DOCSLIB.ORG

Summertime Winds and Direct Cyclonic Circulation: Observations from Lake Geneva

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Summertime Winds and Direct Cyclonic Circulation: Observations from Lake Geneva Ann. Geophysicae 14, 1207Ð1220 (1996) ( EGS Ð Springer-Verlag 1996 Summertime winds and direct cyclonic circulation: observations from Lake Geneva U. Lemmin, N. D’Adamo1 Laboratoire de recherches hydrauliques, Ecole Polytechnique Fe«de«rale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Received: 11 March 1996/Revised 7 June 1996/Accepted: 14 June 1996 Abstract. Records of wind, air temperature and air pres- been the subject of many limnological studies since, both sure from nine stations, situated along the shoreline of in the field (Mortimer, 1974; Fischer et al., 1979; Imberger Lake Geneva, Switzerland, were analyzed for the summer and Hamblin, 1982) and in the laboratory (Monismith, period May to September. At all stations the consistent 1983). Accurate knowledge of the strength and the spatial appearance of significant spectral peaks and changes and temporal distribution of winds is needed as input into in wind direction at the diurnal frequency indicates the numerical lake models. The assumption of a constant importance of lake-land breezes. It is shown that the wind stress is only rarely justified (Simons, 1980). As surrounding topography has a strong modifying e¤ect Mortimer (1979, p. 214) pointed out, ‘‘Wind stress and its (temporal and spatial) on the lake-land breeze. Superim- horizontal distribution over the whole water surface is the posed on this cyclic wind pattern, short episodes of strong critical variable and is usually the least well defined.’’ winds with long fetch over parts of Lake Geneva are It is recognized that the kinetic energy introduced at regularly observed. Both of these winds exert a spatially the water surface by way of wind shear stress is of prime variable wind stress over the lake surface on the same time importance in mixing the water vertically, accelerating the scale. Typical examples of the expected lake’s response are water horizontally in the form of barotropic flows and in presented, among them the seasonally persistent gyre in setting up a spatially variable horizontal density field, the central part of the lake. Evidence is provided that this hence inducing baroclinic adjustments of the density dominant circulation is part of a direct cyclonic circula- structure as the stratification relaxes after a forcing event. tion, generated by the curl of the diurnal wind field. It is The particular response of the lake depends on the charac- concluded that the mean circulation is caused by these teristics of the forcing event. winds and a¤ected by the topography of the surrounding This work presents the results of an analysis of a series land. of summer time winds from several stations situated around the shorelines of the Lake Geneva basin. Lake current data are scrutinized for evidence of the expected circulation patterns. We shall show that it is essential to 1 Introduction represent the wind field on the scale of the major sur- rounding topography if the observed mean lake circula- In this study we analyze and interpret wind data recorded tion is to be explained. around Lake Geneva and baroclinic motion in the lake obtained from moored current meter records. In order to 2 Background determine the type of circulation that will be established in the lake in response to a particular wind forcing a know- Wind field ledge of the characteristics of the wind field is important. This was already obvious to Forel (1895), who coined the The summer wind field over a lake is, in general, domi- term ‘limnology’, in his fundamental investigations of the nated by event-structured contributions on two rather movement of water and its relationship to water quality in di¤erent scales. The first type of wind is related to the stratified lakes using Lake Geneva as ‘field laboratory’. passage of synoptic scale pressure cells. The time and The influence of winds on the hydrodynamics of lakes has length scales of these wind events are typically much larger than the lake basin and in a first order approxima- 1 Present address: Environmental Protection Agency, Perth 6009, tion it can be assumed that these winds are homogeneous Australia over the lake. Topographic constraints may have some Correspondence to: U. Lemmin e¤ects. 1208 U. Lemmin, N. D’Adamo: Summertime winds and direct cyclonic circulation: observations from Lake Geneva The second type of wind, the land-lake breeze, is a ther- the metalimnion. Amplitudes of the vertical displacements mally induced wind. It is generated on scales which are of internal density surfaces are small. This type of water comparable to the lake basin itself. Since these winds act movement was termed ‘‘direct’’ circulation by Strub and simultaneously around the whole perimeter of the basin Powell (1986). and perpendicular to the shoreline, the wind field will not The important di¤erence between residual and direct be homogeneous over the lake. Due to the way it is circulation resides in the transfer of energy from the wind generated locally this wind field is also more sensitive to into the circulation: in residual circulation the wind en- local topographic e¤ects which may cause a curl. ergy is first transformed into available potential energy in The first type of wind field often produces much higher the slanted internal density surfaces and then transformed wind velocities than those typical for the second type of further into the kinetic energy associated with the gyres. wind field. As a consequence it can be expected that the In direct circulation it is more e¦ciently transferred dir- lake will respond di¤erently to the two types of forcing. In ectly to the rotational currents (Strub and Powell, 1986). order to characterize a particular wind field the typical Verification of the Lake Tahoe simulation result by field spatial and temporal scales and strengths have to be observations is not presently available. Here we conclude established in the data analysis. This will be done here by that the lake response to inhomogeneous and variable statistical analysis, particularly spectral analysis. winds often observed over lakes requires further study. We will therefore first analyze the wind field for the presence of a curl. The current data will then be tested for Lake circulation aspects of the direct circulation. The dynamic response of a stratified lake depends upon the intensity and the fetch length of the wind, the ambient 3 Lake Geneva stratification and the geometry of the lake. Here we will limit ourselves to lakes with length scales between 10 and The site 100 km where the internal Rossby radius of deformation is less than the width of the basin (a typical value for Lake Lake Geneva is situated in the southwest of Switzerland Geneva is O(5) km). Consequently the Coriolis force will (Fig. 1). It is curved in shape, and it is composed of two a¤ect the lake’s response pattern to the wind forcing. main basins: a relatively small section in the west called For homogeneous, high wind speeds related to the the Petit Lac (‘small lake’; maximum depth 70 m) and passage of large-scale synoptic pressure cells upwelling, a larger section in the east called the Grand Lac (‘big lake’; downwelling and rapid vertical entrainment are predicted. maximum depth 300 m). The lake has a maximum length The baroclinic motion which results from the pressure and width of 72.3 and 13.8 km, respectively. Important to force caused by the internal surface slanting due to upwell- the wind-related hydrodynamics of the lake are the topo- ing and downwelling, a¤ected by the Coriolis force, will graphical features which surround the shores. Around the create cyclonic circulation. Interface tilting leads to inter- eastern and southern parts of the lake are the Alps, with nal Kelvin waves (Mortimer, 1953), traveling cyclonically elevations of more than 1000 m above the lake level and around the basin. The instantaneous currents associated with individual peaks of that height within 2 km from with the passage of these waves are at times much larger shore. The eastern half of the lake is sheltered by these than the long term mean values averaged over several high mountains from most of the winds that originate wave periods. As a result Kelvin waves induce only a weak outside of the lake confines. To the northwest are the Jura mean circulation. This type of lake response has been mountains. The central and western part of the lake make termed ‘‘residual’’ circulation (Cheng and Casulli, 1982). part of a valley some 50 km wide which separates these Numerical simulations (Simons, 1975; Huang and Sloss, mountain formations to the north and east of the lake. 1981) as well as observations (Pickett and Richards, 1975) The curved shape of the lake and the surrounding topo- from the Great Lakes, North America, show that a con- graphy causes winds over the lake to exert a spatially stant wind stress causes a long-lasting gyral circulation. If variable stress. Local fishermen characterize a total of 22 the wind is strong a two-gyre pattern is initially forced di¤erent winds by specific names (LeFranc, 1923). which relaxes to a one-gyre pattern over most of the lake when the wind decreases. For the case of a wind field with a curl over a stratified Past studies lake, most likely to occur with the lake-land breeze wind regime, Strub and Powell (1986) have shown through Past studies of the wind field at Cointrin (hereinafter CO; numerical simulation for Lake Tahoe, USA, that the cur- Graf and Prost, 1979) have shown that there exists at least rent structure generated in a stratified lake di¤ers greatly two separate identifiable directions (indicated in Fig. 1) of from that generated by a constant wind stress.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigations on the Caesium–137 Household of Lake Lugano, Switzerland
    Caesium–137 Household of Lake Lugano INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CAESIUM–137 HOUSEHOLD OF LAKE LUGANO, SWITZERLAND J. DRISSNER, E. KLEMT*), T. KLENK, R. MILLER, G. ZIBOLD FH Ravensburg Weingarten, University of Applied Sciences, Center of Radioecology, P. O. Box 1261, D 88241 Weingarten, Germany M. BURGER, A. JAKOB GR, AC Laboratorium Spiez, Sektion Sicherheitsfragen, Zentrale Analytik und Radiochemie, CH 3700 Spiez, Switzerland *) [email protected] SedimentCaesium–137J. Drissner, E. HouseholdKlemt, TH. of Klenk Lake et Lugano al. samples were taken from different basins of Lake Lugano, and the caesium 137 inventory and vertical distribution was measured. In all samples, a distinct maximum at a depth of 5 to 10 cm can be attributed to the 1986 Chernobyl fallout. Relatively high specific activities of 500 to 1,000 Bq/kg can still be found in the top layer of the sediment. 5 step extraction experiments on sediment samples resulted in percentages of extracted caesium which are a factor of 2 to 8 higher than those of Lake Constance, where caesium is strongly bound to illites. The activity concentration of the water of 3 main tributaries, of the outflow, and of the lake water was in the order of 5 to 10 mBq/l. 1 Introduction Lake Lugano with an area of 48.9 km2 and a mean depth of 134 m is one of the large drinking water reservoirs of southern Switzerland, in the foothills of the southern Alps. The initial fallout of Chernobyl caesium onto the lake was about 22,000 Bq/m2 [1], which is similar to the initial fallout of about 17, 000 Bq/m2 onto Lake Constance, which is located in the prealpine area of southern Germany (north of the Alps).
    [Show full text]
  • Around the Lake Constance in One Week Arrival
    Around the Lake Constance in one week Individual tour Category: bike tour Duration: 7 days Offer: 2021 Meals: breakfasts Accommodation: hotels and pensions, rooms with bathrooms Difficulty: easy Distance by bike: 230 - 250 km The tour around Lake Constance is one of cycling classics. It is among the biggest lakes of Central Europe, along the Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is located at the border of Switzerland, Germany and Austria. At the same time, it is a very interestingly located one, surrounded by the Alpine mountains, allowing to observe many peaks, and numerous castles if the weather allows. The lake is encircled by a cycling route, making the trip a safe and comfortable one. Due to minor elevations we recommend the tour even for beginners and families with children. Arrival: By plane – the easiest way is coming by plane to Friedrichshafen, Stuttgart or Zurich. Most flights can be booked to Zurich, often at a reasonable price. From there, one should take a train to Constance. Places to see: Constance Over 600 years ago, the ecumenical council ending the Western schism took place in Constande. During the council, pope Martin V was elected, and the Czech reformer Jan Hus was burned at the stake at the same time. The statue of Imperia by Peter Lenk commemorates these events. Erected in 1993, weighing over 18 tons and 9 meters tall is one of the city’s symbols. It resembles a courtesan with her hands risen up, holding two naked men. One of them is wearing a crown and holds a sphere – the symbol of Holy Roman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • The Periodicity of Phytoplankton in Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Comparison to Other Deep Lakes of Central Europe
    Hydrobiologia 138: 1-7, (1986). 1 © Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht - Printed in the Netherlands. The periodicity of phytoplankton in Lake Constance (Bodensee) in comparison to other deep lakes of central Europe Ulrich Sommer University of Constance, Institute of Limnology, PO. Box 5560, D-7750 Constance, FRG New address: Max Planck Institute of Limnology, PO. Box 165, D-2320 Plon, FRG Keywords: phytoplankton succession, inter-lake comparison, oligotrophic-eutrophic gradient, central Eu- ropean lakes Abstract Phytoplankton periodicity has been fairly regular during the years 1979 to 1982 in Lake Constance. Algal mass growth starts with the vernal onset of stratification; Cryptophyceae and small centric diatoms are the dominant algae of the spring bloom. In June grazing by zooplankton leads to a 'clear-water phase' dominated by Cryptophyceae. Algal summer growth starts under nutrient-saturated conditions with a dominance of Cryptomonas spp. and Pandorinamorum. Depletion of soluble reactive phosphorus is followed by a domi- nance of pennate and filamentous centric diatoms, which are replaced by Ceratium hirundinella when dis- solved silicate becomes depleted. Under calm conditions there is a diverse late-summer plankton dominated by Cyanophyceae and Dinobryon spp.; more turbulent conditions and silicon resupply enable a second sum- mer diatom growth phase in August. The autumnal development leads from a Mougeotia - desmid assem- blage to a diatom plankton in late autumn and winter. Inter-lake comparison of algal seasonality includes in ascending order of P-richness K6nigsee, Attersee, Walensee, Lake Lucerne, Lago Maggiore, Ammersee, Lake Ziirich, Lake Geneva, Lake Constance. The oligo- trophic lakes have one or two annual maxima of biomass; after the vernal maximum there is a slowly develop- ing summer depression and sometimes a second maximum in autumn.
    [Show full text]
  • Subaqueous Morphology of Lake Lucerne (Central Switzerland): Implications for Mass Movements and Glacial History
    Swiss J Geosci (2011) 104:425–443 DOI 10.1007/s00015-011-0083-z Subaqueous morphology of Lake Lucerne (Central Switzerland): implications for mass movements and glacial history Michael Hilbe • Flavio S. Anselmetti • Raymond S. Eilertsen • Louise Hansen • Walter Wildi Received: 1 October 2010 / Accepted: 3 August 2011 / Published online: 25 November 2011 Ó Swiss Geological Society 2011 Abstract Bathymetric data available for Swiss lakes have document mass-movement activity on steep slopes above typically only low to moderate resolution and variable the lake. Six transverse moraines, visible as subaqueous quality, making them insufficient for detailed underwater ridges, as lake-floor lineaments, or only imaged on reflec- geomorphological studies. This article presents results of a tion seismic profiles, indicate a complex glacial-inherited new bathymetric survey in perialpine Lake Lucerne using morphology. As many of the documented features result modern hydrographic equipment. A digital terrain model from potentially catastrophic events, high-resolution (DTM) of the lake floor (raster dataset with 1 m cell size) bathymetry can significantly improve natural hazard covering the Chru¨ztrichter and Vitznau basins documents assessment for lakeshore communities by extending clas- signatures of major Holocene mass movements and relics sical hazard maps to the subaqueous domain. from the glacial history of the lake. Combining the bathymetry data with reflection seismic profiles and an Keywords Swath bathymetry Á Perialpine lakes Á existing event chronology allows investigating the mor- Natural hazards Á Subaqueous moraines Á phology in its geological context. Subaqueous sediment Soft-sediment deformation slide scars with sharp headwalls cover large areas on moderately inclined slopes. The particularly large Weggis slide complex, correlated with an historical earthquake (AD 1 Introduction 1601), features a *9 km long and 4–7 m high headwall and covers an area of several square kilometers.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Changes in the Water Level of Lake Constance and Possible Causes
    Hydrology of Natural and Manmade Lakes (Proceedings of the Vienna Symposium, August 1991). IAHS Publ. no. 206, 1991. Long-term changes in the water level of Lake Constance and possible causes G. LUFT Landesanstalt fur Umweltschutz Baden-Wiirttemberg, Abt. 4: Wasser, Benzstrafie 5, D-7500 Karlsruhe 21 (F.R.G.) G. VAN DEN EERTWEGH Agricultural University Wageningen, Department of Hydrology, Soil Physics, and Hydraulics, NL-6709 PA Wageningen, formerly Landesanstalt fur Umweltschutz Baden-Wiirttemberg ABSTRACT Lake Constance is a natural reservoir system consisting of two parts, Obersee and Untersee. River Rhine flows through the lake. At the lakeside and in shallow shore zones, erosion and vegeta­ tion damages have been observed. Long-term changes in the water-level can be one of the causes of erosion processes and were investigated in this study. Also possible causes of these changes were taken into consideration. The results of frequency and trend analysis and Gaussian low pass filtering show that the water level of Lake Constance and its regime has changed. Mean annual water levels (Untersee), discharges (Alpenrhein and Hochrhein), and areal precipitation depths have remained nearly constant. Peak water levels and discharges have dropped, low water levels and discharges have increased. On the contrary, the mean annual water level of Obersee has dropped, low water levels have remained constant. The changes in water level have probably been caused by changes of hydraulic conditions in the outflow-regions of the lake. This process has been superposed by development and operation of storage reservoirs (hydropower purposes) in the catchment area of the Alpenrhein. Its seasonal runoff regime has been strongly influenced by an increase of low discharge, predominantly in the winter and a decrease of peak discharge in the summer.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuschwanstein Castle / Füssen / Cycle Around Lake Forggensee After Breakfast, Ride to the Nearby Village of Hohenschwangau
    VBT Itinerary by VBT www.vbt.com Germany, Austria & Switzerland: Bavarian Alps & Lake Constance Bike Vacation + Air Package Shimmering lakes and soaring alpine peaks set the stage for a soul-stirring bike tour of Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Immerse yourself in the fairytale castle of Neuschwanstein. You’ll cycle into charming Bavarian villages that hold historic treasures, passing wildflower meadows, dairy country, fragrant forests, and pristine waterfalls on an easy route from Füssen to Constance. Ride the invigorating downhill stretches of the scenic Bodensee-Königssee Bike Route, coasting into an intimate home-hosted lunch with ample generosity and warmth. Marvel at the baroque splendor of St. Gallen’s Abbey. Farm- fresh cuisine – organic and freshly picked – fuels your days. Austrian wines from famed wineries and renowned beers from local brewers flavor your nights. And centrally located hotels place you at the heart of historic Old Towns and picturesque parklands. Cultural Highlights 1 / 10 VBT Itinerary by VBT www.vbt.com Marvel at the three stunning crystalline lakes around Füssen – Forggensee, Alpsee and Schwansee Immerse yourself in the magical world of King Ludwig II’s enchanting Neuschwanstein Castle during an included onsite audio tour Cycle to Lindau Island on Lake Constance via the Bodensee-Königssee Bike Route, a mostly downhill spin through magnificent alpine landscapes Breathe fresh alpine air in the Bregenz Forest as you pass through flowering gardens and historic chalet villages Enjoy a lunch of local delicacies
    [Show full text]
  • Mediators of Synchrony in Phytoplankton Changes Among European Peri-Alpine Lakes
    Freshwater Biology (2005) 50, 1731–1746 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2005.01429.x Phosphorus decrease and climate variability: mediators of synchrony in phytoplankton changes among European peri-alpine lakes ORLANE ANNEVILLE,*,† SONJA GAMMETER‡ AND DIETMAR STRAILE† *INRA, Station d’hydrobiologie lacustre, Thonon les Bains, Cedex, France †Limnologisches Institut, Universita¨t Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany ‡Zurich Water Supply, Postfach, Zu¨rich, Switzerland SUMMARY 1. In an attempt to discern long-term regional patterns in phytoplankton community composition we analysed data from five deep peri-alpine lake basins that have been included in long-term monitoring programmes since the beginning of the 1970s. Local management measures have led to synchronous declines in phosphorus concentrations by more than 50% in all four lakes. Their trophic state now ranges from mesotrophic to oligotrophic. 2. No coherence in phytoplankton biomass was observed among lakes, or any significant decrease in response to phosphorus (P)-reduction (oligotrophication), except in Lakes Constance and Walen. 3. Multivariate analyses identified long-term changes in phytoplankton composition, which occurred coherently in all lakes despite the differing absolute phosphorus concentrations. 4. In all lakes, the phytoplankton species benefiting from oligotrophication included mixotrophic species and/or species indicative of oligo-mesotrophic conditions. 5. A major change in community composition occurred in all lakes at the end of the 1980s. During this period there was also a major shift in climatic conditions during winter and early spring, suggesting an impact of climatic factors. 6. Our results provide evidence that synchronous long-term changes in geographically separated phytoplankton communities may occur even when overall biomass changes are not synchronous.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Upper Lake Constance Fishery in a Multi- Sector Policy Landscape: Beneficiary and Victim of a Century of Anthropogenic Trophic Change
    Managing Upper Lake Constance Fishery in a Multi- Sector Policy Landscape: Beneficiary and Victim of a Century of Anthropogenic Trophic Change Jan Baer1, Reiner Eckmann2, Roland Rösch1, Robert Arlinghaus3 & Alexander Brinker1 1Fisheries Research Station, Langenargen, Germany, [email protected] 2University of Konstanz, Germany 3Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Germany Abstract Upper Lake Constance (ULC) is a large pre-alpine lake situated between Austria, Germany and Switzerland (9°18'E, 47°39'N). Along with the smaller, conjoined expanse of Lower Lake Constance, it forms the third largest lake in Europe. Its waters underwent pronounced eutrophication during the 20th century. Commercial fisheries benefitted strongly from the increased productivity during an initial mesotrophic phase, but these advantages were effectively neutralized when eutrophication became severe. By the turn of the 21st century, internationally coordinated measures to reduce nutrient input to the lake had returned ULC to its historic reference state as an oligotrophic ecosystem. However, the remarkable success of the nutrient management program has been to the detriment of commercial fishers. Yields of most commercially important fish species have decreased, along with lake productivity. As a consequence, the high market demand for local fish products is nowadays met mainly by imports, the ecological footprint of which offsets the local benefits of environmental restoration. Responsibility for fisheries and environmental aspects of ULC managing is shared by the national and federal state administrations and in all cases, tourism, drinking water and environmental interests now take priority over fisheries.
    [Show full text]
  • P4.14 Validation of Lake Surface Water Temperatures Derived from Noaa Avhrr and Modis Data
    P4.14 VALIDATION OF LAKE SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURES DERIVED FROM NOAA AVHRR AND MODIS DATA D. Oesch *, A. Hauser and S. Wunderle Remote Sensing Research Group, University of Bern, Switzerland 1. INTRODUCTION* Approximately 4000 HRPT AVHRR data sets from Numerous lakes in the European Alps contain a AVHRR/2 (N12) and AVHRR/3 (N15, N16, and N17) have sufficient large volume and areal extent of water to been read out at the receiving station of the University of influence significantly local weather patterns with their Bern during 2002 and 2003. The level1b data were radi- surface temperature (Livingstone et al., 2001). ometrically corrected and calibrated in physical units, ac- Monitoring of climatological temperature conditions counting for sensor nonlinearity of the AVHRR/2 as sug- and temporal and spatial distribution of the lake gested by Rao et al., 1993. To derive LSWT from lakes surface water temperature (LSWT) can be valuable with a size of a few square kilometers, a georeferencing for many applications (Alsdorf et al., 2003). with sub pixel accuracy is necessary. This was achieved Up to now, there is no area wide consistent through an automated feature matching algorithm. An or- temperature data set for the alpine lakes available. thorectification based on the terrain model GTOPO30 of The in situ measurements at points of opportunity can the imagery is essential in a mountainous area to over- not take into account the high spatial variability of come the displacement introduced by the topography. The water in near shore zones and their limited spatial resulting data set was subset to a latitude – longitude grid coverage is not adequate for resolving the spatial on the WGS84 ellipsoid, covering the alpine region from distribution of temperature in lakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Article (Published Version)
    Article Local to regional scale industrial heavy metal pollution recorded in sediments of large freshwater lakes in central Europe (lakes Geneva and Lucerne) over the last centuries THEVENON, Florian, et al. Reference THEVENON, Florian, et al. Local to regional scale industrial heavy metal pollution recorded in sediments of large freshwater lakes in central Europe (lakes Geneva and Lucerne) over the last centuries. Science of the Total Environment, 2011, vol. 412-413, p. 239-247 DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.025 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:17728 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Science of the Total Environment 412-413 (2011) 239–247 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Local to regional scale industrial heavy metal pollution recorded in sediments of large freshwater lakes in central Europe (lakes Geneva and Lucerne) over the last centuries Florian Thevenon a,⁎, Neil D.
    [Show full text]
  • Trip Description Rhine Falls and Lake Constance by Bike
    Trip description Rhine Falls and Lake Constance by bike Lake Constance is one of the most beautiful cycling destinations in Europe. Destination Europe Location Constance Lake Duration 8 day s Dif f iculty Lev el Very easy Validity f rom 24.03 to 24.10.2018 M inimum age 1 y ear Ref erence LC0801 Ty pe of stay loop trip Itinerary Lake Constance is located North of the Alps at the border between Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The lake is fed mainly by the Rhine, which falls into the lake forming the highest waterfalls in Europe. On bike paths you wind along Lake Constance, cross the fishing villages, admire the painted frescoes on the medieval houses and enjoy the small beaches of the lake for refreshing swimming stops. Take the time to visit the charming towns of Konstanz, Meersburg, Lindau, Bregenz or Arbon. Discover the open-air opera house on Lake Constance in Bregenz, enjoy an ice-cream parlor on the charming Lindau harbor and be impressed by the Rhine Falls. Day 1 Arrival in Constance Arrival in this beautiful city. Walk around the beautiful old city of Constance. Day 2 Constance - Überlingen Continue your bike ride through the German countryside beyond Constance to the Island of Mainau, the island of flowers. You reach the empire city Radolfzell and continue along Bike the lake until Überlingen. env. 50km Day 3 Überlingen - Region Bike through the vineyards until Friedrichshafen. On the way, do not miss the delightful Kressbronn baroque church of Birnau, typical for this region, the prehistoric museum in Unteruhldingen, the mediaeval city of Meersburg and its castle.
    [Show full text]
  • Bad Buchau and Bad Schussenried Ending Museum Before Setting Off Again Into the Picturesque Argen Valley
    RAL 3020 Oberschwaben-Allgäu-Weg RAL 4010 Oberschwaben-Allgäu-Weg Lake Constance regional bike trail Danube – Lake Constance Upper Swabia – Allgäu ”A Pope escaping from Konstanz“ 1 Danube regional bike trail 2 (Lindau – Stein am Rhein section) 3 regional bike trail 4 regional bike trail 5 3Worlds bike trail 6 bike trail ä 584 km â 2,372 mà 2,728 m ä 145 km â 176 mà 180 m ä 153 km â 936 mà 984 m ä 357 km â 2,924 mà 2,924 m ä 103 km â 280 mà 280 m ä 47 km â 159 mà 157 m moderate moderate moderate moderate easy easy P 12 days at about 50 km/day P 3 days (of 6) mostly flat P 9 h undulating P 31 h (8 x 2-4 h) hilly P 2 days (of 6) P 3 h 30 min. Experience unique landscapes, pristine nature and culturally rich cities Cyclists following this trail always have two things in view: water and This route leads from the highest spire in the world down to the sho- On this circular route, you’ll get to know everything Upper Swabia In six stages, this trail leads through the three adjacent, yet different, In order to avoid his abdication, Pope John XXIII escaped from the as you bike along the Danube in Germany. Ride along the 609 km mountains, views of countless sailboats bobbing on the waves and res of Lake Constance, connecting two popular, well-known trails: the and the Württemberg Allgäu region are known for.
    [Show full text]