PRAKASH JAVADEKAR, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by OM BIRLA

Research Station in Antarctica

‘Maitri’, India’s second Research Station was built in 1988-89 and has been hosting summer team of about 70 members and winter team of 25 members every year since then. ‘Maitri’ has been serving as the gateway for Indian scientists to venture into interior Antarctic mountains. The meteorological, geomagnetic, geological, glaciological and seismological observations have continuously been collected and contribute data to Indian and international data centres and prove the utility of this station. . The station has been running on a trial basis. The first winter over team has started living there and has commenced their work of testing of equipments and systems. The third Indian research station in Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica was initiated in 2009-10. The basic infrastructure and shifting of heavy construction machinery at the site was accomplished. In the year 2010-11, the stilt foundation was made ready, roads built, fuel storage farm and pipe lines were erected. During the current year 2011-12, the superstructure has been built. The station has been running on a trial basis.

During the year 2011-12, a sum of Rs. 95 Crore was earmarked for Indian Antarctic Expeditions. This expedition involved the voyage of the scientists to Antarctica to do the research, maintenance of the Antarctic station and providing the scientists necessary infrastructure and logistic support to perform their experiments. Most of the scientific programs such as monitoring of Antarctic climate, synoptic measurement of weather parameters, monitoring of ozone hole, recording of fluctuation of ice sheet margin, aerosol monitoring, fluctuation of snout of glacier, Ionospheric measurements etc., have direct bearing on the understanding of processes of Climate Change.

Source: USQ No.2746 dated 29th March 2012, answered by DR. ASHWANI KUMAR, Minister of state in the ministry of Planning, Minister of state in the ministry of Science And Technology and

9 | Page

Minister of state in the ministry of Earth Sciences. The question was raised by HANSRAJ GANGARAM AHIR

Effects of Ozone Depleting Substance

Studies on the harmful effect of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) began early in 1970s in the United States of America and studies by a large number of scientists like Molina and Rowland at the University of California and Lovelock as well as by NASA scientists proved conclusively that CFCs are indeed harmful to the ozone layer.

The Government has taken several steps to protect the ozone layer from the ozone depleting substances. These inter alia include:

(i) Government grants customs and excise duty exemption on goods required for ozone depleting substances phase out projects and new investments with non- ozone depleting substances technologies. (ii) The Reserve Bank of India has issued directions to all financial institutions and commercial banks not to finance new establishments with ozone depleting substances technology. (iii) Licensing system has been adopted to regulate import and export of ozone depleting substances. (iv) A ban has been imposed on trade of ozone depleting substances with non-parties. (v) The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 have been notified which set the deadlines for phasing out of various ozone depleting substances, besides regulating their production, trade, import and export. (vi) India has so far accessed US $ 76.14 million for taking up 268 projects for substitution of ozone depleting substances. In addition to this US$ 80 million is approved by the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol as compensation for gradual phase out of production of CFCs.

Source: USQ No. 218 dated 29th July 2002, answered by SHRI T.R. BAALU, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SADASHIVRAO ADOBA MANDLIK

Source: USQ No. 3495 dated 14th August 2000, answered by SHRI BABU LAL MARANDI), Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by RENUKA CHOWDHURY

Source: USQ No. 2982 dated 9th December 2002, answered by SHRI T.R. BAALU)), Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by M.H. AMBAREESH

10 | Page

Funds for Ozone Depleting Substances

The Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund is the apex body of the Montreal Protocol which approves funds for phase out projects in production and consumption sector for developing countries, in order to enable them to comply with the control measures as specified in the Protocol. The Executive Committee consists of seven Parties from developing countries and seven Parties from developed countries. The Meeting of Parties at its XI meeting held in Beijing in December, 1999 selected India as member and the Chairman of the Executive Committee for the calendar year 2000.

The Meeting of Parties to the Montreal Protocol allocated US $ 540 million to the Multilateral Fund during the year 1997-99. The Executive Committee has approved US $ 47 million for implementation of conversion projects in India during the last three years.

A gradual phaseout project for production of CFCs has been prepared and submitted to the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee at its 29th meeting in November, 1999 approved US $ 82 million for the phased reduction and cessation of the CFC production in India. Source: USQ No. 1553 dated 6th March 2000, answered by SHRI BABU LAL MARANDI, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by P.D. ELANGOVAN

Ground Level Ozone

The Ozone level monitoring is conducted by Central Pollution Control Board at 04 locations in Delhi, 02 locations in Bangalore, 02 locations in Chennai and 02 locations in Lucknow. The average of eight hourly values is given below:-

The ozone levels have not exceeded the norms of 100 μg/m3 for eight hourly average at any locations except one at IIT, Chennai during the last three years.

The ozone formation is the result of primary pollutants and a number of measures have been taken to control the precursors pollutants like NOx, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC),

11 | Page

Hydrocarbons (HC), etc. The measures being taken by the Government to control pollution inter alia include; • Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (2009), envisaging 12 pollutants; • Formulation of regulations / statutes; • Setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality; • Introduction of cleaner / alternate fuels like gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG), ethanol blend etc. replacing petrol and diesel; • Promotion of public transport network of metro, buses, e-rickshaws etc.;

Promotion of cleaner production processes; Taking note of the gravity of air pollution, the Government has taken concrete more measures as listed below: • Launching of Clean India Mission (Swatch Bharat Abhiyan); • Draft rules for handling and management of municipal wastes including construction and demolition waste rules notified for comments of stakeholders; • National Air Quality index launched by the Prime Minister in April, 2015 starting with 14 cities; • Implementation of Bharat Stage IV norms in the 63 selected cities and universalization of BS-IV by 2017; • Ministry of Road Transport and Highways on 27.11.2015 issued two Draft Notifications issued for advancing the implementation time lines to 2019 for BS- V and 2021 for BSVI for comments of stakeholders; • Banning of burning of leaves, biomass, municipal solid waste in Delhi; • Levying environment compensation charge on goods vehicles entering Delhi; • Regular co-ordination meetings being held at official and ministerial level with Delhi and other State Governments within the National Capital Region (NCR) and Punjab; • Short-term plan has been reviewed and long-term plans have been formulated by states to mitigate pollution in NCR; • Stringent industrial standards have been formulated and notified for public/stakeholder’s comments; standards for sugar industry have been finalized; • Government is giving high priority for public partnership in lane discipline, car pooling, vehicle maintenance, pollution under control certification, action against visibly polluting vehicles etc.; • Out of 3386 major industries, 1782 industries have installed on-line continuous (24x7) monitoring devices; others are in process of installing; • New standards for thermal power plants have been issued for gazette notification; • Directions under section 18(1) (b) of The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 being issued to enforcing agencies; and • Construction of peripheral eastern and western expressways to divert non-destined vehicles.

12 | Page

Source: USQ No. 3741 dated 22nd December 2015, answered by SHRI PRAKASH JAVADEKAR, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SHRI HUKUM SINGH

Ozone Pollution

A research paper on ‘Recent climate and air pollution impacts on Indian agriculture’ has been published in Current Issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in November 2014. As per the study two Short-lived Climate Pollutants, (SLCPs) tropospheric ozone and black carbon have direct effects on crop yields beyond their indirect effects through climate. The statistical model suggests that, averaged over India, yields in 2010 were up to 36% lower for wheat than they otherwise would have been the case. Estimates for rice (−20%) are similarly large, but not statistically significant. Upper-bound estimates suggest that 90% of these losses is due to the direct effects of SLCPs. As per the report on Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone published by United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP ) similar impact has been reported in South, West and Central Asia. The findings have been noted by Government of India.

Number of measures have been taken by the Government to control emissions of black carbon and pre-cursors like Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Volatile Organic Carbon(VOC), etc. essential for formation of Ozone which inter-alia include, notification of emission standards for various categories of industries and gensets; introduction of cleaner fuels (B.S. III/IV) as per the Auto Fuel Policy in selected cities and towns; ban on biomass burning, use of beneficiated coal for coal based thermal power plants; enforcement of stringent Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certificate scheme to check exhaust emissions from in-use vehicles; strengthening of mass public transport including, establishment of metro rail, etc. A National Carbonaceous Aerosol Programme has been launched to undertake study on the sources and impact of black carbon.

Government is aware of the news report regarding likely impact of ozone on human health. The data related to ozone, collected by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), for the year 2016 is annexed. The data collected shows that ozone levels have not exceeded the 3 permissible level of 100 μg/m at any of the locations during the year 2016. Since the concentration of ozone is less than the permissible limits, the reports published need to be correlated with the data and scrutinized before arriving at any conclusion.

13 | Page

A number of measures have been taken to mitigate air pollution including pollution from ozone which includes, besides monitoring of pollution levels, issue of comprehensive directions to all the State Governments and Union Territories to regulate emissions as per standards notified by the Government.

Source: USQ No. 2013 dated 14th March 2017, answered by SHRI ANIL MADHAV DAVE, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SHRI GAURAV GOGOI & SHRI JYOTIRADITYA M. SCINDIA

Source: USQ No. 2309 dated 4th August 2015, answered by SHRI PRAKASH JAVADEKAR, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SHRI JANARDAN SINGH SIGRIWAL

14 | Page

Measures to Check Depletion of Ozone Layer

A detailed Country Programme for phaseout of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) was prepared in 1993. The regulatory and fiscal measures have been taken to ensure phase out of ODSs as per the schedule specified in the Montreal Protocol with financial and technical support received from the Multilateral Fund (MLF). Similarly, developing countries are also phasing out ODSs as per the Protocol.

Developed countries have phased out production and consumption of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Carbontetrachloride (CTC) and Halons on 1.1.1996 and will phase out Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) by 2030.

Source: USQ No. 2795 dated 5th December 2007, answered by SHRI NAMO NARAIN MEENA, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SHRI JYOTIRADITYA MADHAVRAO SCINDIA

Smuggling of Ozone Depleting Substances

Environmental Investigation Agency, a non governmental organisation has reported smuggling of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) into India. There has been no impact on production phaseout of Ozone Depleting Substances. All the field formations under the Customs Department including Directorate of Revenue Intelligence are vigilant and alert to thwart any attempts of smuggling of Ozone Depleting Substances.

Source: USQ No. 2104 dated 3rd December 2001, answered by SHRI T. R. BAALU, Minister for Environment, Forest and Climate Change. The question was raised by SHRI NEDURUMALLI JANARDHANA REDDY

Study on Changes in Ozone Layer

While ozone hole has been observed over Antarctica, it is not seen over any other part of the world, though ozone depletion to an extent of 25-30% has been reported in Arctic regions. This depletion in ozone level is associated with increase in harmful ultra violet radiation with possible links to higher incidence of skin cancer and cataract, as indicated by the UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) Report of 1991.

The Indian teams in Antarctica have made measurements of vertical profile of ozone (with Indian ozone sondes) since 1986 from Dakshin Gangotri and since 1990 from Maitri, the permanent Indian stations in Antarctica. The measurements show that during the months of September-October there is a fall in ozone concentration over Maitri by approx.80% at 17 Km height as compared to the average value of ozone concentration during other months. Total ozone measurements were started by IMD at Maitri in 1999.Analysis of data obtained during

15 | Page

the period 1999-2002 shows that during the month of September-October, total ozone also decreases by approx.60% as compared to the average value of total ozone during other months.

The total expenditure incurred so far by India Meteorological Department is approx.Rs.2.5 crores for the scientific programme, including total and vertical ozone measurements in Antarctica since 1981.

Source: USQ No. 2104 dated 3rd December 2001, answered by DR. MURLI MANOHAR JOSHI, the minister of human resource development, minister of science and technology and minister of ocean development. The question was raised by SHRI RAMSHETH THAKUR

Ozone Pack for Primary School

The ozone education pack was developed by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Division of Technology, Industry and Economics.

This education pack has been developed to provide primary school teachers with a comprehensive and `ready- to-use` educational tool.It is aimed at helping them bring into their classroom the major environmental and human issues related to ozone layer depletion in a way that arouses children`s curiosity and interest.

The materials contained in this Education Pack work together to offer the opportunity of a whole teaching and learning project, based on basic knowledge, practical skills and participation, for young children to be educated about the natural role of the ozone layer, the causes and consequences of its depletion in terms of increased harmful solar radiation, how to prevent health threats by protecting the ozone layer and concrete solutions concerning how to be protected from the sun and adapt oneself to increased levels of UV radiation. This education pack has been received for information and reference.

Source: USQ No. 3929 dated 19rd December 2006, answered by SMT. D. PURANDESWARI, MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. The question was raised by RAVI PRAKASH VERMA

Phasing out Fluorinated Chemicals

Chlorofluorocarbon-11, chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12) and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 are the fluorinated chemicals used in refrigerators and air-conditioners as refrigerants and foam blowing agents. These chemicals have ozone depleting potential. In addition these chemicals have global warming potential. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons-134a (HFC-134a) which is a replacement of CFC-12 is covered under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol since it is a greenhouse gas. HFC-134a has no ozone depleting potential.

16 | Page

India, being a Party to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, has taken the following actions to phase out ozone depleting substances:

(i) A detailed Country Programme for phase out of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) was prepared in 1993. The regulatory and fiscal measures have been taken to ensure phase out of ODSs as per the schedule specified in the Montreal Protocol with financial and technical support received from the Multilateral Fund.

(ii) The Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol has approved funding for preparation of the National Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) Phase out and Management Plan for India to phase out HCFC in a phased manner by 2030.

Under the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol, there is no obligation on India to phase out of HFC-134a.

Source: USQ No. 2547 dated 22nd July 2009, answered by Shri Jairam Ramesh, Minister of the state (Independent Charge) in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The question was raised by Maneka Sanjay Gandhi

World Bank Aid for Pollution Free Environment

The following two World Bank-supported projects specifically aim to help the growth of a pollution free environment:

1. The Montreal Protocol Phase-out Program for the phase-out of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS). The program which commenced in 1994 with a financial envelope of about USD 186 million, disbursed over 5 sub-programs (ODS-I to ODS-IV) is scheduled for financial closure by December 2011. The details of Sub programs are as under:

S.No. Sub Program Year of Approval Allocation

i) ODS-I 1994 USD 1.25 million ii) ODS-II 1995 USD 48.5 million iii) ODS-III-CFC Gradual 1999 USD 82 million

Phase-out Project iv) Halon Closure Plan 2001 USD 2.3 million v) ODS-IV-CTC National 2003 USD 52 million

17 | Page

2. Chiller Energy Efficiency Project: Approved in 2009 for USD 7.3 million (USD 6.3 million from Global Environment Facility and USD 1 million under the Montreal Protocol). The project aims at accelerating the replacement of 370 CFC-based inefficient chillers used in commercial buildings and industrial establishments.

Source: USQ No. 4295 dated 21st April 2010, answered by Shri Jairam Ramesh, Minister of the state (Independent Charge) in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The question was raised by Ramesh Rathod

18 | Page

Annexure

30th Anniversary of Montreal protocol and 23rd World Ozone Day Celebrated 16-September, 2017

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

PAN-India Awareness Campaign reaches out to nearly 28 lakh students in the country. Highlighting the strength of the active collaboration between the government, industries and all stakeholders in the implementation of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) phase-out programme in the country, Union Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Dr. Harsh Vardhan highlighted the importance of individual awareness and the strength of collective action. The Minister also laid special emphasis on the role played by children in ensuring the success of such campaigns.

Addressing a gathering at the celebrations of the 30th anniversary of the Montreal Protocol and 23rd World Ozone Day here today, with the theme - "Caring for all life under the Sun”, the Minister made a special mention of the pan-India awareness campaign launched by the Environment Ministry on the occasion. This campaign was among the most widespread engagements of the Ministry for awareness generation, carried out with the active partnership of States through schools and academic/research institutions spread across the country. The awareness campaign saw a participation of about 28 lakh students in more than 13, 000 schools and reached out to 214 districts across 16 states of the country. The Minister also spoke of the strong policy leadership given by India during the negotiations for the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Dr. Harsh Vardhan said that it is recognized that India played a crucial role in the adoption of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.

A series of publications launched by the Minister on the occasion include – a handbook on HCFC Phase-out and Energy Efficiency in Buildings; the first edition of ‘newsTRAC; and a newsletter for service technicians in Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) sector. These two publications were launched as part of the enabling component of India’s HCFC Phase out Management Plan, for which United Nations Environment is the cooperating agency and Energy Efficiency Services Ltd. and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) are the national implementing partners. Two videos on India’s achievements in implementation of Montreal Protocol and HCFCs phase-out and Energy Efficiency in buildings were also launched.

19 | Page

Montreal Protocol: A Brief Background

The year 2017 marks the 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The Montreal Protocol is one of the most successful global environmental treaties, the implementation of which has not only led to the phase-out of around 98% of ozone depleting chemicals, but also averted more than 135 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions. Nearly 2 million cases of skin cancer per year have been averted globally. The Montreal Protocol is the only environmental treaty which enjoys universal ratification of 197 UN member countries.

During the Kigali negotiations, India piloted the concept of two base lines and a differentiated phased down time schedule to factor in the needs of developing countries. This was the first time in the Montreal Protocol that the concept of two baseline has been adopted both for developed and developing countries. On India’s initiative, energy efficiency was included for the first time in the Montreal Protocol as an agreed finance solution while phasing down HFCs.

India has consciously chosen a path for most environment-friendly and energy efficient technologies, while phasing out Ozone Depleting substances, unlike many of the developed countries. India is among the few countries globally and a pioneer, in some cases, in the use of non-ODS low Global Warming Potential (GWP) technologies.

------

Environment Ministry and Ozonaction, Organize First “Ozone2Climate” Technology Roadshow Post-Kigali Amendment, 23-May, 2017, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

In a first, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, along with the UN Environment OzonAction’s Compliance Assistance Programme, organized an “Ozone2Climate” Technology Roadshow, post Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, on the sidelines of the South Asia National Ozone Officers Annual Network Meeting – 2017 in Agra today. The Roadshow was inaugurated by the Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Ajay Narayan Jha. The Technology Roadshow was organized for the first time as part of the annual network meeting for Ozone Officers of South Asia. Secretary, MoEFCC, Shri A. N Jha inaugurating the Technology Roadshow at Agra.

20 | Page

Speaking on the occasion, Shri Jha said, the “Ozone2Climate Technology Roadshow”, had 13 exhibitors that promoted ozone and climate-friendly alternative technologies to HCFCs and HFCs in the refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) sector. The Technology Roadshow showcased current refrigeration and air conditioning equipment designed to be more energy efficient, hence with a double benefit of saving money for consumers, and with a much lower impact on the environment. Over 200 refrigerant technicians, ozone officers, business representatives and government officials attended the Roadshow.

Head of the United Nations Environment’s OzonAction, Dr. Shamila Nair-Bedouelle, highlighted UNEP’s Compliance Assistance Programme (CAP) which provides significant support to Article 5 countries with meeting and sustaining their obligations under the Protocol. “The national ozone officers’ network meetings are a flagship of the CAP and offer a forum for exchange of experience and knowledge transfer among national ozone officers,” she said. Organising O2C Technology Roadshow, along with the network meeting represents an innovative approach by the South Asia network to bring the state-of-the-art technology to the policy makers, she said.

Along with the Technology Roadshow, UN Environment is also organising the annual network meeting for South Asia Ozone Officers from May 23 to 26, 2017. The meeting focused on current policy and technology updates on ozone and climate friendly alternatives to HCFCs and HFCs specifically post- Kigali amendment, linking the HCFC phase out to future HFC phase down, the implications of Kigali amendment for the network countries and challenges and opportunities from a policy and technology perspective.

Delegates from 20 countries and industry visited the 2017 exhibition and this was the first time the Ozone2Climate Technology Roadshow was organised as a part of the annual network meeting globally. The National Ozone Officers (NOOs) from 13 South Asia network countries visited the Technology Roadshow and gained information on state-of-the-art HCFC/HFC alternative technologies.

The Technology Roadshow was organized in association with Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Manufacturers Association (RAMA), Indian Polyurethane Association (IPUA), Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), GIZ and UNDP. Joint Secretary, MoEFCC, Shri Manoj Kumar Singh, Regional Director, UN Environment Asia Pacific Office, Dr. Dechen Tshering, Chief Officer, Multilateral Fund Secretariat, Mr. Eduardo Ganem, Executive Secretary, Ozone Secretariat, Ms. Tina Birmpili, Head of Branch, UN Environment OzonAction, Dr. Shamila Nair-Bedoulle, and Country Director, UNDP, India. Mr. Jaco Cilliers were among those present on the occasion.

The Technology Roadshow was attended by leading ozone and climate global technology providers and several industry representatives.

------

21 | Page

Photo Gallery of the Event

The Union Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Dr. Harsh Vardhan addressing at the 23rd World Ozone Day celebrations and 30th Anniversary of Montreal Protocol, in New Delhi on September 16, 2017.

The Union Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Dr. Harsh Vardhan lighting the lamp at the 23rd World Ozone Day celebrations and 30th Anniversary of Montreal Protocol, in New Delhi on September 16, 2017.

22 | Page

The Union Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Dr. Harsh Vardhan inaugurating the Industry Exhibition, at the 23rd World Ozone Day celebrations and 30th Anniversary of Montreal Protocol, in New Delhi on September 16, 2017.

The Union Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Dr. Harsh Vardhan releasing the publication at the 23rd World Ozone Day celebrations and 30th Anniversary of Montreal Protocol, in New Delhi on September 16, 2017.

23 | Page

24 | Page