Activity Report 2010

International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat

International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch + Gornergrat Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern / Switzerland

Telephone +41 (0)31 631 4052 Fax +41 (0)31 631 4405 URL: http://www.hfsjg.ch

February 2011 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2010 Table of contents

Message of the President ...... i Report of the Director ...... iii High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch Statistics on research days 2010 ...... 1 Long-term experiments and automatic measurements ...... 3 Activity reports: . High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry, Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere (Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, Belgium) ...... 5 . Atmospheric physics and chemistry; Long-term monitoring of trace gases and aerosols at the Jungfraujoch using the MAXDOAS technique, (Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, Belgium) ...... 15 . Validation of retrieval of atmospheric trace gases with Phaethon system using differential optical absorption spectroscopy, (Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece) ...... 21 . Active optical remote sensing, LIDAR (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland) ...... 23 . Assessment of high altitude cloud characteristics, CLACE 2010 campaign (Institute for Atmosphere and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) 25 . Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements (Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland) ...... 28 . Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland) ...... 33 . Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend assimiliation over Switzerland LIRAS, Cloud Climatology and Surface Radiative Forcing over Switzerland CLASS (Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, Switzerland) ...... 35 . National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, NABEL, (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) . 37 . Halogenated greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch (Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) ...... 45

. NOy at the interface of planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch; Trace gas measurements at Jungfraujoch (Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich IACETH, Switzerland) ...... 52 . High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements (Climate and Environmental Division, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland) ...... 58 . Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch (Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany) ...... 62 . Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch (Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Groningen, The Netherlands) ...... 66

International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2010

. Continuous measurement of stable CO2 isotopes at Jungfraujoch (Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland) ...... 68 . The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch (Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland) ...... 71 . Calibration of Sun and aureole spectrometer systems within the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment CLACE (Institut für Weltraum- wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany) ...... 86 . Field measurements of atmospheric ice nuclei and properties of mixed phase clouds, (Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 89 . Single particle analysis of aerosols from Saharan dust events (Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland) ...... 91 . Aerosols radioactivity monitoring (RADAIR) and DIGITEL (Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Sektion Umweltradioaktivität, Switzerland)...... 93 . Neutron Monitors – Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 100 . Cosmogenic radionuclides in precipitation (Eawag, Switzerland) ...... 104 . Altitude dependence of production rates of cosmogenic nuclides in artificial quartz targets, (Institute of Geology and Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 106 . Study of a prototype for a new concept of an EAS detector (Department of Physics, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy) ...... 108 14 . Long-term observations of CO2 at Jungfraujoch (Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Germany) ...... 110 . 85Kr activity determination in tropospheric air (Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br., Germany / Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern, Switzerland) ...... 112 . Quantifying mountain venting of boundary layer air through 222Rn measurements (Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität Basel, Switzerland) ...... 115 . Long-term energy yield and reliability of a high alpine PV (photovoltaic) plant at 3454 m (Berner Fachhochschule BFH, Technik und Informatik TI, Photovoltaik Labor, Switzerland) ...... 118 . Low-pressure test on optical devices (Helbling Technik Bern AG, Switzerland) ...... 121 . Test-station for outdoor materials (Mammut Sports Group, Switzerland) ... 122 . Long-Term Medical Survey System LTMS-3 (University Hospital Lausanne, Department of Internal Medicine, CSEM Neuchâtel, Switzerland) ...... 123 . Towards understanding the importance of biological ice nucleators in rising air (Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität Basel, Switzerland) ...... 125 . Study of plant temperature (Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Switzerland) ...... 127 International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2010

. Accelerated release of persistent organic pollutants POPs from Alpine glaciers. Snow chemistry, reconstruction of palaeo atmosphere and climate from high-altitude ice cores. (Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland) ...... 131 . Quantitative characterization of the impact of environmental factors on the performance of passive air samplers for semi-volatile organic compounds (Institute for Chemical and Bioingeneering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 134 . Glaciological investigations on the Grosser Aletschgletscher (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie, VAW, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 137 . PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine rock walls (Department of Geography, University of Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 139 . Permafrost monitoring at high Alpine sites (WSL Institut für Schnee und Lawinenforschung, Switzerland) ...... 141 . Automated GPS Network Switzerland AGNES (Bundesamt für Landestopographie swisstopo, Switzerland) ...... 143 . Operation of a meteorological station at high altitude in the Alps (Surface Meteorological Networks, MeteoSwiss, Payerne, Switzerland) .... 145 . The weather in 2010: report for the International Foundation HFSJG (MeteoSwiss Zürich, Switzerland) ...... 148 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Statistics on research days 2010 ...... 153 Activity reports: . KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie (I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln; Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Germany) ...... 154 . Linking micro-physical properties to macro features in ice sheets with geophysical techniques LIMPICS (Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Heidelberg, Germany) ...... 157 . Geophysical monitoring of the evolution of permafrost on Stockhorn (Alpine Cryosphere and Geomorphology, Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Switzerland) ...... 162 . The Polythermal Structure of Gornergletscher, Valais (Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie VAW, ETH Zürich, Switzerland) 165 . SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun (Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, Switzerland) ...... 168 The International Foundation HFSJG in the news ...... 171 Publications ...... 175 Index of research groups / institutes ...... 192 List of collaborations ...... 199 Pictures of the month 2010 from http://www.hfsjg.ch ...... 219 Acknowledgements ...... 225

International Foundation HFSJG Annual Report 2010

International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Message of the President

After having authored the Director’s reports for the first ten issues of these annual activity reports, this is my first “Message of the President”. Changes in key positions always result in changes in procedures, attitudes, and working relationships. But they are also a chance for new ideas and new activity, continually complementing a proven system in view of the goals of the Foundation. In this sense it gives me great pleasure to look back on my first year as the President of the Foundation with extremely positive feelings. The Foundation HFSJG has had the great privilege to serve the scientific community with unique high alpine research infrastructure since 1931. As evidenced in this annual report, such research platforms are as much in demand as ever. At Jungfraujoch during the last year scientific activity was again large in number, extremely multidisciplinary, and of high professional standard. I would like to congratulate all the scientists for their excellent work. With your work the key role of the site as a European cornerstone for environmental and climate research was further established. At Gornergrat, unfortunately, the transfer of the KOSMA telescope to Yangbajing near Lhasa in Tibet marked the end of a 25-year era of outstanding astrophysical research and the end of an extremely fruitful collaboration between the University of Cologne and the Foundation HFSJG. We thank our German colleagues for the many years of most successful activity within our Foundation in a spirit of friendship and mutual understanding, and we wish them all the best for the future. While the year 2010 can again be considered a successful one for the research stations and the Foundation, the challenges for the new management in the near future are manifold. In order to maintain Jungfraujoch as an outstanding research station with an unperturbed environment, enabling Switzerland to fulfill its leading role within international agreements on air pollutants and constituents affecting our climate, it is a key issue to keep the integrity of the natural environment, in concurrence with the increasing touristic exploration of the site. A constant dialogue between the Foundation HFSJG and all the other institutions that are active at Jungfraujoch, in particular the Jungfraubahn AG, is therefore necessary. Such discussions must also include the exploration of possibilities for eventual expansion of the research infrastructure. We appreciate the benevolence and the understanding of all partners involved for the needs of the Foundation. At Gornergrat, together with the Burgergemeinde Zermatt and the Gornergrat Bahn, we are confident that we will be able to transform the astronomical observatories into scientifically and educationally attractive sites again in the near future. We are extremely grateful to our Honorary President, Professor Hans Balsiger, for taking the lead for this task, and to Professor Willy Benz, Director of the Physikalisches Institut of the University of Bern, and Professor Didier Queloz of the Observatoire de Genève, for their interest and support of this endeavour. Collaborations between research teams on a European and even global scale are an essential and established practice, and they anchor the Jungfraujoch and the Gornegrat research sites internationally. In contrast, the networking and the exchange of experience between key research infrastructures in Europe and worldwide can still be improved. The visit of the President of the Foundation to the Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus – UFS at Zugspitze, Bavaria, and the discussions

i International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 with the Chairman of its Consortium Board, Prof. Dr. Siegfried Specht, represented a further step in this direction. The active role of the new Director in proposing coordinate joint research projects is also an important initiative to strengthen the position of the unique research site Jungfraujoch in such networks. Also, the “Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites”, organized in Interlaken by the Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, and the 5th Zermatt ISM Symposium “Conditions and impact of star formation: New results with Herschel and beyond”, organized by the I. Physikalisches Institut of the Universität zu Köln, marked important contributions in these efforts. Visibility of the relevance of scientific activity at our high altitude research stations, especially in the context of global climate change, to non-specialists, including politicians, public outreach, promotion and support of students and early-career scientists is a key issue. We are grateful to Dr. Martin Pfisterer of the BKW FMB Energy Ltd (BKW) for having invited the Foundation HFSJG to participate actively in the national project “Eiger-Klima-Schulen”. We also highly appreciate the successful public outreach activities conducted by the Jungfraujoch Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, chaired by Professor Martin C.E. Huber. Operation of two research stations in a harsh high-altitude environment is a continuous challenge for the Foundation. The Director’s long-term acquaintanceship with the sites and his anchorage in the scientific community give him the basis to ascertain the essentials. Research infrastructure in a high alpine environment is not something that is ready on demand only. It must be continuously maintained and adapted to meet the needs of the researchers. Furthermore, the effects of global warming, as e.g. the increasing risk of falling rocks, make additional investment necessary. In order to be able to cope with these tasks a stable long-term financial basis is essential. We therefore highly appreciate and gratefully acknowledge the long standing loyalty and responsibility demonstrated toward our Foundation especially by our non-Swiss member institutions, i.e. the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique F.R.S.-FNRS, the Max-Planck Gesellschaft, the Royal Society, and the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Their substantial support, even under difficult financial conditions, has an essential signaling effect to our Swiss member institutions, i.e. the Swiss Academy of Sciences, the Jungfraubahn AG, the Gornergrat Bahn AG, the Burgergemeinde Zermatt, and the University of Bern, as well as to the Canton of Bern and to our main funding body, the Swiss National Science Foundation. I am convinced that with the new Director of the research stations, Professor Markus Leuenberger, with the continued collaboration of our Honorary President, Professor Hans Balsiger, with the secretary of the Foundation, Mrs. Louise Wilson, and the highly motivated members of the HFSJG team, we can cope with all these challenges and that we can look forward to the future with great confidence. With the understanding and support of many individuals and institutions the International Foundation HFSJG will continue to pursue its goal to serve the scientific research at high altitude and high alpine environment, with vision and dedication to excellence, for the benefit of the entire community.

Bern, February 22, 2011 Erwin O. Flückiger ii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 Report of the Director

It is my pleasure to report about activities of the International Foundation HFSJG and the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat in 2010 – my first year as director. I had many contacts with scientists, visitors, administrative and technical staff during this year. I learned – in more depth – how broad the research is that scientists perform within the infrastructures of HFSJG. 2010 was designated as the International Year of Biodiversity by the United Nations. Despite the fact that the biodiversity is very limited at an elevation of over 3000 meters above sea level, it is believed to react sensitively to recent climate change and is therefore an early indicator for climate impact related processes. In this respect the infrastructure of the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat HFSJG is ideal for conducting research related to climate change and its influence and impact on the environment and biodiversity. However, research performed at HFSJG infrastructures is much broader, as is documented by the individual activity reports, the number of refereed publications and oral presentations for the year 2010.

The Foundation HFSJG According to the by-laws of the Foundation HFSJG, the Board has its regular meetings only every other year. As the last meeting took place on October 23, 2009, no meeting was scheduled for 2010. Statutory items, now required by Swiss regulations for foundations every year, were settled by correspondence ballot voting. The activity report and the statements of accounts for 2009 were approved unanimously. Under the chairmanship of Prof. Martin C.E. Huber, the Jungfraujoch Commission within the platform “Mathematics, Astronomy and Physics” of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT), which looks after the interests of Swiss research within the Foundation HFSJG, was involved in several activities in 2010 such as: (i) Organisation of the Maturandentag at the Paul Scherrer Institut on January 28, 2010, in collaboration with the newly formed “Kommission Nachwuchsförderung” chaired by Mrs E. McGarrity, (ii) support for the “Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites” held on June 8-10, 2010, in Interlaken within which a (iii) round table discussion on High Mountain Observatories as part of the “Astronomy and World Heritage” initiative of the UNESCO was chaired by Martin C.E. Huber and for which a declaration of interest was signed by the organizers of the ACP symposium mentioned above; (iv) know-how support for the “Eiger-Klima- Schulen” project initiated by the BKW FMB Energie AG. The annual meeting of the Jungfraujoch Commission was held at the House of Science, SCNAT in Bern on June 15, 2010. Prof. G. Burki resigned as commission member. Prof. Daniel Schaerer, Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, was nominated as new member of the commission. A second workshop “Spawning the Atmosphere Measurements of Jungfraujoch” is envisaged for 2012. The first workshop was organised by the Jungfraujoch Commission in 2008. The Astronomic Commission, acting as the users’ and science advisory committee of the research stations, met on May 25, 2010, in Bern. It allowed the new director to inform the attendees about the recently installed high-speed internet access with

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WLAN capability, new research projects that were submitted, construction work planned by the Jungfrau Railways and expected associated emissions. The meeting of the Board and the General Assembly of the Sphinx AG took place at Jungfraujoch on June 2, 2010.

Figure 1: Organigram of the ProDoc Jungfraujoch Research As the new director, I initiated a joint project of Swiss scientists working at Jungfraujoch. It was submitted in 2010 to the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) within the programme ProDoc of the rectors conference of the Swiss Universities (CRUS) and SNF (Figure 1). The project aimed at providing significant scientific education for doctoral students in interdisciplinary, quantitative natural science that is related to climate change research. The project included a training module (TM) and five research modules (RM). The training module consists of six formats: (i) training courses, (ii) lectures, (iii) seminar series, (iv) retreats/workshops, (v) laboratory visits and (vi) attendance at international conferences. The research modules addressed questions related to our main topic: “Transport, transfer functions

iv International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 and detection of trace species and micro pollutants at Jungfraujoch”. Cutting-edge science was proposed in all five modules: (RM1) mixed-phase cloud physico- chemical processes, important because their feedback strength on climate change is strongly debated; (RM2) transfer functions and the quantification of halogenated semi-volatile organic compounds and carbonaceous aerosols; (RM3) biological ice nuclei, the most active in nature that influence atmospheric processes; (RM4) transport modelling on local, regional and long ranges, and (RM5) technological innovation. All in all we requested funding for 12 PhD students and a part-time Postdoc position for coordination. Unfortunately, the project was not funded. The good evaluations by external reviewers for most of the modules motivated several principal investigators to resubmit four single projects to the SNF later in 2010. As the visibility of what is being done and has been done in the past within the infrastructures of the HFSJG is most important, we updated the webpage such that all projects over the course of the last 5 years are available online. Each activity report is available through this tool with one click. Beside the registered projects, collaborations with national or international institutions are worth mentioning. Therefore, we will soon place a link to corresponding information about collaborations related to registered projects.

The High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch As documented by the individual reports, the lists and statistics, the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch continued to be a place of exceptionally lively and exciting research. In 2010, 34 (2009: 38) teams were active at Jungfraujoch. Among a total of 41 (2009: 47) research projects, about 25 (2009: 24) were primarily based on automatic measurements around the clock. All member countries of the Foundation benefited from the excellent research conditions (Figure 2). Although no groups from Austria or the United Kingdom are currently working at Jungfraujoch, their association with the Research Station Jungfraujoch is still intact. Austrian scientists profit from many projects at Jungfraujoch, especially in connection with MeteoSwiss and the Global Atmosphere Watch GAW programme. Scientists from the United Kingdom are still collaborating with groups that are active at Jungfraujoch. The number of projects is only a weak measure of the international networking of researchers affiliated to Jungfraujoch; here the number of collaborations is a better measure (Figure 3) documenting involvement of 18 countries worldwide, national and international networks and research programmes (Table 1). By number of projects, Germany and Belgium were again the most frequent users after Switzerland. Of special note is the research team from the University of Thessaloniki, Greece, which was present with a project for validating of retrieval of atmospheric trace gases using differential optical absorption spectroscopy. Scientists spent a total of 683 person-working days at Jungfraujoch. As shown in Figure 4, this is significantly less than in the previous year (2009: 1105). A reason for this change may be the increasing trend for remote operation of experiments and the lack of big medical campaigns in 2010. This is especially noticeable in the number of overnight stays (522 in 2010, see Research Statistics 2010 for Jungfraujoch), which is significantly lower than during the last years (879 in 2009).

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Figure 2: Number of research projects at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat in 2010 by country

Figure 3: Number of collaborations at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat in 2010

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Figure 4: Number of working days spent by scientists at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch during the past years

Figure 5: Percentage of person-working days in 2010 at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch per country

The research conducted at Jungfraujoch resulted in the following output in 2010: 57 refereed publications, 77 conference presentations / posters, 9 data publications and reports, 9 PhD (8) and Master (1) theses, and 3 book / edited books

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Scientific results obtained at Jungfraujoch were presented by the various research groups at a number of international conferences in 2010, e.g. at the Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites in Interlaken (CH), at the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco (USA), at the International Aerosol Conference in Helsinki (FIN), at the General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union EGU in Vienna (A), at the 25th International Laser Lidar Conference in St. Petersburg (RUS), at the second IASI international conference in Sévrier (F), at the 20th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference in Knoxville (USA), at the EUMETSAT conference in Cordoba (E), and at the Fifth International Symposium on Isotopomers in Amsterdam (NL), As documented by the numerous refereed publications and conference contributions, Jungfraujoch plays a key role as one of the leading European research stations in particular in environmental science. Jungfraujoch is part of many national and international networks as listed in Table 1. The unexpected volcano eruption in Iceland was a media hit. The ash from the volcano Eyjafjallajökull was transported over large parts of Europe at several altitudes and severely influenced air traffic in Europe. Independent documentation of this ash transport to Jungfraujoch was achieved by the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Figure 6) and the Federal Institute for Material Science and Technology (Empa, Figure 7). Detailed analyses on the ash particles are most important to determine mass concentrations rather than only number concentrations in order to give basic scientific information to the federal commissions responsible for controlling air traffic. This news was featured in Nature in June 2010 in an article – “Out of the ashes” – by Katherine Sanderson. For the last 15 years PSI has been operating one of most comprehensive instrumentations worldwide regarding aerosol research at Jungfraujoch.

Figure 6: Extinction coefficients measured on transported ash from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano (left) and size distribution of ash particles as measured on April 17 and 18 (right) (Paul Scherrer Institute, 2010)

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Figure 7: Simulation of ash transport from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland over Europe (Empa, Material Science and Technology, 2010)

In addition to this unusual event a number of scientific highlights received special attention among the experts: - De Laat et al., Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1457–1471, 2010 presents a validation study of Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) carbon monoxide (CO) total column measurements from the Iterative Maximum Likelihood Method (IMLM) algorithm using ground-based spectrometer observations from twenty surface stations for the five year time period of 2003–2007. - Duchatelet et al., JGR, 2010 presents time series of hydrogen fluoride (HF) total columns that have been derived from ground‐based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) solar spectra recorded between March 1984 and December 2009 at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (Swiss Alps, 46.5°N, 8.0°E, 3580 m asl) with two high‐resolution spectrometers (one homemade and one Bruker 120‐HR). - Duplissy et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2010, used a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) to measure the water uptake (hygroscopicity) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed during the chemical and photochemical oxidation of several organic precursors in a smog chamber. - Fierz-Schmidhauser et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2010: This paper presents measurements of light scattering enhancement factors from a one month campaign (May 2008) at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Switzerland. - Lüthi et al., JGR, 2010: Modeling the future evolution of the glaciers under a constant present-day climate reveals that fast-reacting glaciers are close to equilibrium, whereas length and volume of the large valley glaciers would be reduced during the next century by an amount similar to the volume lost during the last 150 years. - Rigby et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2010: This study presents atmospheric sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) mole fractions and emissions estimates from the 1970s to 2008.

- Tuzson et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2010: Time series of the three main CO2 isotopologue 12 16 13 16 12 18 16 mixing ratios ( C O2, C O2 and C O O) have been simultaneously measured at one second time resolution over two years (from August 2008 to present) at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (3580m a.s.l., Switzerland) using a quantum cascade laser based absorption spectrometer (QCLAS). - Zander et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2010: This paper reports on daytime total vertical column abundances of formic acid (HCOOH) above the northern mid-latitude, high altitude Jungfraujoch station (Switzerland; 46.5_ N, 8.0_ E, 3580m alt.).

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Table 1: List of major nationally and internationally coordinated networks and/or research programs where Jungfraujoch is a key station NDACC Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change Primary Site (http://www.ndacc.org/) GAW, GAW-CH Global Atmosphere Watch, Global GAW Station (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html, and http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_international/gaw-ch.html) GAW-PFR GAW Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) Network (http://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc/pmod.php?topic=gawpfr_aod_network_menu) GCOS Global Climate Observing System (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/) GCOS-CH Swiss GCOS office (http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/de/klima/klima_international/gcos/swiss_gcos_off ice.html) SOGE System for Observation of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe (http://www.nilu.no/soge/) EARLINET-ASOS European Aerosol Research Lidar Network - Advanced Sustainable Observation System (http://www.earlinetasos.org/) GEOMON Global Earth Observation and Monitoring of the Atmosphere (http://geomon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/) HYMN Hydrogen, Methane and Nitrous oxide: Trend variability, budgets and interactions with the biosphere (http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/hymn/) AGAGE Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment Collaborative Sampling Station (http://agage.eas.gatech.edu/) NADIR/NILU NILU's Atmospheric Database for Interactive Retrieval (http://www.nilu.no/nadir/) EUROHYDROS European Network for Atmospheric Hydrogen Observations and Studies (http://www.meteor.uni-frankfurt.de/eurohydros/) CarboEuro-IP Assessment of the European Terrestrial Carbon Balance (http://www.carboeurope.org/) IMECC Infrastructure for Measurements of the European Carbon Cycle (http://imecc.ipsl.jussieu.fr/index.html) EUMETNET Network of European Meteorological Services (http://www.eumetnet.eu/) SwissMetNet Automatic Measuring Network of MeteoSwiss (http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/de/klima/messsysteme/boden/swissmetnet.html) RADAIR Swiss Automatic Network for Air Radioactivity Monitoring (http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00045/02372/02374/index.html?lang=de) ICOS Integrated Carbon Observation System (http://www.icos-infrastructure.eu/) NADAM Netz für automatische Dosis-Alarmierung und –Meldung (https://www.naz.ch/de/aktuell/tagesmittelwerte.shtml) NABEL Nationales Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe - National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/699/*/---/l=1) AGNES Automated GPS Network for Switzerland (http://www.swisstopo.admin.ch/swisstopo/geodesy/pnac/html/en/statjujo.html) PERMASENSE Wireless Sensing in High Alpine Environments (http://www.permasense.ch/) PERMOS Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland (http://www.permos.ch/) NMDB Real-Time Database for High Resolution Neutron Monitor Measurements (http://www.nmdb.eu) E-GVAP I + II The EUMETNET GPS Water Vapour Programme (http://egvap.dmi.dk/) EUSAAR European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research (http://www.eusaar.net/files/activities/transnat_act.cfm) EUCAARI European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (http://www.atm.helsinki.fi/eucaari/) COST 726 Long term changes and climatology of UV radiation over Europe (http://www.cost726.org/) Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network, Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU) (http://glaciology.ethz.ch/messnetz/?locale=en) CAVIAR Continuum Absorption at Visible and Infrared wavelengths and its Atmospheric Relevance (http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/caviar/) Most of the measurements made at Jungfraujoch are publicly available via the respective databases, many of them in real or near real-time.

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The Research Station, the scientific activity, and the unique environment of the UNESCO World Heritage Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn attracted a number of visitors throughout the year. Several organizations initiated meetings of national and international scientific committees in the Jungfrau region and combined these meetings with an excursion to Jungfraujoch. The research station was also visited by a large number of student groups as part of a lecture or training school. Examples of the 110 individual and group visitors in 2010 are: - Finnish Meteorological Institute, Dr. Ari Leskinen, Dr. Mika Komppula; 21.01.2010 - Institut für Anatomie, Uni Bern, Prof. Peter Gehr; 18.02.2010 - Grüne Fraktion Kt. Bern, Christine Häsler; 22.02.2010 - Live interview at Jungfraujoch with Peter Greenberg (USA); 27.03.2010 - National Center for Environmental Research, Washington DC Brett Gantt, North Caroline State University, Dr. Sherri Hunt; 29.05.2010 - Chinese scientists from the Yangbajing Observatory (new home of the KOSMA telescope from Gornergrat / Uni Köln); 05.06.2010 - PSI and ETH students; 30.06.2010 - E-31 Aircraft Exhaust Emissions Measurements Committee - SAE with organisation by BAZL; 30.06.2010 - Ozone block course, Prof. E. Schüpbach; 05.07.2010 - Eiger-Klima-Schulen excursion leaders; 03.08.2010 - Freie Uni Berlin / Participants in Tibetan Plateau priority programme ; 03.08.2010 - TOP to TOP Climate Solution Award 2010 – international winners; 13.08.2010 - Prof. O. Watanabe, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo with Prof. Bernard Stauffer, Uni Bern KUP; 19.08.2010 (at Gornergrat) - Bundesamt für Umwelt with EMPA organisation; 23.08.2010 - Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo Japan; 30.08.2010 - Processus Météo Genève; 14.09.2010 - European Meteorological Society EMS + European Conference of Applied Climatology ECAC (organization PSI); - Bundesamt für Umwelt with EMPA organisation (NABEL); 24.09.2010 - University of Nijmegen (NL); Dr. Bart Staal with Martin Verra, director of the institute for physiotherapie, Inselspital, Bern; 30.10.2010 - Technical University Delft (NL), Prof. Koen Langendoen with J. Beutel, Permasense project, University of Zürich; 06.11.2010

The management HFSJG was honoured to welcome the following official delegations: - ESA Programme Board of Earth Observation; 27.05.2010 (see picture in Fig. 8) - ACP “Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites” / participants; 11.06.2010 (see picture in Fig. 8) - Univ. of California, Los Angeles, UCLA Geneva Programm on Globalization and Governance; 15.08.2010 - European Meteorological Society EMS + European Conference of Applied Climatology ECAC (organization PSI) (see picture in Fig. 8) - Zhang Xinsheng, vice-president of the International University Sports Federation, vice minister of the Education Department of China with Leonz Eder, Schw. Hochschulsport Verband; 13.10.2010

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- Dirk Schuettemeyer, ESA, Mission Science Division; 14.10.2010 (see picture in Fig. 8) - Family Pierre Migeotte, son of Marcel Migeotte; 31.10.2010

Figure 8: Group picture of ACP symposium (upper left) and Meeting of the ESA Programme Board of Earth Observation both held in Interlaken (upper right), Dirk Schuettemeyer, ESA, Mission Science Division, Prof. Alkiviadis Bais and Dr. Natalia Kouremeti of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (lower left), European Meteorological Society EMS and European Conference of Applied Climatology ECAC with organization by PSI (lower right)

In addition to the large number of requests for visits of the research station at Jungfraujoch, there was an unbroken intense interest by print media and TV, with more than 75 contributions in 2010. Two winner couples of the Photo Award of the Paul Scherrer Institute were invited for a Jungfraujoch excursion with a guided tour of the Research Station.

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In order to provide the researchers good working conditions continuous efforts are made to update the infrastructure.

In 2010 there were several infrastructural changes made at the Jungfraujoch Research Station. Of major importance for the scientists is the availability of high-speed internet. SWITCHlan was installed on March 17 and 18, 2010.

Figure 9: SWITCHlan: High-speed internet network of Swiss universities

Access to the SWITCHlan has brought a tremendous increase in communication speed. This has been noticed particularly by remote access processes such as data transfer or remote control of measuring units. Furthermore, a wireless local area network (Wlan) was installed after an online poll among the scientists that clearly documented their interest. Although they said that access on request would be sufficient, experience over the last months has shown that the Wlan is more or less continuously active. Alpine areas react more sensitively to climate change than low lands as documented by larger temperature increases. This leads to problems associated with permafrost changes. Two investments in 2010 were most probably necessary due to changing climate conditions, i.e. (i) the installation of a net for falling rock and (ii) the installation of a dehumidifier in the old exhibition hall. For security reasons a net for falling rocks was installed above the Research Station. Over the last years falling rocks have led to damages on the roof. Over the next couple of years a significant investment will be required to replace the roof of the Research Station at Jungfraujoch. Therefore, the rock net was certainly a timely investment. In the old exhibition hall the humidity increased significantly over the last couple of years and led to severe problems for the material in storage. In late 2010 a dehumidifier was installed that has done a great job in just the last 3 months. The Jungfrau Railways (JB) recently announced their plans to update the infrastructures on Jungfraujoch in order to make the stay for the tourists more

xiii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 comfortable. This led to the fear that the construction work would lead to emissions that most probably would influence part of the scientific measurements at Jungfraujoch. Right from the start HFSJG was informed about the planning and about how the construction work would be carried out. In particular, the JB planned a new connection tunnel between the Sphinx hall and the ice palace. It became clear that part of the excavation would be done by explosions. Scientists were informed about these expected emissions. Based on this knowledge, projects were delayed in their deployment at Jungfraujoch, i.e. the NO2 laser measuring system from Empa. The construction work started in November 2010. As expected, significant emissions of namely NOx (Figure 10) were registered, and CO2 was influenced as well.

Figure 10: Preliminary NOx measurements during November and December 2010 performed by Empa

The excavation work in the tunnel should be finished by the middle of April 2011, and from then we expect that local contamination will go back to normal values.

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As in previous years, several coordination discussions took place with the management of the Jungfraubahnen. The annual coordination meeting at Jungfraujoch, a platform for the discussion of items of common concern, took place on October 26, 2010, and was attended by the director of the research stations and Mr. Martin Fischer. Prime topics are the expected emissions regarding the excavation of rock by explosives. Temperature variations in the Sphinx laboratories have decreased, but ideal conditions have still not been attained despite application of an IR-reflecting foil to the windows. The installation of the new alarm system at Jungfraujoch – to which infrastructures of JB as well as HFSJG are connected – was postponed to January 2011. The big spark chamber, built by the Laboratory of High Energy Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern (Prof. K. Pretzl and Prof. A. Ereditato and team), in collaboration with CERN, and installed with support of the JB in the tourist area of the Sphinx during the Einstein Year, had to be removed in 2010 because the limited space in the Sphinx viewing hall has been assigned to an alternative use by JB. On December 10, 2010, the annual meeting of the “Alpenfeuerwehr”, the fire brigade responsible for the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, took place. Unfortunately, no one from the HFSJG directorate was able to attend.

The High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat Teams and projects at the High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat are less numerous than at Jungfraujoch as documented by its statistics. In 2010, 6 (2009: 5) teams were active at Gornergrat. Among a total of 5 (2009: 2) research projects, 2 (2009: 2) were primarily based on automatic measurements around the clock.

Figure 11: Number of working days at the High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat in 2010 by research groups

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The unique location and the good infrastructure at the High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat offer good conditions for astronomical observations. For the last 25 years the KOSMA project has used these prerequisites for cutting-edge science in radioastronomy. In 2010 this long and successful era came to an end. The radio telescope was dismantled in June 2010 (Figure 12) and shipped to the Tibetan plateau in China where it will be erected at an even higher elevation of close to 6000 meters above sea level. The first radio-telescope of the KOSMA project was mounted in November 1985, and just two months later it viewed alpine light for the first time. Who would have expected it to run for the next 25 years? It is normal that over the course of such a long era modifications, adaptations and new installations take place for the sake of scientific progress.

Figure 12: On June 2, 2010, a successful 25 year era came to an end: The 3m KOSMA radio telescope was removed from Observatory Gornergrat South and began its long journey to Yang/Lhasa/Tibet. Photos: Dr. Martin Miller, Universität zu Köln.

On December 10 and 11, 2010, the KOSMA team was invited by the HFSJG to a farewell event at Gornergrat. There were mixed feelings: on the one hand HFSJG is confronted with the loss of the working horse on Gornergrat; on the other hand it was simply a time to celebrate the 25th anniversary of radio-telescope astronomy at Gornergrat. After my introductionary remarks as director HFSJG, Prof. E. Flückiger, president HFSJG, reviewed the KOSMA project from the perspective of the foundation. Highlights of the first decade under the leadership of Prof. Winnewisser were brought back to our minds. The achievements of the last 15 years were then summarized by Prof. J. Stutzki of the I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität Köln (Project leader of KOSMA). All in all, he mentioned that about 100 theses, equally distributed between Masters and PhD were written on subjects related to the Gornergrat research. This corresponds to four theses per year! This is an incredibly high scientific achievement.

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To honour this long and successful endeavour, the HFSJG handed over the Distinguished Science Award to the Universität zu Köln, I. Physikalisches Institut for outstanding research activities with the KOSMA submillimeter telescope during 25 years at Gornergrat and in grateful acknowledgement of their endeavours for the benefit of the Research Station and the Foundation.

Figure 13-15: Presentation of the Award to Prof. Stutzki (Head of the KOSMA project) by Prof. Leuenberger (Director HFSJG) (left), Award (middle) and Prof. Dr. Krieg (Prorector, University of Köln) (right)

Figure 16-17: Apéro riche, Prof. Dr. Flückiger (President HFSJG), impressions below

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Summary and Acknowledgements The continued support of research at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by the Foundation HFSJG paid off again in the reporting period 2010. The individual activity reports, the significantly increased number of peer-reviewed publications as well as the many conference contributions demonstrate the tremendous scientific work of high quality that has been performed at the HFSJG infrastructures. This guarantees that the Research Station Jungfraujoch will remain well-known and continue to be part of European and global networks – often with a key role. Regarding the Gornergrat Station, though, we are in a transition phase since the long term project KOSMA came to an end in 2010. An upcoming project is under discussion that aims at continuing the astronomical observations at Gornergrat with particular emphasis on programs for the education of school and college classes, of visitors at the Gornergrat site and of the general public regarding scientific work, transfer of scientific knowledge, and the advancement of knowledge of the Universe. HFSJG is convinced that an attractive project will start in the near future at Gornergrat. HFSJG is aware that the success of our Research Stations is based on the support of several pillars. Among them is certainly the international structure of our foundation, its members and their representatives, the Swiss National Science Foundation for the most significant funding, the research organisations using the HFSJG infrastructure, the scientists for their devotion to research, and the administrative personnel of HFSJG. A special thanks goes to the two custodian couples at Jungfraujoch, Mrs. and Mr. Fischer and Mrs. and Mr. Seiler for their continuously excellent and competent work and in providing researchers with a friendly and motivating atmosphere. Easy and efficient accessibility to both stations is extremely beneficial and would not be possible without the good collaborations with the Jungfrau Railway Holding AG, the Matterhorn Gotthard Railway and Gornergrat Railway. Without their goodwill and their substantial support both stations would not be what they are today. The Board of the Jungfrau Railway Holding AG under its president Prof. Thomas Bieger, the management and personnel of the Jungfrau Railways under Chief Executive Officer Urs Kessler, as well as the Board of the Sphinx AG under its chairman Jürg Lauper are always open and positive toward our needs, which quite often conflict with touristic objectives. Particularly in times of necessary construction periods – as is presently the case – continuous exchange of information is the key to benefit from each other. In this respect we express our special thanks to Mr. Jürg Lauper, head of infrastructure and his deputy, Mr. Heinz Schindler, to Mr. Gabriel Roth, head of Zugförderung und Werkstätte (ZfW/JB) und Leiter Jungfraubahn AG, to Mr. Andreas Wyss, chief of technical services and maintenance division, and his team. HFSJG is very grateful to Mrs. Brigitte Soche and Mr. Martin Soche and the personnel of the restaurants at the Top of Europe for the excellent hosting of our staff, scientists and visitors.

For Gornergrat our thanks go to the Board of the Matterhorn Gotthard Railway under its president Mr. Jean-Pierre Schmid, the management and personnel of the Matterhorn Gotthard Railway under Chief Executive Officer Hans-Rudolf Mooser and its representative in the board HFSJG, Mr. René Bayard. Their continuous support is essential for the scientific success at Gornergrat. We would like to express our deepest thanks to the Burgergemeinde Zermatt under the presidency of Mr. Andreas Biner, the members of the Burgerrat, to Mrs. Fabienne Clemenz and Mr. xviii International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Fernando Clemenz as the former directors of the Kulm Hotel, and their successors Mrs. Nicole Marbach and Mr. Thomas Marbach and their team. Without their goodwill and support it would not be possible to operate an astrophysical observatory at such a stunning site. The HFSJG is honoured to count many organisations and institutions that make use of our infrastructures, since only through use do they become visible in various scientific communities and lead to a renown of high altitude research of highest standard. Therefore, we thank all scientists for their dedication and good collaboration to and among research projects at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat. Sincere thanks goes to Prof. Jürgen Stutzki and Dr. Martin Miller and the entire team of the I. Physikalisches Institut der Universität zu Köln for their 25 years of dedication at Gornergrat with the KOSMA project, and we wish them all the best for the endeavour on the Tibetan plateau in China. Long-term experiments and records make a station truly important. Therefore all organisations and institutions putting great effort into these programs are highly acknowledged (see table on page 3). As mentioned above, the installation of the high-speed internet connection is an investment for future projects that depend in particular on remote access. The speed of the present internet facilities makes it possible to track measurements without time delays. These so-called Near Real Time (NRT) data transmissions and availability is multiple worthwhile for weather-forecasts, detection of special events, e.g. ash cloud, pollution events etc. In this respect we thank SWITCH for their interest to extend their network to Jungfraujoch, and in particular to Felix Kugler and Andrea Tognola from SWITCH as well as Christian Heim, Fritz Bütikofer, Stefan Berger and Anna Siegenthaler from the Informatikdienste der Universität Bern for their continuous excellent support in IT matters. At the administrative office in Bern I would like to thank Dr. Rolf Bütikofer, the IT assistant HFSJG for his proficient work throughout the year and in particular for the installation of the high-speed internet at Jungfraujoch. We thank Mrs. Louise Wilson for her – well-known – friendly and warm, yet clear, efficient and constructive spoken and written communication, Mr. Karl Martin Wyss for his competent services as our treasurer, and Mr. Christian Gasser for the bookkeeping, and the professional auditing by Treuhand Cotting AG, Bern (Mr. Harro Lüdi). I am particularly grateful to the University of Bern, its Rector Prof. Urs Würgler and the Administrative Director, Dr. Daniel Odermatt, and the director of the Physikalisches Institut, Prof. Willy Benz, for the hospitality and support of our administration. I conclude this report to thank particularly Prof. Erwin Flückiger and Prof. Hans Balsiger for their excellent introduction to my new responsibilities as director HFSJG. They assisted me whenever I needed their help.

Bern, February 22, 2011 Markus Leuenberger

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Research statistics for 2010 High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only Institut d’Astrophysique et Géophysique, Belgium 235 Université de Liège Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Switzerland 111 14 Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Switzerland 42 17 Science, ETH-Zentrum, Zürich Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Belgium 19 (BIRA-IASB), Brussels Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Switzerland 19 Universität Basel Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Switzerland 16 27 Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf Dept. of Physics, Laboratory of Greece 16 Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Department of Geography, University of Switzerland 14 8 Zürich Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften; Freie Germany 12 Universität Berlin Department of Internal Medicine, CHUV, Switzerland 11 Lausanne Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Switzerland 5 4 Institut, Universität Bern Dept. of Physics, Abant Izzet Baysal Turkey 4 University; Istanbul VAW Glaziologie, ETH Zürich Switzerland 4 4 Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Bern Switzerland 3 1 Department of Physics, University of Italy 3 13 Rome “La Sapienza” MeteoSwiss, Payerne Switzerland 2 36 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Switzerland 2 5 Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Switzerland 2 Universität Bern Institut für Chemie- und Switzerland 2 Bioingenieurwissenschaften, ETH Zürich Department of Geosciences, University of Switzerland 14 Fribourg

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Institute Country Research with Research during overnight stay the day only Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Switzerland 8 Universität Bern Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Switzerland 3 Observatorium PMOD, World Radiation Center WCR, Davos Institute of Botany, University of Basel Switzerland 2 Mammut Sports Group, Seon Switzerland 2 Geologisches Institut, ETH Zürich Switzerland 1 Swisstopo, Bundesamt für Switzerland 1 Landestopographie, Wabern EFLUM ENAC École Polytechnique Switzerland 1 Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne TOTAL 522 161

Overnight stays Visits with no overnight stay Visitors, workers 65 1030 Media / film / TV and radio 45 38 HFSJG administration 9 18 Total including researchers 641 1247

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Long-term experiments and automatic measurements at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch

Institute Experiment / Measurements

Institut d’Astrophysique et Atmospheric physics and solar physics de Géophysique de l'Université de Liège B-4000 Liège

Belgian Institute for Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Space Aeronomy B-1180 Brussels

École Polytechnique Fédérale de LIDAR Lausanne EPFL CH-1015 Lausanne

Federal Office of Meteorology and Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Climatology (radiation measurements) MeteoSwiss Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements CH-1530 Payerne

Federal Office of Meteorology and Weather observations Climatology MeteoSwiss CH-8044 Zürich

Bundesamt für Landestopographie Automated Global Positioning System Network AGNES swisstopo CH-3084 Wabern-Bern

Paul Scherrer Institut Atmospheric physics and atmospheric chemistry Laboratory of Atmospheric Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program Chemistry CH-5232 Villigen PSI

Paul Scherrer Institut Reconstruction of palaeoclimate and palaeoatmospheric Analytical Chemistry composition from high-altitude glaciers CH-5232 Villigen PSI

Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Solar and terrestrial radiation measurements Observatorium Davos and World Radiation Center Aerosol depth monitoring CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories Atmospheric chemistry for Materials Testing and Research, (O3 - and NOx measurements) NABEL National Air Pollution CH-8600 Dübendorf Monitoring Network, halogenated greenhouse gases and continuous measurements of stable CO2 isotopes

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Institute Experiment / Measurements

Abteilung für Weltraumforschung Astrophysics (cosmic ray measurements) und Planetologie Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Department of Physics Measurement of large zenith angle cosmic rays University of Rome „La Sapienza“ I-00185 Rome

Berner Fachhochschule, Technik Photovoltaic power plant und Informatik Photovoltaik-Labor CH-3400 Burgdorf

14 Universität Heidelberg Long term observations of CO2 Institut für Umweltphysik D-69120 Heidelberg

Climate and Environmental 85Krypton measurements Physics, Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz D-78098 Freiburg i.B.

Eawag 7Be and 10Be in monthly precipitation Überlandstrasse 133 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Abteilung für Klima- und High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern

Nationale Alarmzentrale NADAM Automatic Dose Alarm and Monitoring Network Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz (ambient dose rate) CH-8044 Zürich

Bundesamt für Gesundheit RADAIR Measurements of radioactivity in the air and CH-1700 Freiburg DIGITEL aerosol sampler

VAW Glacier measurements Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology ETH Zürich CH-8092 Zürich

Swiss Federal Institute for Snow Permafrost monitoring in the Jungfrau east ridge and Avalanche Research SLF CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Department of Geography Permasense: Permafrost monitoring in alpine rock walls University of Zürich CH-8057 Zürich

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège

Title of project: High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere

Project leader and team: Philippe Demoulin, Pierre Duchatelet, Bernard Lejeune, Emmanuel Mahieu, Ginette Roland (em.), Christian Servais (project leader), Rodolphe Zander (em.) Olivier Flock, Vincent Van De Weerdt, Diane Zander

Project description: Contribution to the long-term monitoring of the Earth’s atmosphere has remained the central activity of the Liège group. Regular observations carried out at the Jungfraujoch with our two high-performance Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers allow to derive abundances of more than 25 constituents affecting our climate and monitored in the frame of the Kyoto protocol (N2O, CH4, CO2, SF6…), related to the erosion of the ozone layer in the stratosphere and therefore linked to the Montreal Protocol (HCl, ClONO2, HNO3, NO, NO2, HF, COF2, O3, CCl2F2, CHClF2, CCl3F, CCl4…), or altering the oxidization processes in the troposphere (CO, C2H2, C2H6, OCS, HCN, H2CO, H2CO2…). The resulting databases allow the precise determination of the short-term variability, seasonal modulations, inter-annual as well as long-term changes affecting most of these species. During 2010, Liège observers spent 228 days at the Jungfraujoch and recorded 2377 high-resolution FTIR solar spectra on 127 different days, including 22 days with spectra remotely recorded from Liège. Various improvements have been applied to the remote observation system including the possibility to remotely insert a reference absorption cell in the instrument light beam. Regular measurements with this sealed cell containing HBr gas have also been realized, in order to characterize the instrumental line shape. This objectively warrants that the observations are performed consistently at the highest level of quality/performance. In addition to the routinely retrieved constituents, here are a few examples where emphasis was placed in 2010:

"Kyoto species" The 1997 "Kyoto Protocol on climate change" specifically targets – among other greenhouse gases – CO2, CH4, N2O and SF6. They present characteristic infrared absorption features allowing to quantify their atmospheric abundances from the FTIR high-resolution broadband spectra. Analyses of the more recent Jungfraujoch observations – and complete re-investigations using improved retrieval strategies for CH4 and N2O – have resulted in updates of the datasets and of their temporal evolutions [Duchatelet 2010c]. Related time series, which cover more than two decades, are reproduced in Figure 1. The production of such long-term time series for carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), another strong greenhouse gas whose anthropogenic emissions are also targeted by the Kyoto Protocol, is currently under progress.

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The first obvious feature is the regular growth of these gases over the 1985-2008 time period. Even methane, which remained stable from 1999 to 2005, seems to be on the rise again. Comparisons with abundances derived from pioneering observations performed in 1950-1951 at the same site by M. Migeotte indicate that the total columns of CO2, CH4 and N2O have been respectively multiplied by 1.27, 1.41 and 1.19. More specifically, trend determinations reveal a yearly increase of 0.487 ± 0.004 % for CO2 (reference year: 1984), in excellent agreement with in situ surface measurements (e.g. www.cmdl.noaa.gov).

Figure 1. Long-term evolution of four species targeted by the Kyoto Protocol as derived from ground-based observations conducted at the Jungfraujoch station. Notice the different vertical axis units for each frame.

The very long-lived nitrous oxide (120 years) shows a similar behaviour, with an annual linear build up of (1.07 ± 0.03) x 1016 molec./cm2. This corresponds to an increase of 0.28 ± 0.01 %/year (reference year: 1984), also commensurate with in situ trend data.

Rapid growth of the total column abundance of SF6 has been confirmed, with an annual load increase of 6.0 %/year (reference year: 2000) in the last years. It is important to limit emissions of this compound to the atmosphere because it combines a very strong absorption of infrared radiation on a per-molecule basis with a very long lifetime of several thousand years. Its global warming potential is indeed extremely high, estimated at 22800 (100-year horizon) by IPCC, 2007.

Extrapolation of the Jungfraujoch data predicts tropospheric SF6 concentrations of about 18 pptv in 2050 and about 32 pptv in 2100 (compare this to the 2.0 pptv concentration measured in 1988). These values are significantly lower than those reported in WMO-report 2002 scenarios, justifying further monitoring of this species to determine its effective future evolution and related climatic impact.

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Another striking feature of this figure is the stabilization of the CH4 loading during recent years. Comparisons with models are ongoing, aiming at the identification of the relative contributions in sources and sinks changes leading to this stabilization. It will be as important to assess the future evolution of methane in the coming years, to see if the current re-increase will continue. The extension of this methane time- series, using grating spectra recorded at Jungfraujoch between 1976 and 1989, is also currently under progress.

Inorganic chlorine and chlorinated source gases Within the context of the Montreal Protocol, the monitoring of chlorinated source and reservoir gases has been part of our activities. Time series and trends of CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HCFC-22 (CHClF2), CFC-10 (CCl4), HCl and ClONO2 have been updated (Figure 2 and 3 and Table 1) [Mahieu 2010]. * CCly , the sum of the four chlorinated source species retrieved from the Jungfraujoch observations, is decreasing slowly, at a rate of -0.19 %/yr (see top part of Table 1). Over the time period under investigation, the largest negative contribution of CFC-11 is balanced by the accumulation of HCFC-22 (+8.7x1013 Cl atoms/cm2 per year) whose partial ban by the Montreal Protocol has only started in 2005.

For the chlorinated reservoir gases HCl and ClONO2, after a build up which lasted until about 1996-1997, at mean rates larger than 3 %/yr, we have then observed a significant decrease in inorganic chlorine. Post-peak trend values are listed in the bottom part of Table 1 and are compared to data derived from time series produced by the 3-D Karlsruhe model KASIMA. This model most often predicts lower rates of decline: possible causes for these discrepancies are currently under investigation.

Annual changes for chlorinated source gases, over 2001 -2010 1013 atoms/cm2 % CFC-10 -5.97 ± 0.50 -1.09 ± 0.09 CFC-11 -7.89 ± 0.54 -0.83 ± 0.06 CFC-12 -2.04 ± 0.61 -0.15 ± 0.04 HCFC-22 +8.70 ± 0.15 +4.22 ± 0.07 CCly -6.02 ± 1.67 -0.19 ± 0.05 Annual changes for inorganic chlorine, over 1996 -2009 HCl FTIR -3.59 ± 0.42 -0.87 ± 0.10 KASIMA -0.96 ± 0.35 -0.29 ± 0.11 ClONO2 FTIR -0.91 ± 0.27 -0.90 ± 0.27 KASIMA -0.55 ± 0.16 -0.72 ± 0.21 Cly FTIR -4.80 ± 0.72 -0.93 ± 0.14 KASIMA -1.67 ± 0.60 -0.41 ± 0.15 Table 1. Trend values derived from the Jungfraujoch daily mean time series, in terms of annual total column (Cl atoms/cm2) or percent change. The time periods considered are 2001-2010 for the source gases and 1996- 2009 for the reservoirs. Trend values derived from KASIMA runs (1996- 2008) for the reservoir species are also provided. To avoid the impact of sampling, only model data coincident with measurements are included in the trend evaluations. Annual percent changes are computed using 2001 and 1996 total columns as reference, respectively for the chlorinated source gases and for the Cl reservoir species.

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Figure 2. Temporal evolution of the long-lived chlorinated source gases retrieved from the Jungfraujoch FTIR spectra, weighted by the number of Cl atoms in each species (notice the vertical scale break). Data points correspond to daily means normalized to 654 hPa. The upper data set is the sum of the individual contributions, for days with * simultaneous measurements available. It is noted CCly since it does not represent the total organic chlorine in the atmosphere, with two significant contributors missing (CH3Cl and CFC-113). Altogether, the four species retrieved from Jungfraujoch observations correspond to ~72 % of the total CCly budget for the year 2004. The seasonal signals seen in most time series essentially result from the tropopause height changes throughout the year.

Figure 3. Jungfraujoch time series of monthly mean total columns of HCl (red circles), * ClONO2 (green triangles) and their summation Cly (blue triangles) which is a good proxy of the total inorganic chlorine Cly, since these two reservoir gases represent ~92 % of Cly at mid-latitude, in absence of chlorine activation. Error bars correspond to the standard deviations around the monthly means. Only June to November months are reproduced here since they are less affected by variability resulting from meridional transport and subsidence events occurring essentially during winter-springtime. Continuous thick curves

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correspond to non-parametric least square fits to the monthly means and help appraising the temporal evolution of the loadings of inorganic chlorine above Jungfraujoch.

Hydrogen fluoride HF FTIR solar spectra recorded between March 1984 and December 2009 at the Jungfraujoch have been reanalyzed to derive time series of hydrogen fluoride (HF) total columns. The spectra have been inverted with the PROFFIT9.5 algorithm, using the optimal estimation method. Intercomparison of HF total columns retrieved with PROFFIT and SFIT2 – the other reference algorithm in the FTIR community – has been performed. The effect of a Galatry lineshape model on HF retrieved total columns and vertical profiles, on the residuals of the fits and on the error budget has also been quantified [Duchatelet 2010a, 2010b]. Information content analysis indicates that in addition to HF total vertical abundance, three independent stratospheric HF partial columns can be derived from the Bruker spectra (approximately from 10 to 17 km, from 17 to 25 km and from 25 to 40 km). A complete error budget has been established and indicates that the main source of systematic error is linked to HF spectroscopy and that the random error affecting the HF total columns does not exceed 2.5 %. Ground based middle and upper stratospheric HF amounts have been compared to satellite data collected by the HALOE or ACE-FTS instruments (Fig. 4).

Figure 4. Low-middle stratospheric (MS, approximately from 17 to 25 km) (bottom) and middle-upper stratospheric (US, approximately from 25 to 40 km) (top) HF partial columns as observed at the Jungfraujoch by FTIR technique (yellow dots) and by space occultations (HALOE: pink crosses; ACE-FTS: blue crosses). All data points correspond to daily mean values for coincident measurement days between ground- and space-based observations. Green crosses reproduce initial guess values adopted during FTIR retrievals with the PROFFIT code. FTIR-HALOE relative difference values amount to 21.7 ± 28.9 % and 4.0 ± 17.4 % for MS and US regions, respectively, whereas corresponding FTIR-ACE-FTS values are -17.5 ± 11.2 % and −12.0 ± 11.8 %. For a complete discussion about these results, see [Duchatelet 2010a].

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Comparisons of measured FTIR HF total and partial columns with data produced by two three-dimensional numerical models (SLIMCAT and KASIMA) have also been performed. Finally, FTIR and model HF total and partial columns time series have been analyzed to derive the main characteristics of their seasonal cycles. These results have been published in [Duchatelet 2010a].

Formic acid H2CO2 Total vertical column abundances of formic acid above the Jungfraujoch station have been derived for the September 1985 - September 2007 time period. The investigation is based on the spectrometric fitting of five spectral intervals, one encompassing the -1 H2CO2 ν6 band Q-branch at 1105 cm , and four additional ones allowing to account for major temperature-sensitive or timely changing interferences by other atmospheric gases, in particular HDO, O3, CCl2F2 and CHClF2. The a priori H2CO2 vertical profile used in the retrievals presents a slope which is consistent with the very short lifetime (from a few hours to a few days) of this reactive species and commensurate with numerical values deduced from earlier studies for northern midlatitudes.

Figure 5. Monthly mean column abundances and associated standard deviation bars, displayed on a one-year time base, with 5 obvious monthly mean outliers identified by triangular symbols. The thick curve corresponds to a running mean fit to the black filled symbols only, with a 15-day step and a 2-month wide integration time. The shaded area visualizes the 1-σ standard deviation associated to the running mean curve and reflects primarily the observed inter-annual variability of H2CO2. The right side scale allows converting an observed total H2CO2 column abundance read off of the left side scale into a mean VMR concentration (expressed in parts per trillion by volume, i.e., pptv) over the 3.58 to 10.6 km altitude range.

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A major improvement in the absolute determination of the atmospheric H2CO2 columns has resulted from the adoption of new spectral line intensities for the ν6 band of trans-formic acid, resulting in retrieved free tropospheric loadings being about a factor of two smaller than those derived with previous spectroscopic parameters. The main other results derived from this formic acid database indicate that the free tropospheric burden of H2CO2 above the Jungfraujoch undergoes important short- term daytime variability, seasonal and inter-annual modulations. For example, Figure 5 reveals an overall seasonal variation, with a broad summer maximum peaking in July and a November-December-January minimum. This result constitutes an important finding, establishing, for the first time, the existence of a seasonal variation of the free tropospheric loading of H2CO2 above a continental site at northern mid-latitudes. These findings have been published in [Zander 2010].

Key words: Earth atmosphere, climate change, greenhouse gases, ozone layer, long-term monitoring, infrared spectroscopy

Internet data bases: ftp://ftp.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ndacc/station/jungfrau/, http://www.nilu.no/nadir/

Collaborating partners/networks: Main collaborations: IASB (Institut d’Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique) / NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, previously NDSC; http://www.ndacc.org/) / GAW-CH / partners of the EC-project HYMN (http://www.knmi.nl/ samenw/hymn/) and GEOmon (http://geomon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/) / NASA Langley Research Center / ACE-FTS science team / NASA JPL / University of Oslo / EMPA / University of Leeds / IMK (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) / satellite experiments: IASI, AURA, OMI, ACE-FTS, ENVISAT / …

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: The complete list of GIRPAS publications can be found at http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/publi03e.htm and http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/Communic.htm. Refereed journal articles and their internet access de Laat, A. T. J., A.M.S. Gloudemans, H. Schrijver, I. Aben, Y. Nagahama, K. Suzuki, E. Mahieu, N.B. Jones, C. Paton-Walsh, N.M. Deutscher, D.W.T. Griffith, M. De Mazière, R.L. Mittermeier, H. Fast, J. Notholt, M. Palm, T. Hawat, T Blumenstock, F. Hase, M. Schneider, C. Rinsland, A.V. Dzhola, E.I. Grechko, A.M. Poberovskii, M.V. Makarova, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, T. Borsdorff, and M. Rettinger: Validation of five years (2003–2007) of SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements using ground-based spectrometer observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1457-1471, doi:10.5194/amt-3-1457-2010, 2010. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/1457/2010/amt-3-1457-2010.pdf Duchatelet P., P. Demoulin, F. Hase, R. Ruhnke, W. Feng, M. P. Chipperfield, P. F. Bernath, C. D. Boone, K. A. Walker, E. Mahieu, Hydrogen fluoride total and partial column time series above the Jungfraujoch from long-term FTIR measurements: Impact of the line-shape model, characterization of the error budget and seasonal cycle, and comparison with satellite and model data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D22306, doi10.1029/2010JD014677, 2010a.

11 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2010JD014677.shtml Zander, R., P. Duchatelet, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, G. Roland, C. Servais, J. Vander Auwera, A. Perrin, C.P. Rinsland, and P. Crutzen, Formic acid above the Jungfraujoch during 1985-2007: observed variability, seasonality, but no long-term background evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10047-10065, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 10047-2010, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/10047/2010/acp-10-10047-2010.pdf Conference papers Dils, B., M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, F. Forster, R. Sussmann, T. Borsdorff, P. Bousquet, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, S. Dalsoren, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Frankenberg, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, I. Isaksen, N. Jones, J.Klyft, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, L. Neef, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, I. Pison, O. Schneising, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, S. Szopa, J. Taylor, P. van Velthoven, M. van Weele, and S. Wood, A comparison of Methane data products from Chemistry Transport Models, SCIAMACHY and a network of FTIR stations, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-4593.pdf Duchatelet, P., P. Demoulin, F. Hase, E. Mahieu, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Updating hydrogen fluoride (HF) FTIR time series above the Jungfraujoch: comparison of two retrieval algorithms and impact of line shape models, poster presented at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010b. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-1354-2.pdf http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/Poster_EGU_2010_HF.pdf

Duchatelet, P., E. Mahieu, R. Zander, and R. Sussmann, Trends of CO2, CH4 and N2O over 1985-2010 from high-resolution FTIR solar observations at the Jungfraujoch station, poster presented at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010c. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-15418-2.pdf http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/Poster_EGU_2010_GHG.pdf Kerzenmacher, T., B. Dils, N. Kumps, A. C. Vandaele, T. Blumenstock, C. Clerbaux, P.-F. Coheur, P. Demoulin, P, Duchatelet, M, George, F, Hase, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, A. Razavi, T. Ridder, M. Schneider, C. Senten, G. Vanhaelewyn, C. Vigouroux, C. Wespes, and M. De Mazière, Validation of HNO3, CO and CH4 column data from IASI using ground-based FTIR data, oral presentation at the second IASI international conference, 25-29 January 2010, Sévrier, France, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/abstract_IASI2010.txt Lejeune, B., E. Mahieu, C. Servais, P. Duchatelet, and P. Demoulin, Optimized approach to retrieve information on the tropospheric and stratospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) vertical distributions above Jungfraujoch from high-resolution FTIR solar spectra, poster presented at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-3513.pdf http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010_OCS_BL.pdf Mahieu, E., C. P. Rinsland, T. Gardiner, R. Zander, P. Demoulin, M.P. Chipperfield, R. Ruhnke, L.S. Chiou, M. De Mazière, P. Duchatelet, B. Lejeune, G. Roland, and C.

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Servais, Recent trends of inorganic and halogenated source gases above the Jungfraujoch and Kitt Peak stations derived from high-resolution FTIR solar observations, poster presented at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-2420-3.pdf http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010_Cly_CCly_FINAL.pdf Rinsland, C.P., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, L.S. Chiou, R. Zander and J.-M. Hartmann, Long-term trend of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) from ground-based high-resolution infrared solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-1819-3.pdf Ruhnke, R., M.P. Chipperfield, M. De Mazière, J. Notholt, S. Barthlott, R.L. Batchelor, R.D. Blatherwick, Th. Blumenstock, M.T. Coffey, P. Duchatelet, H. Fast, W. Feng, A. Goldman, D.W.T. Griffith, K. Hamann, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, N.B. Jones, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, O. Kirner, R. Kohlhepp, W. Kouker, I. Kramer, R. Lindenmaier, E. Mahieu, R.L. Mittermeier, B. Monge-Sanz, I. Murata, H. Nakajima, I. Morino, M. Palm, C. Paton-Walsh, Th. Reddmann, M. Rettinger, C.P. Rinsland, M. Schneider, C. Senten, B.-M. Sinnhuber, D. Smale, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J.R. Taylor, G. Vanhaelewyn, T. Warneke, C. Whaley, M. Wiehle, and S.W. Wood, Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total columns, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2010/EGU2010-8100.pdf Sussmann, R., T. Borsdorff, M. Rettinger, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, E. Mahieu, C. Servais, and the NDACC-FTIR team, Water vapor trends from the NDACC-FTIR network, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-8569-1.pdf Vanhaelewyn, G., P. Duchatelet, N. Kumps, C. Senten, C. Vigouroux, B. Dils, C. Hermans, P. Demoulin, E. Mahieu and M. De Mazière, Preliminary comparisons of the error budgets associated with ground-based FTIR measurements of atmospheric HCl and HF profiles at Ile de la Réunion and Jungfraujoch, poster presented at the "3rd GEOmon General Assembly", 18-20 January 2010, Royal Astronomical Society, London, United Kingdom, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/Meeting%20Program%20Book_GEOmon_ GA_2010_pp26-27.pdf Vanhaelewyn, G., P. Duchatelet, C. Vigouroux, B. Dils, N. Kumps, C. Hermans, P. Demoulin, E. Mahieu. R. Sussmann, and M. De Mazière, Comparison of the error budgets associated with ground-based FTIR measurements of atmospheric CH4 profiles at Ile de la Réunion and Jungfraujoch, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-15537.pdf Vigouroux, C., P. Demoulin, T. Blumenstock, M. Schneider, J. Klyft, M. Palm, T. Gardiner, M. De Mazière, C. Servais, F. Hase, R. Kohlhepp, S. Bartholt, J. Mellqvist, and J. Notholt, Ozone tropospheric and stratospheric trends (1995-2008) over Western Europe from ground-based FTIR network observations, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-8500.pdf

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Data books and reports Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, contributions from P. Duchatelet and E. Mahieu (in Chapter 1, Ozone-Depleting Substances and Related Chemicals) and of P. Demoulin (in Chapter 2, Stratospheric Ozone and Surface Ultraviolet Radiation), World Meteorological Organization, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 52, 2010. Magazine and Newspapers articles “72-jährige Belgierin auf dem Jungfraujoch: Forscherin hört nicht auf”, Berner Oberländer, Thun; Thuner Tagblatt, Thun, March 5, 2009. “Hier oben ist mein Leben” (Ginette Roland), Schweizer Familie, July 29, 2010 Au coeur du Jungfraujoch, Terre et Nature, December 9, 2010. Radio and television “Labo… à la Jungfrau”, Interview of Ginette Roland, Radio Suisse Romande, “Impatience, Labo si j’y suis”, March 4, 2010 and June 29, 2010. “Kurzer Atem - langer Schnauf, Leben auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Television Schweizer Fernsehen, Reporter, May 19, 2010 (also May 20, 2010 on SF1 and May 23 on SFinfo) “Plus près du soleil”, Interview of Ginette Roland, Radio Suisse Romande, Impatience, August 19, 2010. “Des glaciers et des hommes, Aletsch le magnifique”, Interview of Bernard Lejeune, TSR1, February 7, 2010 (also ARTE, February 26, 2010; ARTE, March 5, 2010; ARTE, November 1, 2010; TV5, November 2010; HDSuisse, December 17, 2010; HDSuisse, December 19, 2010)

Address: Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Contacts: Philippe Demoulin Tel. +32 4 366 9785 e-mail: [email protected] Pierre Duchatelet Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: [email protected] Bernard Lejeune Tel. +32 4 366 9788 e-mail: [email protected] Emmanuel Mahieu Tel. +32 4 366 9786 e-mail: [email protected] Ginette Roland Tel. +32 4 342 2594 e-mail: [email protected] Christian Servais Tel. +32 4 366 9784 e-mail: [email protected] Rodolphe Zander Tel. +32 4 366 9756 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/

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Name of research institute or organization: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB)

Title of project: Atmospheric physics and chemistry

Project leader and team: Dr. M. Van Roozendael: project leader UV-Vis Dr. Martine De Mazière: project leader FTIR

Bart Dils, Caroline Fayt, François Hendrick, Christian Hermans, Tobias Kerzenmacher, Jean-Christopher Lambert, Gaia Pinardi, C. Senten, Corinne Vigouroux, Gauthier Vanhaelewyn: team scientists Pierre Gérard, José Granville, N. Kumps: team support engineers

Project description: UV-Vis The monitoring of stratospheric column amounts of ozone and nitrogen dioxide, started in 1990 with a SAOZ spectrometer, has been continued in 2010 with a 4 months interruption from August to early December due to an electronic card failure after a thunderstorm. The joint exploitation of the SAOZ and FTIR NO2 measurements started in 2009 as part of the EU FP6 GEOMON project has been continued in view of a comprehensive trend analysis covering the period from 1983 until 2010. This study, which also takes into consideration the reference high quality MAXDOAS measurements started in July 2010 (see below), will be presented at the EGU General Assembly meeting of 2010. The NDACC data base has been updated with revised SAOZ data sets of NO2 and ozone covering the full period from 1990 until 2010. This revision also includes the new ozone settings developed in 2009 and recently submitted to ACP (Hendrick et al., 2010).

In July 2010 a new high-quality MAXDOAS system has been installed at the Jungfraujoch station, next to the SAOZ instrument. This instrument is identical in design to the MAXDOAS system operated by BIRA during the CINDI intercomparison campaign in Cabauw, The Netherlands, June-July 2009 (Roscoe et al., 2010). The BIRA MAXDOAS is a dual-channel system. Both equipped with gratings of 1200 grooves/mm, the two channels respectively cover the UV region from 300 to 388 nm, and the visible range from 400 nm to 550 nm. The instrumental response function is close to a Gaussian with a full width at half maximum of 0.4 and 0.5 nm, respectively. The spectrometers are connected to two low-noise thermo- electrically cooled CCD detector systems with 2048×512 and 1340×100 pixels for the UV and VIS, respectively. The optical head, mounted on a sun-tracker, can collect direct-sun and scattered light at various elevation (0-90°) and azimuth angles (0- 360°). Skylight is collected by an off-axis parabolic mirror within a 0.8° field of view and directed to the spectrometers through optical fibers. The optical head also includes a 6-position filter wheel equipped with transmission diffuser plates and neutral density filters. A full description of the instrument can be found in Clémer et al. (2010). Compared to the SAOZ instrument which only provides integrated stratospheric columns of O3 and NO2, the MAXDOAS can measure a number of additional parameters, including tropospheric columns and profiles of NO2, O3, formaldehyde (HCHO), bromine oxide (BrO), water vapor (H2O) as well as aerosol

15 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 parameters (extinction profiles and AOD). With this new instrument, BIRA has been involved in the CLACE campaign organized by PSI at the Jungfraujoch in summer 2010.

FTIR solar absorption spectrometry BIRA-IASB collaborates with the University of Liège for the exploitation of the Fourier transform infrared measurements carried out at the Jungfraujoch since several decades. (see report by ULg).

The concentration of CO at Jungfraujoch is measured on a continuous basis at the surface by in-situ observations, with a non-dispersive infrared detection method. It is also observed regularly by FTIR remote-sensing methods in the boundary layer. In 2010, we have finalized the work on comparisons between both data sets and associated long-term trends, and their interpretation, in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Liège and EMPA in Switzerland. While the in situ NDIR measurements detect local CO concentrations at the site, the FTIR technique provides integrated measurements along the line-of-sight. Nevertheless, the pressure broadening of the spectral absorption lines recorded at high resolution enables retrieving information on the vertical distribution of CO, mainly in the troposphere, including its concentration near the surface. To provide enough information content we derive from the FTIR profile data the averaged volume mixing ratio (vmr) between 3.58 and 7 km, and then we compare this average vmr with coincident in-situ surface concentration data from the NDIR observations. Both datasets show a significant negative trend over the investigated time period (1997-2007). However, the NDIR dataset's negative trend is much stronger. In 2009 and 2010, we looked further into possible causes for the different trends using backtrajectory modeling combined with studies of the emission trends at the various source regions. The results will be presented at the EGU Symposium in April 2011 and the publication is ready for submission.

We also developed a sophisticated code for the evaluation of the error budgets associated with FTIR observations. For various species (HCl, HF, CH4), we compared the error budgets associated with the retrieved profiles between the Jungfraujoch station and the Ile de La Reunion station where BIRA-IASB is operating an FTIR solar absorption experiment similar to the one at the Jungfraujoch. The different characteristics of the sites in terms of altitude, relative humidity, local trace gas concentrations, …are clearly reflected in the error budgets. This work was presented in the form of poster contributions at various meetings. It will be published in 2011.

In 2009 and 2010, we contributed to the 2010 WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, with an updated analysis of the O3 trends (total column trends and partial column trends in 4 atmospheric layers) over Europe for the period 1995-2009, based on FTIR data (C. Vigouroux in chapter 2 of the report). The trends (in %/decade including the 95% confidence limits) observed at the Jungfraujoch for this period are non-significant, for the total column (-0.1±1.1%/decade) as well as for the three stratospheric layers that can be distinguished (-1.9±3.6%/decade@10-18 km, 0.4±0.9%/decade@18-27 km and 0.8±0.9%/decade@27-42 km.

In 2010, we continued working on the coordinated validation of the IASI instrument on METOP-1, for the species CO, HNO3 and CH4, using ground-based FTIR data. These results have already been presented at international symposia and will be

16 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 published in 2011. In the publication on CO and HNO3, we will include two successive versions of the IASI data products, to show the improvement based on the validation results.

In 2010, we also used Jungfraujoch for the validation of the most recent data processors of MIPAS CO, HNO3, and CH4 products and SCIAMACHY CO. These results are included in the latest Multi-TASTE report for ESA.

J. Hannigan and M. De Mazière, co-chairs of the NDACC IRWG (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change, Infrared Working Group), have launched an effort to better homogenize the FTIR data retrievals at all NDACC IRWG stations, for the 10 atmospheric gases that are mandatory. The almost final conclusions of this effort have been discussed at the latest IRWG meeting in May 2010. A corresponding publication is in preparation.

Key words: atmospheric composition, long-term monitoring, optical remote sensing, vertical inversion methods, satellite validation

Internet data bases: The data are archived in the NDACC database (http://www.ndacc.org/), in the NADIR/NILU database (http://www.nilu.no/projects/nadir). Data processed for ENVISAT validation purposes are also submitted to the ENVISAT CAL/VAL database (http://nadir.nilu.no/calval). The new HDF format for FTIR vertical profile data has been implemented at the NDACC data base and FTIR data submission in the new HDF format has progressed significantly. In the EU project GEOmon, Jungfraujoch FTIR and SAOZ data are delivered to a dedicated ftp site at NILU at latest 3 months after data acquisition: these are the so called Rapid Delivery data. The Jungfraujoch data can be visualized easily at http://www.geomon.eu/science/act4/SciAct4_O3_measurements.html, and they can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.nilu.no/pub/GEOmon/ activity4_StratosphericOzone/ Jungfraujoch/

Collaborating partners/networks: Collaborations with University of Liège and NDACC partners Collaboration with European FTIR and UV-Vis teams and modeling teams in the frame of the EU project GEOMon; Collaboration with Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (KMI-IRM), Univ. Liège and Univ. Libre de Bruxelles in the frame of the national projects AGACC, and AGACC-II (Science for Sustainable Development Programme); see http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html Collaboration with Univ. Liège and Univ. Libre de Bruxelles in the frame of the PRODEX projects SECPEA (Space-based Exploration of the Chemistry and Physics of the Earth Atmosphere), and A3C (Atmospheric Composition, Chemistry and Climate) Collaboration with M. Chipperfield of Univ. Leeds.

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Both the UV-Vis and FTIR observations contribute to the international Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Changes (NDACC, or the former NDSC). Collaboration with B. Buchmann, D. Brunner, S. Henne and M. Steinbacher of EMPA Collaboration with S. Reimann of EMPA in the frame of the EU project ACTRIS Collaboration with P. Zieger and U. Baltensperger of PSI Collaboration with F. Goutail and A. Pazmino of LATMOS, France Collaboration with K. Kreher and P. Johnston of NIWA, New-Zeland Collaboration with the GOME, ENVISAT, ACE and MetOp GOME-2 and IASI satellite communities.

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Clémer, K., M. Van Roozendael, C. Fayt, F. Hendrick, C. Hermans, G. Pinardi, R. Spurr, P. Wang, and M. De Mazière, Multiple wavelength retrieval of tropospheric aerosol optical properties from MAXDOAS measurements in Beijing, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 863–878, 2010. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/863/2010/amt-3-863-2010.pdf

Hendrick, F., J.-P. Pommereau, F. Goutail, R. D. Evans, D. Ionov, A. Pazmino, E. Kyrö, G. Held, P. Eriksen, V. Dorokhov, M. Gil, and M. Van Roozendael, NDACC UV-visible total ozone measurements: Improved retrieval and comparison with correlative satellite and ground-based observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 20405-20460, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/20405/2010/acpd-10-20405-2010.pdf

Irie, H., H. Takashima, Y. Kanaya, K. F. Boersma, L. Gast, F. Wittrock, D. Brunner, Y. Zhou, and M. Van Roozendael, Eight-component retrievals from ground-based MAX-DOAS observations, submitted to Atmos. Meas. Tech. (2010)

Loyola, D. G., M. E. Koukouli, P. Valks, D. S. Balis, N. Hao, M. Van Roozendael, R. J. D. Spurr, W. Zimmer, S. Kiemle, C. Lerot, J-C. Lambert, The GOME-2 Total Column Ozone Product: 1 Retrieval Algorithm and Ground-Based Validation, accepted for publication in J. Geophys. Res. (2010).

Roscoe, H.K., M. Van Roozendael, C. Fayt, A. du Piesanie, N. Abusallah, C. Adams, M. Akrami, I. Alonso Calvo, A. Cede, J. Chong, K. Clemer, U. Friess, M. Gil Ojeda, F. Goutail, R. Graves, A. Griesfeller, K. Grossmann, G. Hemerijckx, F. Hendrick, J. Herman, C. Hermans, H. Irie, Y. Kanaya, K. Kreher, P. Johnston, R. Leigh, A. Merlaud, G. H. Mount, M. Navarro, H. Oetjen, A. Pazmino, E. Peters, G. Pinardi, O. Puentedura, A. Richter, A. Schönhardt, R. Shaiganfar, E. Spinei, K. Strong, H. Takashima, T. Vlemmix, M. Vrekoussis, T. Wagner, F. Wittrock, M. Yela, S. Yilmaz, F. Boersma, J. Hains, M. Kroon, A. Piters, Intercomparison of slant column measurements of NO2 and O4 by MAX-D0AS and zenith-sky UV and visible spectrometers, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1629-1646, 2010. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/1629/2010/amt-3-1629-2010.pdf

Theys, N., M. Van Roozendael, F. Hendrick, I. De Smedt, Q. Errera, A. Richter, M. Begoin, X. Yang and M. De Mazière, Global observations of BrO in the troposphere using GOME-2 satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 28635-28685, 2010.

18 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/28635/2010/acpd-10-28635-2010.pdf de Laat, A.T.J., A.M.S. Gloudemans, H. Schrijver, I. Aben, Y. Nagahama, K. Suzuki, E. Mahieu, N.B. Jones, C. Paton-Walsh, N.M. Deutscher, D.W.T. Griffith, M. De Mazière, R. Mittelmeier, H. Fast, J. Notholt, M Palm, T. Hawat, T. Blumenstock, C. Rinsland, A.V. Dzhola, E.I. Grechko, A.M., Poberovskii, M.V. Makarova, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, T. Borsdorff, and M. Rettinger, Validation of five years (2003-2007) of SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements using ground-based spectrometer observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1457-1471, 2010; http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/1457/2010/amt-3-1457-2010.pdf

C. Vigouroux is contributing author to WMO Scientific Assessment of O3 Depletion, Chapter 2, in press, 2011.

Ciais, P., M. Kulmala, J.-L. Breguiner, W. Los, S. Sorvari, B Buchman, M de Mazière, G. Pappalardo, K. Tørseth, L. Rivier, G. Hansen, P. Laj, E. Turunen et al., Taking the breath of the Earth with observations; can Europe meet the challenge?, submitted to Nature, 2010.

Refereed journal articles to be submitted: Dils, B., S. Henne, E. Mahieu, M. Steinbacher, M. De Mazière, How to compare NDIR surface in situ with FTIR remote sensing measurements of CO concentrations at the Jungfraujoch? ,to be submitted, Jan. 2011. Senten, C., M. De Mazière, G. Vanhaelewyn, and C. Vigouroux, Information operator approach applied to ground-based high-resultion Fourier transform infrared measurements, to be submitted to Atmosph. Meas. Techniques, Feb. 2011. Kohlhepp, R., Ruhnke, R., M.P. Chipperfield, M. De Mazière, J. Notholt, S. Barthlott, R.L. Batchelor, R.D. Blatherwick, Th.Blumenstock, M.T. Coffey, P. Duchatelet, H. Fast, W. Feng, A. Goldman, D.W.T. Griffith, K. Hamann, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, N.B. Jones, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, O. Kirner, W. Kouker, I. Kramer, R.Lindenmaier, E. Mahieu, R.L. Mittermeier, B. Monge-Sanz, I. Murata, H. Nakajima, I. Morino, M. Palm, C. Paton-Walsh, Th. Reddmann, M. Rettinger, C.P. Rinsland, E. Rozanov, M. Schneider, C. Senten, B.-M. Sinnhuber, D. Smale, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J.R. Taylor, G. Vanhaelewyn, T. Warneke, C. Whaley, M. Wiehle, and S.W. Wood, Senten, C., B.-M. Sinnhuber, D. Smale, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J.R. Taylor, G. Vanhaelewyn, T. Warneke, C. Whaley, M. Wiehle, and S.W. Wood, Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total columns, to be submitted to Atm. Chem. Phys., 2011.

Conference papers Pinardi, G., J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville, M. Van Roozendael, A. Delcloo, H. De Backer, P. Valks, N. Hao, Overview of The Validation of GOME-2 Total And Tropospheric NO2 Columns, Proceedings of the 2010 EUMETSAT conference, Cordoba, Spain, 20-24 September 2010. Pinardi, G., R. Campion, M. Van Roozendael, C. Fayt, J. van Geffen, B. Galle, S. Carn, P. Valks, M. Rix, S. Hildago, J. Bourquin, G. Garzon, S. Inguaggiato, Comparison of Volcanic SO2 Flux Measurements From Satellite And From The NOVAC Network, Proceedings of the 2010 EUMETSAT conference, Cordoba, Spain, 20-24 September 2010.

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Y.J. Meijer, T. Fehr, R. von Kuhlmann, R.M. Koopman, A. Pellegrini, G. Busswell, M. Ghule, I. Mustafee, N. Scott, M. De Mazière, S. Niemeijer, R. van Deelen, H. Baltzer, G. Corlett, F. Collard, J. Dorandeau, J.-C. Lambert, A. Piters, D. Smith, GECA: ESA’s next generation validation data centre, poster presented at the ESA Living Planet Symposium, (Bergen, Norway, June 28-July 2, 2010), ESA Special Publication SP-686, 2010.

Address: Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Contacts: Martine De Mazière Tel. +32 2 373 03 63 Fax: +32-2-374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

Michel Van Roozendael Tel. +32 2 373 04 16 Fax: +32-2-374 84 23 e-mail: [email protected]

URL: http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html http://www.geomon.eu

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Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Title of project: Validation of retrieval of atmospheric trace gases with Phaethon system using differential optical absorption spectroscopy

Project leader and team: Prof. Alkiviadis Bais, project leader Dr. Natalia Kouremeti

Project description: The project aimed at validating the retrieval of atmospheric columns of trace gases (such as NO2, O3, HCHO, SO2, O4, BrO) using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) with spectrally resolved measurements of atmospheric radiance and direct solar irradiance with the newly developed system Phaethon under an ESA funded contact. The validation was preformed against measurements of a collocated MAXDOAS system operating at Jungfraujoch by the Belgian Institute of Space Aeronomy (IASB/BIRA). Phaethon was installed at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch at a location suitable for performing spectral sky radiance measurements from the zenith down to about 0° elevation angles, as well as spectral solar irradiance measurements by pointing directly towards the solar disk. The acquired spectra were analyzed with WINDOAS, a software platform that has been developed by IASB. The analysis of the collected data was made almost on real time. This facilitated the assessment of Phaethon’s performance and optimization of the measurements duration in order to reduce the signal of noise ratio. The duration of the experimental campaign was 7 days. Clear sky and sun conditions were possible for almost 3 full days, allowing the opportunity to get high quality undisturbed measurements. The comparison of differential slant column densities derived for Phaethon and MAXDOAS-IASB instruments shows good agreement for the NO2, O3 while O4 has higher deviation. All retrievals follow closely the same diurnal pattern. In addition to the comparison with the IASB system, direct solar irradiance measurements were collected in order to derive the extraterrestrial solar irradiance reference spectrum using the Langley extrapolation method. This enables the retrieval of the total atmospheric optical depth, and consequently the direct estimation of the optical depth of some abundant trace gases and aerosols. The expectation of this experimental campaign was to establish the quality of atmospheric gas retrievals with Phaethon and the associated uncertainties. It should be noted that at such high altitudes, the atmospheric column amounts of trace gases are smaller than at sea level, and consequently their absorption signals in the radiation measurements are weak. Therefore, the good agreement between Phaethon and IASB system, under such conditions, verifies the quality of the trace gases retrievals. The

21 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 zenith sky spectral measurements acquired during clear sky conditions will be used as reference spectra in future retrievals.

Key words: Column density measurements, solar irradiance, sky radiance, trace gases, DOAS

Collaborating partners/networks: Data collected with the IASB (Brussels, Belgium) MAXDOAS system operating regularly at the station were used for the validation.

Address: Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Campus Box 149 54124Thessaloniki Greece

Contacts: Prof. Alkiviadis Bais Tel.: +30 2310 998184 Fax: +30 2310 998090 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://lap.physics.auth.gr/index.asp?lang=en

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Name of research institute or organization: École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Title of project: Active optical remote sensing, LIDAR

Project leader and team: Dr. Valentin Simeonov, project leader Prof. Marc Parlange, head of the Laboratory of Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology (EFLUM) Dr. Todor Dinoev

Project description: After the end of the project for studying stratosphere- troposphere ozone exchange by lidar in 2009 and the transfer of the aerosol lidar observations in 2008 to the automated Raman lidar, developed by EPFL and jointly operated with MeteoSwiss in Payerne, the lidar activity at HARS Jungfraujoch was suspended. The current configuration of the lidar allows only manual operation making an operator’s presence for maintaining the observations indispensible. Consequently, the measurements require significant resources and manpower, unavailable at present. Automatic or remote operations are a possible solution, however, automation of the actual configuration is difficult, mostly because the lidar operation requires manual opening of the astronomical dome. Furthermore, operation of the lidar from the astronomical dome significantly reduces the observation time because measurements cannot be taken in windy conditions. Automated configuration with independent roof opening installed on the roof of the scientific station is a possible solution. Such a solution, however, will require considerable funding, efforts and cooperation with other research institutions or organizations. We are making efforts to find potential cooperation partners and funding. Preparation of a new project within the framework of GAW CH is ongoing. The project aims at developing and installing at HARS Jungfraujoch a new instrument for monitoring water vapor and background concentration of atmospheric methane. Space-averaged concentrations will be derived from the measured over distances of 1.1 and 2.3 km absorption of a near IR laser beam. The instrument has already been built and is ongoing tests at EPFL. The installation is previewed for the end of 2011. Long term comparison of the data from the instrument with regular methane observations carried out at HARS Jungfraujoch by EMPA is previewed.

Key words: Differential Absorption Lidar, Aerosol, Raman lidar, Tropospheric Ozone, High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Climate Change, Stratosphere Troposphere Exchange, Long-Range Ozone Transport, methane, TDL open-path.

Internet data bases: http://eflum.epfl.ch/

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Collaborating partners/networks: EARLINET – European Aerosol Research Lidar NETwork Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology - MeteoSwiss Institute of Atmospheric Optics – Tomsk, Russia

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Conference papers V. Simeonov , T. Dinoev , B. Calpini , S. Bobrovnikov , Y. Arshinov, P. Ristori , H. van den Bergh , and M. Parlange, ” A Raman lidar as operational tool for water vapor profiling in the Swiss Meteorological Office”, 25th International Laser Lidar Conference, 5 - 9 July 2010, St. Petersburg, Russia. T. Dinoev, I. Serikov, V. Simeonov, Y. Arshinov, S. Bobrovnikov, B. Calpini, H. van den Bergh, M. B. Parlange, “Temperature and aerosol backscatter ratio measurements with the Swiss Raman Lidar for meteorological applications”, 25th International Laser Lidar Conference, 5 - 9 July 2010, St. Petersburg, Russia. M. Froidevaux, Ch. Higgins, V. Simeonov, I. Serikov, H.van den Bergh, R. Calhoun, P.Ristori, E. Pardyjak, and M. Parlange, “Turbulent Atmospheric Boundary Layer Evaporation (TABLE) experiment: preliminary results”, 25th International Laser Lidar Conference, 5 - 9 July 2010, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Theses Marcel Bartlome, “Development of the Jungfraujoch UV DIAL lidar to observe the vertical ozone distribution in the context of Stratosphere -Troposphere exchange and long range transport”, Thèse EPFL, no 4636 (2010).

Address: EPFL ENAC EFLUM A0 434 Station 2 CH 1015 Lausanne

Contacts: Valentin Simeonov Tel.: +41 21 693 61 85 Mob.: +41 79 277 61 76 Fax: +41 21 693 36 26 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmosphere and Climate Science, ETH Zürich

Title of project: Assessment of high altitude cloud characteristics, CLACE 2010 campaign

Project leader and team: Prof. Thomas Peter, project leader Dr. Frank Wienhold, Erika Kienast-Sjögren

Project description: Our mobile elastic backscatter lidar (Leosphere type ALS 450) was employed for the first time in field to monitor cirrus clouds and atmospheric aerosol from a high alpine site. It worked stable and reliable without any need for in-situ maintenance. Measurements were carried out from 2010-06-24 until 2010-07-22 on Kleine Scheidegg. Between 2010-07-08 and 2010-07-17, the lidar head was tilted towards Sphinx on Jungfraujoch in order to better compare our measured lidar data with in situ measurements at Jungfraujoch during the CLACE-2010 measurement campaign. The lidar then was transferred to Jungfraujoch where measurements on the Sphinx terrace were carried out between 2010-07-28 and 2010-08-27. The lidar measures aerosols and clouds with a wavelength of 355 nm at a laser repetition rate of 20 Hz. It retrieves attenuated backscatter polarized parallel and perpendicular to the laser emission allowing to determine depolarization ratio. The depolarization ratio depends on particle sphericity and increases with increasing asphericity. Thus this channel provides information whether liquid or ice clouds are observed. Since the aim of the measurements is to monitor ice clouds and boundary layer aerosols, this is information of great value. An example of the measurements is given in the figures below for a day when Saharan dust was transported to the Jungfraujoch (2010-07-09). The dust is barely visible in the parallel channel while in the perpendicular channel it is clearly discernable, starting at a height of approximately 4.5 km at 01 hours UTC.

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Parallel channel

Depolarization ratio

Using a Kaul-Klett lidar retrieval we calculate extinction, backscatter and backscatter ratio assuming different values for the extinction to backscatter ratio (lidar ratios: 35 sr, 45 sr, 55 sr, 65 sr). Aerosol optical depth is obtained by integrating extinction with respect to altitude. These calculated values were compared with ground based sun photometer measurements, extrapolated to the lidar wavelength. A good agreement was achieved. The figure below indicates this for day 2010-07-10 (Courtesy of Paul Zieger, PSI). The brown and black curves show optical depth calculated from the lidar measurements for the different lidar ratios. The blue, green and yellow curves show the optical depths as measured by the Sun Photometer of PSI. The magenta curve with dots shows the extrapolated values of the sun photometer to 355 nm.

One difficulty regarding the lidar measurements is that the lowermost 200 m cannot be retrieved due to an incomplete overlap between the laser beam and the detector field of view. This can explain the difference in the data in the figure above directly before 9 am. The lidar data show a peak not visible in the sun photometer data. With the help of nephelometer data taken by PSI we now try to approximate an instrument function describing the overlap to overcome this problem. We also try to improve our lidar retrieval developing an adaptive algorithm to choose the boundary condition used as starting point for the lidar inversion.

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The measurements conducted on Jungfraujoch in 2010 were an excellent opportunity for the characterization of lidar properties. Since Jungfraujoch was often covered by clouds during the second phase when the instrument was installed on the Sphinx terrace, further measurements on Jungfraujoch are desirable.

Key words: Lidar, Optical depth, CLACE 2010

Collaborating partners/networks: Paul Scherrer Institut

Address: ETH Zürich Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Erika Kienast-Sjögren Tel: +41 44 633 40 63 Fax: +41 44 633 10 58 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iac.ethz.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Title of project: Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements

Project leader and team: Dr. Laurent Vuilleumier, project leader Dr. Martine Collaud Coen, Mr. Olaf Maier

Project description: In 2010, radiation measurements at the Jungfraujoch were carried out satisfactorily. Some minor problems still affected direct irradiance measurements. But a complete technical and software update of the control system of the cupola protecting direct irradiance instruments was achieved end of 2009, and perfected during 2010. This update allowed greatly improving the performance of the cupola. In average, the data availability for radiation parameters reached 93% at the Jungfraujoch in 2010 (01.11.2009–31.10.2010). MeteoSwiss also enhanced its collaboration with other institutions performing monitoring or research within the 2010 CLACE campaign. The CLACE campaigns focus on the interactions between aerosols and clouds especially in situations where ice crystals and supersaturated droplets coexist. These situations are observed in situ at the Jungfraujoch during such campaigns. While specific aerosol and cloud parameters are measured by various Swiss and foreign institutions including the PSI, MeteoSwiss performs operational measurements of radiation and makes them available for analyses performed within the CLACE Jungfraujoch collaboration. In 2010, MeteoSwiss devoted specific efforts to guarantee that aerosol optical depth observations (AOD) can be resumed and made available. MeteoSwiss also provided supplementary measurements characterizing the behavior of air masses Temperature before they arrive at profiler Jungfraujoch. For example, the average vertical wind speed component in the cloud is expected to influence the cloud peak Wind supersaturation. This study profiler aims at predicting the super- Figure 1: view of the Kleine Scheidegg (2060 masl) showing a saturation from the meteoro- micro-wave temperature profiler radiometer and a 1,3 GHz logical parameters using a wind profiler radar operated by MeteoSwiss during CLACE thermodynamic cloud model. 2010 campaign.

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To obtain such information on regional cloud dynamics, additional instruments were installed at the Kleine Scheidegg (see Fig. 1). The behavior of the planetary boundary layer height will also be studied by instruments at the Kleine Scheidegg and compared to the aerosol measurements at the Jungfraujoch, which exhibit large differences between situations with free tropospheric and PBL influenced air masses. The 2010 CLACE campaign included data from:  a 1,29 GHz wind profiler radar (MeteoSwiss, see Fig. 2 and 3), and  a [50-58] GHz temperature profiler radiometer (MeteoSwiss, see Fig 4). The temperature profiler recorded the brightness temperatures of the atmosphere in the [50-58] GHz band at several elevation angles, from which a profile of air temperature in function of height is retrieved. The wind profiler recorded horizontal wind speed and wind direction above Kleine Scheidegg from 2350 m to 4000 m asl. In addition it measured the vertical air velocity and direction (upward, downward).

Figure 2: Evolution of wind vertical profiles (direction and speed [m/s]) above Kleine Scheidegg for August 2-4: winds from southwest on August 2nd and 4th, west on August 3rd

Figure 3: Evolution of vertical air motion [m/s] (+ down, - up) above Kleine Scheidegg for August 2- 4: episodes of descending air masses are in light orange and yellow.

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Figure 4: Evolution of vertical temperature profiles at Kleine Scheidegg (preliminary) for August 2 to 4: air warming seems correlated with vertical downward air motion.

MeteoSwiss AOD measurements are made with precision filter radiometers (PFRs, Wehrli, 2000) at four sites of the Swiss Alpine Climate Radiation Monitoring network (SACRaM) including Jungfraujoch since the mid-1990’s (see Fig. 5 as well as Schmid et al., 1997; Ingold et al., 2001). PFRs are designed for long-term monitoring, and 4-wavelength models have been installed at most GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) baseline stations. Such sun photometers have a number of features to reduce long-term instrumental drift, for example: temperature stabilization to within ±0.1°C, and a shutter to reduce filter and sensor degradation. Meteo- Swiss operates four 4-wavelength PFR units at each of the four SACRaM sites, which allows the determination of AOD at 9 wavelengths and integrated water vapor column at 3 wavelengths. Such data have been analyzed in different studies (e.g., see Ruckstuhl et al., 2008 and Nyeki et al., 2005); but measurements were interrupted in 2007, and because of technical diffi- culties they were resumed Figure 5: Picture of the PFR sun-photometers in the only in 2009. Jungfraujoch SACRaM cupola.

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PFR measurements after resuming normal operations were used for deriving AOD using a preliminary set of Langley calibration performed in situ and made available to the CLACE collaboration. Comparison with measurements taken before 2007 showed that 2010 data did not differ significantly with previous data (see Fig. 6)

Figure 6: Jungfraujoch AOD at 500nm (blue: multi-year half-day averages compiling all data prior to 2007, red: 2010 hourly averages, magenta: 2010 half-day averages). References: Ingold, T., C. Mätzler, A. Heimo and N. Kämpfer (2001) Aerosol optical depth measurements by means of a Sun photometer network in Switzerland. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 27537-27554. Nyeki, S., L. Vuilleumier, J. Morland, A. Bokoye, P. Viatte, C. Mätzler, and N. Kämpfer (2005), A 10-year integrated atmospheric water vapor record using precision filter radiometers at two high-alpine sites. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23803, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024079 Ruckstuhl, C., R. Philipona, K. Behrens, M. Collaud Coen, B. Dürr, A. Heimo, C Mätzler, S. Nyeki, A. Ohmura, L. Vuilleumier, M. Weller, C. Wehrli and A. Zelenka, (2008) Aerosol and cloud effects on solar brightening and the recent rapid warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L12708, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034228. Schmid, B., C. Mätzler, A. Heimo and N. Kämpfer (1997) Retrieval of optical depth and particle size distribution of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosols by means of sun photometry. IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, 35, 172- 182. Wehrli, C. (2000), Calibrations of filter radiometers for determination of atmospheric optical depths, Metrologia, 37, 419-422

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Key words: Solar irradiance, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, spectral irradiance, precision filter radiometer (PFR), pyranometer, pyrheliometer, UV biometer, total aerosol optical depth (AOD), integrated water vapor (IWV).

Internet data bases: http://wrdc-mgo.nrel.gov/ (World Radiation Data Centre – WRDC) http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/database/ (IWV STARWAVE data)

Collaborating partners/networks:  Radiation data submitted to the World Radiation Data Centre (WRDC, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation) within the framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch.  Participation to CLACE 2010 campaign  Study of solar photometry (aerosol optical depth) and longwave infrared radiative forcing in collaboration with the “Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos” (PMOD) World Radiation Center (WRC).

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Conference papers Vuilleumier, L. and D. Walker, Estimation of cloud effect on UV erythemal irradiance using SW irradiance data, Eleventh BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, Queenstown, New Zealand, 13-16 April 2010, Summary Report from the Eleventh BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, 14 (2010) http://www.gewex.org/BSRN/BSRN-11_Report-final.pdf Vuilleumier, L. and D. Walker, Evolution of surface reflectivity in Switzerland between 1980 and 2008, Eleventh BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, Queenstown, New Zealand, 13-16 April 2010, Summary Report from the Eleventh BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, 16-17 (2010) http://www.gewex.org/BSRN/BSRN-11_Report-final.pdf Data books and reports “Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2009 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich SZ ISSN 0080-7338 pp. 115–131.

Address: Office fédéral de météorologie et de climatologie MétéoSuisse Station Aérologique ch. de l’Aérologie CH-1530 Payerne

Contacts: Laurent Vuilleumier Tel.: +41 26 662 6306 Fax: +41 26 662 6212 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.meteoswiss.ch/web/en/climate/climate_international/gaw- ch/radiation.html

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center

Title of project: Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth

Project leader and team: Dr. Christoph Wehrli, project leader Dr. Stephan Nyeki

Project description: Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is derived from solar spectral irradiance measurements at Jungfraujoch since 1998. These measurements are made in the context of the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the WMO by PMOD/WORCC in collaboration with MeteoSwiss. Quality controlled results are fed into the World Data Center Aerosols (WDCA) for public access. This project is a continuous monitoring activity. At the end of November 2009, the main Precision Filter Radiometer was brought back to Davos for servicing and a replacement PFR was installed in January 2010. Measurements in 2009 are partly missing as the automated dome remained closed for intermittent periods.

Key words: Solar radiation, Aerosol optical depth monitoring, calibration

Internet data bases: http://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc http://ebas.nilu.no/

Collaborating partners/networks: MeteoSwiss (MCH) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), AOD network

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Conference papers Nyeki, S., C. Wehrli, and J. Gröbner, Long-term Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) Measurements from the GAW-PFR Network, International Polar Year Conference, Oslo, Norway, 8-12 June, 2010. Nyeki, S., C. Wehrli, J. Gröbner, and L. Vuilleumier, Long-term Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) measurements at the Jungfraujoch Global GAW station, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, Switzerland, June 8-10, 2010.

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Address: PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf Fax: +41 81 417 5100 URL: http://www.pmodwrc.ch

Contacts: Christoph Wehrli Tel.: +41 81 417 5137 e-mail: [email protected]

Stephan Nyeki Tel.: +41 81 417 5139 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center

Title of project: Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend assimiliation over Switzerland (LIRAS) Cloud Climatology and Surface Radiative Forcing over Switzerland (CLASS)

Project leader and team: Julian Gröbner Stefan Wacker Edgar Schmucki Niklaus Kämpfer

Project description: A long-term trend analysis of all-sky and cloud-free down-welling long-wave and short-wave radiation, screen-level temperature and specific humidity was performed for Jungfraujoch. While the all-sky long-wave and short-wave radiation have decreased by 4 and 2.5 Wm-2 within the last 15 years, screen-level temperature and specific humidity have increased by 1 °C and 0.2 gkg-1, respectively. The long-wave decrease is not consistent with the observed increase of temperature, humidity and greenhouse gas concentrations and might be explained by a change in the radiative effect of clouds. Indeed, the long-wave cloud-effect describing the effect of all cloud types on the long-wave radiation budget has decreased by 11 Wm-2. The cloud-free analysis revealed a total long-wave increase of 0.5 Wm-2 which is considerably lower compared to the 5.5 Wm-2 increase observed at Locarno-Monti, Payerne and Davos. A monthly analysis yielded negative trends in winter, whereas an upward tendency can be observed in summer except in August. The cloud-free long- wave trends are consistent with the corresponding temperature and humidity trends. By combining cloud-free long-wave models and measurements, we showed that the cloud-free long-wave trends which cannot be explained by temperature and humidity trends and rising greenhouse gas levels might be caused by a decrease of the radiative effect of cirrus clouds in some single months. However, the deduced trends in the cloud-effect need to be studied more precisely. Thus, the follow-up project Cloud Climatology and Surface Radiative Forcing over Switzerland (CLASS) has been initiated in 2010. The project aims at quantifying the effect of clouds on the surface radiation budget since 1995 by differentiating between cloud types and cloud coverage using ancillary instrumentation and datasets. A new algorithm is currently being developed to determine cloud fraction and cloud type from long-wave and short-wave measurements. This algorithm will be validated using hemispherical cloud cameras which are being installed at Locarno-Monti, Payerne, Davos and Jungfraujoch.

Key words: Radiation, Climate change

Collaborating partners/networks: Meteoswiss, Univ. Bern - Institute of Applied Physics (IAP)

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Wacker, S., LIRAS – Long-wave Infrared Radiative forcing trend Assimilation over Switzerland, PhD Thesis, Universität Bern, 2010.

Address: PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 7260 Davos Dorf

Contacts: Julian Gröbner Tel.: +41 814175157 Fax: +41 814175100 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pmodwrc.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology

Title of project: National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Project leader and team: Dr. Martin Steinbacher, Dr. Christoph Hüglin (project leader)

Project description: The National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL) is run by Empa in joint collaboration with the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU/FOEN). The NABEL network was established in 1978 with initially 8 sites emerging from activities that started already in 1968 as contributions to international observation networks as part of WMO and OECD. In-situ measurements by Empa at Jungfraujoch started in 1973. Early activities mainly focused on sulphur dioxide and particulate matter. In 1990/1991 the NABEL network was extended to 16 monitoring stations that are distributed all over Switzerland. The monitoring stations represent the most important air pollution levels from kerbside to remote free tropospheric background. The NABEL site at Jungfraujoch is a very low polluted site, representing a background station for the lower free troposphere in central Europe. The current measurement program at Jungfraujoch includes continuous in-situ analyses of ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the sum of nitrogen oxides (NOy), sulphur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The concentrations of CH4 are also measured in 24 min intervals along with nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). Molecular hydrogen (H2) is semi-continuously monitored in 30-min intervals. An extended set of halocarbons and a selection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (alkanes, aromatics) are measured with a time resolution of two hours. Daily samples are taken for determination of particulate sulphur. The concentrations of particulate matter < 10 m (PM10) are continuously observed as well as measured as 24-hour integrated samples. The NABEL activities have several objectives such as - the observation of air pollution levels and comparison with air quality standards, - the long-term measurement of air pollutants for trend determinations and the control of success of air quality reduction mechanisms, - the contribution to international programmes like the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) or the Global Atmosphere Watch Programme (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), - the provision of information to the public about present air quality, and - the role of a research platform and user lab. Highest quality standards have to be applied to meet these goals leading to very demanding requirements for standards, calibrations, traceability, instruments, as well as data handling and standard operational quality control procedures. Special attention has to be paid to time series homogeneity, in particular when looking at

37 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 atmospheric composition trends. Thus, thorough evaluations and intercomparisons have to be made especially when implementing novel measurement techniques. A new generation of instrumentation mainly based on spectroscopic techniques has become available for continuous in-situ observations of various trace gases (e.g. CO2, CH4, N2O, CO) in recent years. These instruments do have the potential to complement or replace current techniques as they often provide high precision measurements at high time resolutions. In December 2009, Empa installed a Cavity Ringdown Spectrometer (CRDS) at Jungfraujoch for the continuous observation of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in addition to the existing CH4 instrument. Up to now, a unique one-year data set of a side-by-side comparison of CH4 measurements with CRDS and the state-of-the-art Gas Chromatograph coupled with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID)) recorded at Jungfraujoch is now available. Figure 1 illustrates a 4-day time series of the CH4 mixing ratios measured with both techniques. The CRDS records data in 2sec intervals. The high resolution data and 1min and 10min aggregates are shown along with CH4 results of the discontinuously operating (single injections of 10ml sample volume every 24min) GC-FID. Both instruments report data on the WMO-2004 scale. The overall agreement is very good, no significant bias exists and the overall variability was well captured by both techniques. In terms of precision, the CRDS performs similarly well as the GC-FID at 1min resolution, but achieves superior precision when aggregating 10min averages (i.e. the smallest aggregate that is usually stored within the NABEL network). More- over, the high resolution data show a considerable atmospheric short-term variability that predominantly appears during daytime that cannot be captured by the GC due to its discontinuous operation. The observed CH4 elevations of up to 60ppb compared to the general level are usually of very short nature as the elevated data often do not significantly contribute to elevated higher aggregates. However, these data can provide useful information on the steadiness of the ambient conditions. Future analyses are envisaged to use the high-frequency data for the determination of background, i.e. free tropospheric, conditions.

Figure 1: 4-day time series of in-situ CH4 mixing ratios at Jungfraujoch in June 2010 measured with CRDS and GC-FID. High-resolution data and 1min and 10min aggergates are shown for the CRDS, results of single injections are displayed for the GC-FID.

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The excellent agreement of the two techniques can be also seen in Figure 2 that illustrates a scatterplot of hourly averages of the CRDS (i.e. averages of about 1650 readings) and the GC-FID (i.e. mean values of 2 to 3 single injections) for the whole year. When analysing the observed differences (GC-FID – CRDS), only a negligible and insignificant bias (0.3  4.9 ppb) well within the measurement uncertainties was observed.

Figure 2: Scatterplot of hourly averages of CH4 mixing ratios at Jungfraujoch, measured with a Gas Chromatograph – Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) and Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy (CRDS) for 2010. The grey and blue lines illustrate the 1:1 line and the orthogonal regression line, respectively. Number of data: 8152.

The one-year operation of a Cavity Ringdown Spectrometer for the determination of atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios at Jungfraujoch provides very satisfying results and confirmed the specifications retrieved in the laboratory of highly precise data at high time resolutions. The excellent agreement of the CH4 data gathered with both techniques will allow monitoring the CH4 mixing ratios in the future without any inhomogeneity in the overall time series. Thus, the ongoing operation of the spectrometer will enable a more robust trend determination in the future due to its advanced precision. In addition, the instrument might provide useful information on the representativeness of the air masses when making use of the high-frequency data. Nevertheless, the gas chromatograph remains in operation at Jungfraujoch for independent quality control. As gas chromatographs require very little sample volumes, such systems are still well suited for flask analysis and the analysis of reference gases.

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Key words: atmospheric chemistry, air quality, long-term monitoring

Internet data bases: http://www.empa.ch/nabel http://www.umwelt-schweiz.ch/buwal/de/fachgebiete/fg_luft/luftbelastung/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Labor für Atmosphärenchemie, Paul Scherrer Institut MeteoSchweiz Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Corazza M., Bergamaschi, P., Vermeulen, A.T., Aalto, T., Haszpra, L., Meinhardt, F., O'Doherty, S., Thompson, R., Moncrieff, J., Popa, E., Steinbacher, M., Jordan, A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Brühl, C., Krol, M., Dentener, F., Inverse modelling of European N2O emissions: assimilating observations from different networks, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 10, 26319-26359, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/26319/2010/acpd-10-26319-2010.html Gilge S., Plass-Duelmer, C., Fricke, W., Kaiser, A., Ries, L., Buchmann, B., Steinbacher, M., Ozone, Carbon monoxide and Nitrogen oxides time series at four Alpine GAW mountain stations in Central Europe, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 12295-12316, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/12295/2010/acp-10-12295-2010.html Liu, D., Flynn, M., Gysel, M., Targino, A., Crawford, I., Bower, K., Choularton, T., Juranyi, Z., Steinbacher, M., Hueglin, C., Curtius, J., Kampus, M., Petzold, A., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Single particle characterization of black carbon aerosols at a tropospheric alpine site in Switzerland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 7389-7407, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/7389/2010/acp-10-7389-2010.html Ruckstuhl A.F., Henne, S., Reimann, S., Steinbacher, M., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., Robust extraction of baseline signal of atmospheric trace species using local regression, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 3, 5589-5612, 2010. http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/3/5589/2010/amtd-3-5589-2010.html Tuzson B., Mohn, J., Emmenegger, L., Henne, S., Brunner, D., Steinbacher, M., Buchmann, B., Continuous isotopic composition measurements of tropospheric CO2 at Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl), Switzerland: real-time observation of regional pollution events, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 10, 24563-24593, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/24563/2010/acpd-10-24563-2010.html Yver, C., Pison, I., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Schmidt, M., Bousquet, P., Ramonet, M., Jordan, A., Søvde, A., Engel, A., Fisher, R., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E., Levin, I., Hammer, S., Necki, J., Bartyzel, J., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M.K., Steinbacher, M., Aalto, T., Maione, M., Arduini, I., O'Doherty, S., Grant, A., Sturges, W., Lunder, C.R., Privalov, V., Paramonova, N., A new estimation of the recent tropo-

40 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 spheric molecular hydrogen budget using atmospheric observations and variational inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 28963-29005, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/28963/2010/acpd-10-28963-2010.pdf Conference papers Balzani Lööv, J.M., S. Henne, G. Legreid, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, A.S.H. Prevot, M. Steinbacher, and M.K. Vollmer, Estimation of background concentrations of trace gases at the Swiss Alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Bergamaschi, P., M. Corazza, A. Vermeulen, A. Manning, M. Athanassiadou, P. Bousquet, R. Thompson, M. Heimann, K. Trusilova, E. Popa, L. Haszpra, J. Mocrieff, R. Neubert, E. Nisbet, T. Alto, F. Meinhardt, L. Ries, M. Steinbacher, F. Artuso, and E. Dlugokencky, Inverse modeling of European CH4 and N2O emissions, Nitrogen and the European Greenhouse Gas Balance, Solothurn, CH, 3 – 4 February 2010. Brunner, D., S. Henne, J. Klausen, and B. Buchmann, A Global Lagrangian Model to Study Trace Gas Variability and Long Range Transport, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Buchmann, B., Reactive Gases and Greenhouse Gases at the GAW site Jungfraujoch, Earth Observation Programme Board, Jungfraujoch, CH, 28 May 2010. Buchmann, B., Integrated Carbon Observation System, Status Switzerland, ICOS Stakeholder Meeting, Helsinki, FIN, 31 May – 2 June 2010. Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, M. Steinbacher, and U. Baltensperger, Impact of synoptic weather types on the planetary boundary layer influence at the Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Emmenegger, L., B. Tuzson, J. Mohn, N. Heeb, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, and B. Buchmann, Regional pollution events observed by continuous measurements of 13 18 δ C-CO2 and δ O-CO2 at Jungfraujoch using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Fiore, A., D. Jaffe, E. Fischer, J. Staehelin, S. Pandey, M. Steinbacher, and C. Zellweger, Measured and modelled PAN mixing ratios in the free troposphere, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Henne, S., C. Hüglin, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, and B. Buchmann, Robust estimation of baseline signal considering latitudinal concentration gradients, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Henne, S., D. Brunner, J. Klausen, and B. Buchmann, Inter-Annual Variability of CO and CH4 Observations Interpreted by a Global Lagrangian Transport Model, European Geophysical Union, Vienna, AUT, 3 – 7 May 2010. Henne, S., D. Brunner, J. Klausen, and B. Buchmann, Inter-Annual Variability of CO and CH4 Observations Interpreted by a Global Lagrangian Transport Model, NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Annual Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 18 – 19 May 2010.

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Hueglin, C., Recent technologies for air pollution monitoring, Workshop and Conference on Current and Future Air Quality Monitoring, Royal Society of Chemistry/AirMonTech, London, GB, 14 – 15 December 2010. Hueglin, C., Performance of laserspectroscopic technologies for determination of regulated compounds, Workshop and Conference on Current and Future Air Quality Monitoring, Royal Society of Chemistry/AirMonTech, London, GB, 14 – 15 December 2010. Kaiser, A., H. Scheifinger, M. Steinbacher, S. Gilge, L. Ries, C. Uglietti, and M. Leuenberger, Meteorological interpretation of the high Alpine carbon dioxide and ozone concentrations, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Pandey, S., J. Staehelin, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, U. Weers, C. Zellweger, E. Weingartner, and M. Collaud Coen, M., NOy speciation and relationship with PAN in the troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Pandey, S., S. Henne, J. Staehelin, U. Weers, L. Ries, M. Steinbacher, and T.Peter, PAN transport at Alpine sites from European planetary boundary layer, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA; 13 – 17 Decmber 2010. Ruckstuhl, A.F., S. Henne, S. Reimann, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, and C. Hueglin, Estimation of background concentrations of atmospheric trace gases using robust local regression, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Scheeren, B., and M. Steinbacher, Comparing in-situ greenhouse gas observations from Jungfraujoch and Ispra: on the role of advection of Po Valley air pollution, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Staehelin, J., J. Cui, S. Pandey, M. Sprenger, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, and M. Collaud Coen, Ozone and ozone precursors at Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Data analysis and long-term changes, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Steinbacher, M., D. Brunner, S. Henne, M. K. Vollmer, and S. Reimann, In-situ Methane Observations at Jungfraujoch: European Source Allocations and Emission estimates, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Steinbacher, M., B. Schwarzenbach, B. Buchmann, and C. Hueglin, Continuous in- situ Air Quality Measurements at Jungfraujoch as Part of the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL), Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Steinbacher, M., Experiences from the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, International Workshop on GAW, Jakarta, IDN, 06 – 07 October 2010. Steinbacher, M., S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer, M. Hill, and C. Hueglin, VOC Observations Within the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, 3rd WMO/GAW expert meeting on global observations of VOCs, Helsinki, FIN, 29 – 30 June 2010.

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Steinbacher M., C. Zellweger, and C. Hueglin, Continuous in-situ CH4 and CO2 Observations at Jungfraujoch using Cavity Ring Down Spectroskopy, Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, CH, 20 April 2010. Tuzson, B., J. Mohn, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, D. Brunner, and L. Emmenegger, 13 18 Long-term and in situ spectroscopic measurements of δ C and δ O of CO2 at Jungfraujoch (3580 masl) reveal regional pollution events. ISI 2010, The Fifth International Symposium on Isotopomers. Amsterdam, NED, 21 – 25 June 2010.

Theses Bond, S. W. Sources and Sinks of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere during Transition to Hydrogen-based Transportation. PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich, 2010. Data books and reports BAFU, NABEL Luftbelastung 2009. Umwelt Zustand Nr. 1016, pp. 142. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, 2010. Empa and BAFU, Technischer Bericht 2010 zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL), pp. 206, Dübendorf, 2010. Available online: http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/99311

Magazine and Newspapers articles “Nuages de cendres”, 24 heures, April 20, 2010. “Asche hat die Jungfrau erreicht”, Berner Zeitung, April 20, 2010. “Vulcano: aumentano le polveri fini”, Corriere del Ticino, April 20, 2010. “Hausse des particules fines liées au volcan en Suisse”, tsrinfo.ch, rsr.ch, April 20, 2010. “La situazione”, Le Regione Ticino, April 21, 2010. “Aschewolke laut WHO unbedenklich”, Walliser Bote, April 21, 2010. “Bisher keine gesundheitlichen Folgen des Vulkanausbruchs”, Tagesanzeiger, April 21, 2010. “Empa bestimmt erstmals Vulkanaschekonzentrationen auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Chemie.de NEWS-Center, http://www.chemie.de/news/d/116681, April 22, 2010. “Empa bestimmt erstmals Vulkanaschekonznetrationen auf dem Jungfraujoch”, analytica-world, http://www. analytica-world.com/news/d/116681, April 22, 2010. “Vulcano: le ceneri sono in Svizzera”, ticinonews.ch, April 23, 2010. “Vulkanasche ist im Schweizer Flachland gelandet”, Basler Zeitung, April 23, 2010. “Vulkanaschekonzentrationen auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Der PVB – Ihre Zeitung, May 06, 2010. “Lähmendes Halbwissen”, Nachrichten aus der Chemie, #58, July – August 2010, 2010. “Unabhängige Überwachung der Emissionen”, NZZ am Sonntag, December 06, 2010. “Unschätzbare Informationen durch langfristige Messungen”, SCNAT info, 2/2010, 2010.

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“Gebirgsobservationen liefern weitreichende Resultate aus grosser Höhe / Les observatoires de montagne fournissent des données de haut vol”, Geosciences ACTUEL, 03/2010, pp. 23 – 26, 2010.

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Martin Steinbacher Tel.: +41 44 823 4654 Fax: +41 44 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.empa.ch/nabel

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Name of research institute or organization: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Research

Title of project: Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Martin K. Vollmer, Stefan Reimann (project leader), Brigitte Buchmann, Angelina Wenger, Matthias Hill, Christoph Hüglin

Project description: Halogenated ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have been monitored at Jungfraujoch since 2000 using gas-chromatography mass spectrometric (GC-MS) measurement techniques. The measurements aim at several purposes. Most importantly, these measurements help to identify regional pollution of these substances and build the basis for a quantitative estimate of regional emissions, using atmospheric transport models to identify the origin of the polluted air masses. The measurements also aid at defining global background concentrations (air not recently polluted) in combination with other similar observations around the globe. These measurements also help to identify ‘new’ substances. Due to the restriction on the uses of ODSs within the Montreal Protocol (e.g. the chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs), new replacement chemicals are being produced by the industry. Some of these substances are greenhouse gases, particularly the ‘3rd generation’ replacement compounds, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). For this year’s report we present the Jungfraujoch results in a global perspective. For the past decade, Empa has collaborated on an international level with institutes with similar interests and activities. The Jungfraujoch measurements are embedded in the European observation network SOGE (System for Observations of Greenhouse Gases in Europe, 4 stations), AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment, 5 stations) other affiliated stations with in-situ measurements (Gosan, Korea, and Shangdianzi, China) and flask sampling programs from Antarctica. One of the key issues of such international collaboration is to provide an instrument calibration scheme that allows for the results to be reported on unified calibration scales. This allows for direct comparison of the results, a prerequisite in a study like the one described below. Jungfraujoch is the observatory where the first in-situ measurements were conducted world-wide, of a group of new compounds used by the industry. These are HFCs used in replacement of HCFCs and CFCs. The first two are the foam blowing compounds HFC-365mfc (CH3CF2CH2CF3) and HFC-245fa (CHF2CH2CF3), used as replacement for HCFC-141b which is undergoing a world-wide phase-out. They were used in the developed countries, HFC-365mfc predominantly in Europe, and HFC-245fa in North America. These two compounds were first produced in industrial quantities in the early 2000. First measurements of these compounds yielded bearily detectable signals on the GC-MS in 2003, but soon the signals increased, reflecting a growing concentration in the atmosphere.

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Many years after these initial measurements, these compounds are ubiquitously abundant in the atmosphere, they have reached the pristine atmosphere in Antarctica. They are now measured by all network partners. Figure 1 shows the monthly means of the records from the in-situ measurement sites. These results are filtered for ‘background’ air, i.e. the regional pollution events detected at the many sites were removed from this analysis (a completely different subject). The results show the rapid increases to nearly 1 ppt (parts-per-trillion, 10–12, dry air mole fraction) as well as the typical interhemispheric gradient caused by the predominantly northern hemispheric emissions.

Vollmer et al., Figure 2

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

HFC−365mfc [ ppt ] 0.1 a) 0 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 b) 0.2

0 HFC−245fa [ ppt ] 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 c)

HFC−227ea [ ppt ] 0 Zeppelin (78.9 oN) 0.1 Mace Head (53.3 oN) Jungfraujoch (46.5 oN) 0.08 o Trinidad Head (41.0 N) 0.06 Gosan (33.3 oN) 0.04 Ragged Point (13.3 oN) Cape Matatula (14.2 oS) d) 0.02 o HFC−236fa [ ppt ] Cape Grim (40.7 S) 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Figure 1: Atmospheric records of the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC- 365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa at selected monitoring stations. Background (pollution events removed) monthly means (and std as vertical bars) are given in concentration units of ppt (parts-per-trillion, 10–12, dry air mole fraction). Figure taken from Vollmer et al., (in review).

In Figure 1, the abundances of two other HFCs are also shown. This is HFC-227ea (CF3CHFCF3) used in fire extinguishers and metered dose inhalers such as asthma sprays, and HFC-236fa (CF3CH2CF3), used in fire extinguishers and in specialized cooling equipment. These two substances are not permitted for use in Switzerland due to their long atmospheric lifetimes vs OH destruction (40 yr for HFC-227ea and 240 yr for HFC-236fa).

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Vollmer et al., Figure 4

0.7 0.6 a) 0.5 0.4 0.3 Jungfraujoch in−situ 0.2 NH archived air

HFC−365mfc [ ppt ] Cape Grim in−situ 0.1 Cape Grim Air Archive 0 1.4 b) 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 HFC−245fa [ ppt ] 0 0.7 0.6 c) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

HFC−227ea [ ppt ] 0.1 0 0.08 d) 0.06

0.04

0.02 HFC−236fa [ ppt ] 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Figure 2: Atmospheric histories of the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC- 365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa in-situ measurements (Jungfraujoch and Cape Grim) and from archived air samples collected in the southern hemisphere (Cape Grim) and in the northen hemisphere (various sites). Figure taken from Vollmer et al., (in review).

To extend the history of these compounds back in time, archived air samples were also measured. Unlike in paleo-climatology, our measurement techniques and the extremely low abundances of these substance inhibit the measurements of these compounds for air enclosed as bubbles in ice cores. Instead, our archived air measurements derive from air collected in large quantities (into steel containers) at Cape Grim (Tasmania, Australia) since the 1970s. These precious air samples were also analysed for the four compounds of interests here. The results are shown in Fig. 2 along with results from measurements of other archived air samples of the northern hemisphere. The results show in an impressive manner the absence of HFC- 365mfc and HFC-245fa from the global atmosphere until the early 2000s, when their abundances started to increase rapidly. The Jungfraujoch in-situ measurements, also shown in this Fig. 2, were started shortly after these compounds’ onsets in the atmosphere. By contrast, HFC-227ea and HFC-236fa appear in the global atmosphere

47 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 about 1 decade or more earlier. This is a reflection of an earlier start of their uses. This is almost certainly caused by the fact that HFC-227ea and HFC-236fa were direct replacements of the halons used in fire extinguishing and banned in the early phases of the Montreal Protocol (1990s). By comparison, in the foam-blowing sector, the earliest compounds used (CFCs, mainly CFC-11) were replaced by intermediate foaming compounds (HCFCs, mainly HCFC-141b) and only the phase-out of the HCFCs called for HFCs in this industrial sector: HFC-365mfc and HFC-245fa production began. From the absence of all four compounds in the earlier record one can conclude that they are of purely anthropogenic origin and that nature has not produced these compounds, at least not during the past decades. The wheels of new compound production has not stopped with these four HFCs. Industry is already experimenting with new substances to meet new needs and to follow regulations on the use of these climate-active compounds. Most of these are not detectable in the atmosphere yet. As they will slowly appear in the atmosphere, and being detected at Jungfraujoch and other sites, they may provide yet another tool to investigate global emission pattern and atmospheric transport patterns.

Key words: Ozone-depleting compounds, greenhouse gases, hydrofluorocarbons, Montreal Protocol, Kyoto Protocol

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) / Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) SOGE (System for Observations of Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe) AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Vollmer, M. K., Miller, B. R., Rigby, M., Reimann, S., Mühle, J., Krummel, P. B., O’Doherty, S., Kim, J., Rhee, T. S., Weiss, R. F., Fraser, P. J., Simmonds, P. G., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Wang, R. H. J., Steele, L. P., Young, D., Lunder, C. R., Hermansen, O., Ivy, D., Arnold, T., Schmidbauer, N., Kim, K.-R., Greally, B. R., Hill, M., Leist, M., Wenger, A., Prinn, R. G., Atmospheric histories and global emissions of the anthropogenic hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc, HFC- 245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa, J. Geophys. Res., in review Yver, C., Pison, I., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Schmidt, M., Bousquet, P., Ramonet, M., Jordan, A., Søvde, A., Engel, A., Fisher, R., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E., Levin, I., Hammer, S., Necki, J., Bartyzel, J., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Steinbacher, M., Aalto, T., Maione, M., Arduini, I., O'Doherty, S., Grant, A., Sturges, W., Lunder, C. R., Privalov, V., Paramonova, N., A new estimation of the recent tropospheric molecular hydrogen budget using atmospheric observations and variational inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 28963-29005, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/28963/2010/acpd-10-28963-2010.pdf Rigby, M. Mühle, J., Miller, B. R., Prinn R. G., Krummel, P. B., Steele, L. P., Fraser, P. J., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Weiss, R. F., Greally, B. R., O’Doherty, S., Simmonds, P. G., Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Kim, K., Kim, K. R.,

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Wand, H. J., Dluogencky, E. J., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., History of atmospheric SF6 from 1973 – 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 10305 – 10320. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/10305/2010/acp-10-10305-2010.pdf Stohl, A., J. Kim, S. Li, S. O'Doherty, J. Mühle, P. K. Salameh, T. Saito, M. K. Vollmer, D. Wan, R. F. Weiss, B. Yao, Y. Yokouchi, L. X. Zhou, 2010. Hydrochlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluorocarbon emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3545 – 3560. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/3545/2010/acp-10-3545-2010.pdf Xiao, X., R. G. Prinn, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, R. F. Weiss, S. O'Doherty, B. R. Miller, P. K. Salameh, C. M. Harth, P. B. Krummel, L. W. Porter, J. Mühle, B. R. Greally, D. Cunnold, R. Wang, S. A. Montzka, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, T. M. Thompson, J. H. Butler, B. D. Hall, S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer, F. Stordal, C. Lunder, M. Maione, J. Arduini, and Y. Yokouchi, 2010. Optimal estimation of the surface fluxes of methyl chloride using a 3-D global chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 10, 5515-5533. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/5515/2010/acp-10-5515-2010.pdf

Book sections Montzka, S. A. and Reimann, S., Ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and related chemicals, Chapt. 1, in: Scientific Assessment of ozone depletion, 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report number xxx, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 2011.

Conference papers Steinbacher M., C. Zellweger, and C. Hueglin, Continuous in-situ CH4 and CO2 Observations at Jungfraujoch using Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy, Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, 20 April 2010. Keller, C. A., D. Brunner, M. K. Vollmer, S. O’Doherty, A. Manning, and S. Reimann, Halogenated Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inferred from Ambient Air Measurements and 222Rn, European Geophysical Union, Vienna, 3 – 7 May 2010. Henne, S., D. Brunner, J. Klausen, B. Buchmann, Inter-Annual Variability of CO and CH4 Observations Interpreted by a Global Lagrangian Transport Model, European Geophysical Union, Vienna, 3 – 7 May 2010. Henne, S., D. Brunner, J. Klausen, B. Buchmann, Inter-Annual Variability of CO and CH4 Observations Interpreted by a Global Lagrangian Transport Model, NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Annual Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, 18 – 19 May 2010. Reimann, S., C. A. Keller, D. Brunner, M. K. Vollmer, S. O’Doherty, A. Manning, Top-Down Validation of European Halocarbon Emission Inventories, NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Annual Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, 18 – 19 May 2010. Buchmann, B., Reactive Gases and Greenhouse Gases at the GAW site Jungfraujoch, Earth Observation Programme Board, Jungfraujoch, 28 May 2010. Buchmann, B., Integrated Carbon Observation System, Status Switzerland, ICOS Stakeholder Meeting, Helsinki, 31 May – 2 June 2010. Vollmer, M. K., et al., Atmospheric Histories and Global Emissions of the Anthropogenic Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea,

49 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 and HFC-236fa, 41st Meeting of AGAGE scientists and Cooperating Networks, Beijing 7 – 11 June 2010. Keller, C. A., D. Brunner, M. K. Vollmer, S. Henne, and S. Reimann, Allocation and Trends of Halogenated Hydrocarbon Emissions in Europe as Observed from Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010. Keller, C. A., M. K. Vollmer, D. Brunner, F. Conen, and S. Reimann, Halogenated Greenhouse Gas Emissions inferred from Ambient Air Measurements and Radon-222 at Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010. Steinbacher, M., D. Brunner, S. Henne, M. K. Vollmer, S. Reimann, In-situ Methane Observations at Jungfraujoch: European Source Allocations and Emission estimates, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010. Steinbacher, M., B. Schwarzenbach, B. Buchmann, C. Hueglin, Continuous in-situ Air Quality Measurements at Jungfraujoch as Part of the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL), Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010. D. Brunner, S. Henne, J. Klausen, and B. Buchmann, A Global Lagrangian Model to Study Trace Gas Variability and Long Range Transport, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010. M. Steinbacher, S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer, M. Hill, C. Hueglin, VOC Observations Within the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, 3rd WMO/GAW expert meeting on global observations of VOCs, Helsinki, 29 – 30 June 2010. Vollmer, M. K., Atmospheric Halogenated Trace Gases – Automated Measurements using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC – MS), Agilent Forum, Basel, 7 – 8 September 2010. Reimann, S., and M. K. Vollmer, Hydorfluoroolefines (HFOs): Measured before produced, AGAGE 42nd Meeting of AGAGE scientists and Cooperating Networks, Melbourne, 8 – 11 November 2010

Theses Bond, S. W. Sources and Sinks of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere during Transition to Hydrogen-based Transportation. PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich, 2010.

Data books and reports Reimann, S., M. K. Vollmer, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, A. Wenger, C. Keller, and B. Buchmann, Kontinuierliche Messung von halogenierten Treibhausgasen auf dem Jungfraujoch (HALCLIM-4). Empa project No 201'203, 1st Interim Report, 21 October 2010. Available at: http://www.bafu.admin.ch/luft/00649/01960/

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Uberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland

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Contacts: Martin K. Vollmer Tel.: +41 44 823 4242 Fax: +41 44 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.empa.ch/climate_gases

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich (IACETH)

Title of project: NOy at the interface of planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch (trace gas measurements at Jungfraujoch)

Project leader and team: Prof. Johannes Staehelin, Project leader Shubha Pandey, Uwe Weers

Project description: 1. Scientific background and goals of the project

NOy is the abbreviation of a family of tropospheric trace constituents containing nitrogen in oxidized form including nitrogen oxides (NOx: NO+NO2, being important primary pollutants mainly emitted by fossil fuel combustion (in the northern midlatitudes)) plus compounds formed by oxidation of nitrogen oxides in the troposphere (including Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), nitric acid (HNO3), particluate nitrates and some others). NOx are important precursors for the formation of ozone (O3), which is a key precursor of summer smog and an important greenhouse gas. PAN acts as an imporatnt reservoir species in tropospheric chemistry:

CH3CO-O2 + NO2 = CH3-CO-O2-NO2 (PAN) (1)

PAN can be formed in polluted air masses binding reactive nitrogen oxides (NO2) and organic radicals. However, the reactive species can be released again from PAN by the backward reaction of equilibrium (1). This equilibrium strongly depends on temperature (cold temperatures favour PAN); if PAN is formed in the polluted planetary boundary layer and subsequently lifted into the cold upper troposphere it can by transported over large distances, leading to intercontinental transport of NOx.

NOy is continuously measured by Empa at the Jungfraujoch observatory (3580 m asl., JFJ) since 1999; measurements at Jungfraujoch allow studying polluted air advected from the European planetary boundary layer as well as air of the lower free troposphere including air transported of the Atlantic. PAN has been measured at Jungfraujoch in 1997-1998 (Zellweger et al., 2003) and in seasonal cmapaigns in 2005 by Balzani Lööv et al. (2008). The goals of the project were: (a) continous field measurements at Jungfraujoch for PAN and additional NOy measurements planned for a limited period in order to check the continuous measurements of Empa. Our NOy instrument is very sensitive and it has been previously used in airplane campaigns and the inlet is mounted outside in order to minimize sampling errors (see Hegglin et al., 2006) allowing to check the possible effect of HNO3 deposition inside the instrument operated by Empa; (b) the scientific analysis of the project is devoted to the composition of NOy and its potenial changes making use of the additional measurements of PAN, NOx (measured by Empa) and nitrate in particulates (kindly provided by PSI).

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2. Field measurements performed at Jungfraujoch

Figure 1: Mixing ratios of PAN measurements at Jungfraujoch: Monthly mean measurements of this study (2008 (red) and 2009 – 2010 (blue)) in comparison with the earlier data of Zellweger et al. (2003) (black solid line) and seasonal campaign measurements of Balzani Lööv et al. (2008) (black crosses) and measurements from the alpine site Zugspitze (2004 -2008, black dashed lines, and grey shaded area presenting the range of Zugspitze data).

Figure 1 presents an overview of PAN mixing ratios (monthly mean values) perfomed in our project in comparison with earlier measurements and from Zugspitze (Zugspitze is a high mountain site in southern Germany). The very senstivie instrument to measure NOy, NO (and O3) was successfually operated at Jungfraujoch from October 2009 to February 2010.

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3. Analysis of field measurements The seasonal variation of PAN at Jungfraujoch and the mountain site Zugspitze (southern Germany) typically shows highest monthly mean values in spring, usually in April or May (see Fig. 1). In order to study the seasonal variation of PAN we analyzed the very high PAN concentrations measured at Jungfraujoch and Zugspitze in May 2008 (see Figure 2) in detail. High pressure conditions in spring favor high PAN concentrations in the polluted PBL since solar UV-radiation is already high and temperature is still rather cold preventing thermal PAN decomposition. Backward trajectory analysis derived from the high resolution meterological forcast model COSMO showed that high PAN concentrations measured at Jungfraujoch and Zugspitze in spring 2008 were associated with transport from the polluted Planetary Boundary Layer air advected from eastern Europe or the polluted region from the Milan area (see Figure 3). The synoptic weather system during the period of high PAN concentrations in May 2008 was characterized by a high pressure system centered over northern Germany allowing for the required condition for high PAN formation in the planetary boundary layer and subsequent transport to the mountain sites.

Figure 2: Trace gas measurements (PAN, NOx and NOy) at Jungfraujoch (red) and Zugspitze (green) in May 2008.

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Figure 3: Transport path of the trajectories combined for Jungfraujoch and Zugspitze for May 2008.

4. Conclusions and outlook

PAN is a secondary air pollutant formed in tropospheric air in a similar way as O3, namly by photooxidantion from its precursors (NOx and VOCs). PAN measurements at Jungfraujoch were extended within this project showing record high mixing ratios in spring 2008. PAN mixing ratios also contain valuable information related to intercontinental transport of photooxidants which obtained large attention in recent years in the context of HTAP since increasing emissions in east Asia might affect air quality in North America and affect hemispheric ozone background. Numerical simulations were used to describe the effects of anthropognic emissions on the hemispheric distribution of photoxidants (e.g. Fiore et al., 2009). They indictaed that intercontinental transport in the northern hemisphere is most effective in spring. However, the results of this project indicate that the very high PAN mixing ratios measured at the European alpine sites measured in May 2008 are attributable to PAN formation in the polluted European boundary layer and not caused by intercontinental transport (see Section 3). PAN measurements of the European alpine sites will be used to explore the potential of PAN measurements from mountain sites in the context of the evaluation of numerical simulations used to describe intercontinental transport (Fiore et al. (2011).

Further analyses are under way to analyse the longterm NOy series performed by Empa including the comparison with our NOy campaign measurements (see Section 2) and the NOy longterm evolution at Jungfraujoch and also in the context of changes in anthropogenic NOx emission (see EEA, 2009). The comparison of the PAN measurements of this project with the earlier measurements of Zellweger et al., (2003) performed more than a decade is also planned. In this analysis the ratio of PAN and NOx to NOy (NOy speciation) will be studied. NOy speciation contains

55 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 valauable information about the oxidation history of an air parcel, because in tropospheric oxidation the primary NOx species and PAN are gradually convereted into NOy. However, variability in trace species at Jungfraujoch such as NOy, PAN and NOx is largely depending on emission, transport and chemical oxidation of the airmass. In order to describe the origin of the airmass and its transport pathway backward trajecories determined by the trajectory method Lagranto (as used by Cui et al., 2010) will be used.

Acknowledgement: We would like to thank for the support of the colleagues of Empa Dübendorf (Dominique Brunner, Stephan Henne and Martin Steinbacher).

References Balzani Lööv, J.M., S. Henne, G. Legreid, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, A.S.H. Prévôt, M. Steinbacher, and M.K. Vollmer: Estimation of background concentrations of trace gases at the Swiss Alpine site Jungfraujoch (3 580 m asl), J. geophys. Res., 113, doi:10.1029/2007JD009751 (2008). EEA (2009) Assessment of ground-level ozone in EEA member countries, with a focus on long-term trends, European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen, Technical report No 7/2009. Fiore., A.M. et al., Multimodel estimates of intercontinental source-receptor relationships for ozone pollution, J. Geophys. Res, 114, D04301 doi:10.1029/20078D010816 (2009). Hegglin, M. I., D. Brunner, T. Peter, P. Hoor, H. Fischer, J. Staehelin, M., Kresbach, C. Schiller, U. Parchatka, and U. Weers: Measurements of NO, NOy, N2O and O3 during SPURT: implications for transport and chemistry in the lowermost stratosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 1331-1350 (2006). Zellweger, C., J. Forrer, P. Hofer, S. Nyeki, B. Schwarzenbach, E. Weingartner, A. Ammann, and U. Baltensperger: Partitioning of reactive nitrogen (NOy) and dependence on meteorological conditions in the lower free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 779-796 (2003).

Planned publications from the project Cui, J., S. Pandey Deolal, M. Sprenger, S. Henne, J. Staehelin, M. Steinbacher, and P. Nedelec: Free Tropospheric Ozone Changes Over Europe as Observed at Jungfraujoch (1990-2008): An Analysis Based on Backward Trajectories, J. Geophys. Res., in revision. Fiore, A., Jaffe, D., Fischer, E., Pandey Deolal, S, Dentener, F., and Staehelin, J., Hemispheric and regional, pollution signatures in PAN at northern mid-latitude mountain sites, in prep. Pandey Deolal, S., S. Hennne, J. Staehelin, L. Ries, U. Weers, M. Steinbacher, T.Peter, E. Weingartner Seasonal variation of PAN at Jungfraujoch and Zugspitze: Analysis of spring 2008 data, in prep.

Key words: Atmospheric trace gases, free troposphere, planetary boundary layer, tropospheric chemistry, NOy, PAN

56 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Internet data bases: http://www.iac.ethz.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: Martin Steinbacher, Stephan Henne, Christoph Zellweger, Dominik Brunner (Empa)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access J. Cui, J., Pandey Deolal, S., Sprenger, S. Henne, S., Staehelin, J., Steinbacher, M., and Nedelec, P., Free Tropospheric Ozone Changes Over Europe as Observed at Jungfraujoch (1990-2008): An Analysis Based on Backward Trajectories, J. Geophys. Res., in revision.

Address: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IACETH) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich Universitätstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Johannes Staehelin and Shubha Pandey Tel.: +41 01 633 27 48 Fax: +41 01 633 10 48 e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Climate and Environmental Division, Physics Institute, University of Bern

Title of project: High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen measurements

Project leader and team: Prof Dr. Markus Leuenberger, project leader Ingrid and Sander Van der Laan, Chiara Uglietti, Peter Nyfeler and Hanspeter Moret

Project description: During 2010 we continued the combined CO2 and O2 measurements at Jungfraujoch. 2010 was the warmest year since the instrumental recordings were commenced regarding the global average temperature. From the CO2 measurements at Jungfrau- joch we have indications that the annual growth rate for 2010 was exceptionally high which could be due to an unexpected low seasonality. In paticular the summer CO2 uptake by the plants was rather low. In addition 2010 has a very low annual NAO index that could point to a lower CO2 ocean uptake leaving a larger amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Since the end of 2004 we determine the CO2 concentration continuously. In this period the CO2 concentration increased by about 10 ppm. This corresponds to an mean annual increase of about 1.9 ppm/yr.

The evolution of CO2, O2 and APO (Atmospheric Potential Oxygen) is displayed in Figure 1 [Uglietti et al., 2011]. In contrast to the increasing CO2, O2 concentrations are decreasing corresponding mainly to the oxygen consumption through fossil fuel oxidation. Similarly APO is decreasing with time. This information can be used to derive an improved quantification of the CO2 uptake by the ocean.

Figure 1: CO2, O2 and APO evolution at Jungfraujoch

The seasonal characteristics of these three parameters can be estimated from our continuous records at Jungfraujoch and were quantified to be 8.7±0.2 ppm for CO2, 80±13 permeg for O2 and 23±15 permeg for APO as shown in Figure 2 [Uglietti et al., 2011]. This numbers are in good agreement with those derived from our flask measurements [Sturm et al., 2005; Uglietti et al., 2008; Valentino et al., 2008].

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Figure 2: Seaonalities of CO2, O2 and APO at Jungfraujoch

The residuals from the background – that is calculated in an iterative approach of 30 days running means exluding all values outside a 2 range until convergence – were calculated for CO2 and APO and displayed in Figure 3 [Uglietti et al., 2011]. The measurements are located in a rhombus whose corners mark the different seasons. The sensitivities of APO versus CO2 corresponds to 120 permeg / 8 ppm which is equivalent to 3 ppm APO / 1 ppm CO2. This is significantly above the carbon oxidation ratio of fossil fuels whose mean is around 1.4 ppm O2 / ppm CO2. Therefore, the ocean exchange with the atmosphere is mainly responible for the variations seen in Figure 3, however part of the variations may also be due to (i) deviations of the 1.1 ppm O2 /ppm CO2 relationship of the biosphere – atmosphere exchange used in the definition of APO and (ii) to fossil fuel contributions.

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Figure 3: APO versus CO2 background corrected data from Jungfraujoch displaying the different seasons. Most of the values are located within a rhobus whose corner represent the seasons.

Key words: Greenhouse gas, climate change, oxidation ratio, CO2 emissions

Internet data bases: http://ce-atmosphere.lsce.ipsl.fr/database/index_database.html http://www.climate.unibe.ch/?L1=research&L2=atm_gases

Collaborating partners/networks: CarbonEurope IP partners, IMECC partners

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Chevallier, F., P. Ciais, T.J. Conway, T. Aalto, B.E. Anderson, P. Bousquet, E.G. Brunke, L. Ciattaglia, Y. Esaki, M. Frohlich, A. Gomez, A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, L. Haszpra, P.B. Krummel, R.L. Langenfelds, M. Leuenberger, T. Machida, F. Maignan, H. Matsueda, J.A. Morgui, H. Mukai, T. Nakazawa, P. Peylin, M. Ramonet, L. Rivier, Y. Sawa, M. Schmidt, L.P. Steele, S.A. Vay, A.T. Vermeulen, S. Wofsy, and D. Worthy, CO2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year

60 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 reanalysis of atmospheric measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres, 115, 2010. ://WOS:000284219100003

Uglietti, C., M. Leuenberger, and D. Brunner, Large-scale European source and flow patterns retrieved from back-trajectory interpretations of CO2 at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, 1–45, 2011. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/813/2011/acpd-11-813-2011- discussion.html

Conference papers Leuenberger, M., and C. Uglietti, Atmospheric O2 and CO2 at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland - a comparison between online and flask measurements, in Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, edited by ACP commission of scnat, pp. 41-42, Paul Scherrer Institut, Interlaken, Switzerland, June 8-10, 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/ Ingrid and Sander van der Laan, presentation about the Jungfraujoch measurements of the Climate and Environmental Physics Division, University of Bern, Oeschger plenary meeting, Gwatt, 2010.

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Markus Leuenberger Tel.: +41 31 631 44 70 Fax: +41 31 631 87 42 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.climate.unibe.ch/

References: 13 Sturm, P., M. Leuenberger, and M. Schmidt (2005), Atmospheric O2, CO2 and  C observations from the remote sites Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, and Puy de Dome, France, Geophysical Research Letters, 32(17). Uglietti, C., M. Leuenberger, and F. L. Valentino (2008), Comparison between real time and flask measurements of atmospheric O2 and CO2 performed at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland, Science of the Total Environment, 391(2-3), 196-202. Uglietti, C., M. Leuenberger, and D. Brunner (2011), Large-scale European source and flow patterns retrieved from back-trajectory interpretations of CO2 at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11(www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/813/2011/), 813-857. Valentino, F. L., M. Leuenberger, C. Uglietti, and P. Sturm (2008), Measurements and trend analysis of O2, CO2 and delta C-13 of CO2 from the high altitude research station Junfgraujoch, Switzerland - A comparison with the observations from the remote site Puy de Dome, France, Science of the Total Environment, 391(2-3), 203-210.

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Name of research institute or organization: Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena

Title of project: Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Dr. Willi Brand, project leader, Armin Jordan (Jena) Prof. M. Leuenberger, Ingrid and Sander Van der Laan, Peter Nyfeler (all UBern), Martin and Joan Fischer, Felix and Susanne Seiler (all HFSJG)

Project description: The European project IMECC (Infrastructure for Measurements of the European Carbon Cycle) includes an activity called Transnational Access (TA). It is designed to enable high-precision measurements to be made across EU wide research institutions and, thus, to broaden and improve access to European Carbon Cycle measurement facilities. One of these facilities is the Research Station at Jungfraujoch. MPI-BGC Jena has submitted a proposal to get access to this research station which was approved in 2008. The goal behind this TA activity is to compare CO2 and O2 concentrations of air samples taken simultaneously at Jungfraujoch station via combined flask filling. The Jena MPI has supplied the research station at Jungfraujoch with an flask sampling unit of the typical MPI-BGC design. This is run in conjunction to the Groningen (project Rolf Neubert, Groningen) as well as UBern (project Markus Leuenberger, Bern) flask sampling programmes.

410

400 (ppm)

2 390 CO 380

370 Jena Bern -200 Bern no intercomparison Groningen

-400 (per meg) (per 2 /N 2

O -600 on the SIO scale on the 

-800 02/02/08 01/06/08 29/09/08 27/01/09 27/05/09

Figure 1: Measurement comparison of CO2 and O2/N2 between MPI-BGC Jena, CEP UBern and CIO Groningen.

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Figure 1 presents results from the first 1.5 years of operation. The three laboratories capture the seasonal cycle as well as the absolute values consistently, confirming that both scales are well adjusted and have not drifted significantly during the comparison period. However, a number of issues regarding inconsistencies of the measurements became apparent in both species. The inter-laboratory differences are larger for O2/N2 than for CO2, reflecting the enhanced challenge to capture the small O2/N2 variations, -6 expressed in units of 10 or per meg (~4.8 per meg correspond to one O2 ppm- equivalent, which must be quantified versus the large 21% O2 background). The sampling procedure was adjusted several times since it became clear that a precisely simultaneous flask filling was difficult to manage, owing to the different requirements of sampling volume and air pressure. The MPI-BGC Jena flask request a sampling pressure of about 1600 mbar whereas the Groningen and UBern flask are filled to about 960 mbar. Therefore, it was decided to fill the Jena flask separately from the Groningen and UBern flasks, which are filled together. However, the time of sampling remains the same for all flasks. Combined sampling is made every second week.

Key words: Flask measurements, inter-comparison, oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements, Greenhouse gas

Collaborating partners/networks: IMECC partners

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles Quesada CA, Lloyd J, Schwarz M, Patiño S, Baker TR, Czimczik C, Fyllas NM, Martinelli L, Nardoto GB, Schmerler J, Santos AJB, Hodnett MG, Herrera R, Luizão FJ, Arneth A, Lloyd G, Dezzeo N, Hilke I, Kuhlmann I, Raessler M, Brand WA, Geilmann H, Moraes Filho JO, Carvalho FP, Araujo Filho RN, Chaves JE, Cruz Junior OF, Pimentel TP and Paiva R Variations in chemical and physical properties of Amazon forest soils in relation to their genesis. Biogeosciences 2010, 7:1515-1542 W. A. Brand, Comments on “Discrepancies between isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the stable isotope analysis of plant and soil waters”, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 2010, 24: 2687-2688 Giovanna Battipaglia, Veronica de Micco, Willi A. Brand, Petra Linke, Giovanna Aronne, Matthias Saurer, and Paolo Cherubini, Variations of vessel diameter and δ13C in false rings of Arbutus unedo L. reflect different environmental conditions , New Phytologist (2010) 188: 1099–1112 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03443.x Haiping Qi, Manfred Gröning, Tyler B. Coplen, Bryan Buck, Stanley J. Mroczkowski, Willi A. Brand, Heike Geilmann, and Matthias Gehre, Novel silver tubing method for quantitative introduction of water into high temperature conversion systems for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic measurements, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 2010; 24: 1821-18277 (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123491150/abstract) Magnus Wendeberg and Willi A. Brand, “Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) of light elements (C, H, O, N, S): The principles and characteristics of the IRMS

63 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 instrument” in Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry Vol 5, ed. Diane Beauchemin and Dwight E. Matthews, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2010), pp 739-748; ISBN-13: 978-0080438047; Willi A. Brand, Sergey S. Assonov, Tyler B. Coplen, Correction for the 17O 13 interference in δ C determinations when analyzing CO2 with stable isotope mass spectrometry, (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure Appl. Chem., 2010; 82 (8), 1719– 1733, (doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-09-01-05) I. Vigano, T. Röckmann, R. Holzinger, F. Keppler, M. Greule, W.A. Brand, H. Geilmann, H. van Weelden, Water drives the deuterium content of the methane emitted from plants, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74 (2010) 3865–3873 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.030) Thomas Röckmann, Catalina X. Gómez Álvarez, Sylvia Walter, Carina van der Veen, Adam G. Wollny, Sachin Gunthe, Günther Helas, Ulrich Pöschl, Frank Keppler, Markus Greule and Willi A. Brand, Isotopic composition of H2 from wood burning: Dependency on combustion efficiency, moisture content and D of local precipitation, J. Geophys. Research 115 (2010), D17308, 1-11 (doi:10.1029/2009JD013188) Lloyd J, Patiño S, Paiva RQ, Nardoto GB, Quesada CA, Santos AJB, Baker TR, Brand WA, Hilke I, Geilmann H, Raessler M, Luizão FJ, Martinelli LA and Mercado LM, Optimisation of photosynthetic carbon gain and within-canopy gradients of associated foliar traits for Amazon forest trees. Biogeosciences 2010; 7: 1833–1859, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1833-2010

Conference papers L. Huang, A. Chivulescu, C. Allison, G. Brailsford, W. A. Brand, M. Wendeberg, A. Bollenbacher, R. Keeling, I. Levin, M. Sabasch, M. Leuenberger, H. Mukai, T. Nakazawa, S. Aoki, R. Neubert, A. Aerts-Bijma, M. Verkouteren, J. White, B. Vaughn, S. Michel, L. Zhou, L.X. Liu, A Report of δ13C & δ18O Measurements in NBS 19 and NBS 18 pure CO2: Uncertainty in Traceability of CO2 Isotope th Measurements, Proceedings of the 15 IAEA/WMO meeting of CO2 experts, Jena, Sept. 2009, WMO-GAW Report 194, ed. A. Jordan and W.A. Brand (2011) 169-175 (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw-reports.html) Magnus Wendeberg, Juergen M. Richter, Michael Rothe, and Willi A. Brand, JRAS isotope reference: A generalized VPDB scale anchor for CO2 in air?, Proceedings of th the 15 IAEA/WMO meeting of CO2 experts, Jena, Sept. 2009, WMO-GAW Report 194, ed. A. Jordan and W.A. Brand (2011) 180-185 (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw-reports.html)

Address: Max Planck Institut für Biogeochemie Hans Knöll Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany

64 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Contacts: Brand, Willi A. Tel.: +49 3641 576400/ 6427 Lab Fax: +49 3641 577400 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de

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Name of research institute or organization: Centre for Isotope Research (CIO), Groningen

Title of project: Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Dr. Rolf Neubert, project leader, Groningen Prof. M. Leuenberger, Ingrid and Sander Van der Laan, Peter Nyfeler (all UBern), Martin and Joan Fischer, Felix and Susanne Seiler (HFSJG)

Project description: Within the European project IMECC (Infrastructure for Measurements of the European Carbon Cycle) includes an activity called Transnational Access activities (TA). It is designed to broaden and improve access to European Carbon Cycle measurement facilities. One of those facilities is the Research Station at Jungfraujoch. CIO Groningen a has submitted a proposal to get access to this research station which was approved in 2009. The goal behind this TA activity is to compare combined flask takings in regard to CO2 and O2 concentrations at Jungfraujoch. Therefore, the research station at Jungfraujoch has been supplied with an flask sampling unit from CIO-Groningen which is run in conjunction to the Jena (project Willi Brand, Jena) as well as UBern (project Markus Leuenberger, Bern) flask sampling programmes.

410

400

(ppm)

2 390

CO 380

370 Jena Bern -200 Bern no intercomparison Groningen -400 (per meg) (per

/N 2

O -600  on the SIO scale

-800 02/02/08 01/06/08 29/09/08 27/01/09 27/05/09 Figure 1: Measurement comparison of CO2 and O2/N2 between CIO Groningen, CEP UBern and MPI-BGC Jena.

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As seen from Figure 1, several issues regarding inconsistencies of the measurements became apparent in both species. The differences are higher for O2/N2 than for CO2. The sampling procedure was several times adjusted since it became clear that a combined flask taking was not manageable due to the different requirements of sampling volume and air pressure. The MPI-BGC Jena flask request a sampling pressure of about 1600 mbar whereas the Groningen and UBern flask are filled to about 960 mbar. Therefore, it was decided to sample the Jena flask separately from the Groningen and UBern flask which are sampled together. However, the time of sampling remains the same for all flasks. Combined sampling is made every second week.

Key words: Flask measurements, inter-comparison, oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements, Greenhouse gas

Collaborating partners/networks: IMECC partners

Address: Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen / The Netherlands

Contacts Dr. Rolf Neubert Assistant Professor Isotope Research — Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Gron. Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands Tel.: +31 50 363 7216 Fax: +31 50 363 4738 email: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology

Title of project: Continuous measurement of stable CO2 isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland

Project leader and team: Lukas Emmenegger, project leader Bela Tuzson Brigitte Buchmann

Project description: Isotope ratios of CO2 are highly valuable to investigate CO2 sources, sinks and fate at local, regional and global scales. This is possible because the physical and biochemical processes that are involved in the carbon cycle lead to characteristic isotopic fractionation. However, such studies often require extensive and long term measurements under field conditions, which are only feasible with a recently developed direct absorption spectrometer employing quantum cascade lasers (QCL). The instrument is designed for continuous and high precision CO2 isotope ratio measurements at ambient concentration. It is compact and entirely cryogen-free, which greatly facilitates field applications that require long-term, fast and in situ monitoring. The concentration of the three main CO2 stable isotopologues (16O12C16O, 16O13C16O and 18O12C16O) is simultaneously measured, and both the 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios are obtained with a precision of < 0.05 ‰.

Figure 1: Measured (dots) and fitted spectrum (solid line) of the CO2 isotopologues (top) and the corresponding line strengths (bottom).

The QCL spectrometer delivers for the first time continuous measurements of CO2 isotopologues in the free troposphere at Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.). Detailed data analysis was performed for a three month winter period starting in February 2009. During this period, various pollution events were identified based on changes in the

68 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 relation between CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios. Each of these events 13 18 show significant changes in δ C-CO2 and δ O-CO2 which can be used to determine CO2 source signatures using the Keeling-plot intercept method. Furthermore, these signatures can also be linked to source regions using Lagrangian backward trajectories.

Figure 2: Time series of CO2 mixing ratio and its isotopic composition. For the delta values, the gray dots represent 10 min averages, while the solid line is an interpolation using a smooth spline. The shaded areas indicate distinct pollution events. Hatched areas are periods with free tropospheric background conditions.

Figure 3: Details for pollution event III. For Keeling plots, one hour means of isotope ratio values are plotted against the inverse of the CO2 mixing ratio. LPDM calculations, show the potential source regions (surface footprints) of air-masses reaching JFJ. Yellow to red colors (s kg−1 m3) identify regions from which elevated 13 CO2 potentially originated. Left: Keeling plot for  C-CO2; middle: Keeling plot for 18  O-CO2; right: LPDM.

Key words: Isotope ratio measurements, laser spectrometry, quantum cascade laser

Collaborating partners/networks: Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) IMECC - Infrastructure for Measurements of the European Carbon Cycle

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University of Bern, Climate and Environmental Physics ETHZ - Inst. for Quantum Electronics Alpes Lasers SA

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Tuzson, B., Henne, S., Brunner, D., Steinbacher, M., Mohn, J., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L. (2010). Continuous isotopic composition measurements of tropospheric CO2 at Jungfraujoch (3580ma.s.l.), Switzerland: real-time observation of regional pollution events. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10: 24563–24593, doi:10.5194/acpd-10-24563-2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/24563/2010/acpd-10-24563-2010.pdf

Conference papers Emmenegger, L., Tuzson, B., Mohn, J., Heeb, N., Brunner, D., Steinbacher, M. and Buchmann, B. (2010). Regional pollution events observed by continuous 13 18 measurements of δ C-CO2 and δ O-CO2 at Jungfraujoch using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy. ACP Symposium. Interlaken, Switzerland. Emmenegger, L., Tuzson, B., Mohn, J., Zahniser, M., Kammer, A. and Zeeman, M. J. (2010). Real-time measurement of δ13C and δ18O in CO2 by QCLAS - from the soil to the free troposphere. EGU 2010, European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Germany. Tuzson, B., Kammer, A., Zeeman, M. J., Mohn, J., Zahniser, M. and Emmenegger, L. (2010). In situ investigation of CO2 dynamics of biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange based on real-time measurement of δ13C and δ18O by QCLAS. COST- SIBAE WG3 Laser Workshop. Zürich, Switzerland. Tuzson, B., Mohn, J., Steinbacher, M., Henne, S., Brunner, D. and Emmenegger, L. 13 18 (2010). Long-term and in situ spectroscopic measurements of δ C and δ O of CO2 at Jungfraujoch (3580 masl) reveal regional pollution events. ISI 2010, The Fifth International Symposium on Isotopomers. Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Address: Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Lukas Emmenegger Tel.: +41 44 823 4699 Fax: +41 44 821 6244 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://empa.ch/abt134

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Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Title of project: The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Program at the Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Urs Baltensperger, project leader Dr. Ernest Weingartner, co-leader Dr. Nicolas Bukowiecki, Dr. Martin Gysel, Dr. Zsófia Jurányi, Günther Wehrle, Paul Zieger, Marie Laborde, Emanuel Hammer Dr. Martine Collaud Coen (MeteoSwiss, Payerne)

Project description: Airborne aerosols affect our climate primarily by influencing the atmospheric energy budget through direct and indirect effects. Direct effects refer to the scattering and absorption of radiation and their influence on the planetary albedo and the climate system. Indirect effects refer to the increase in available cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) due to an increase in anthropogenic aerosol concentration. This could lead to an increase in cloud droplet number concentration and a decrease in cloud droplet effective radius, when the cloud liquid water content (LWC) remains constant. The resulting cloud droplet spectrum could lead to reduced precipitation and increased cloud lifetime. The overall result would be an increase in cloud albedo which cools the Earth’s climate. Despite the uncertainty, it is believed that in regions with high anthropogenic aerosol concentrations, aerosol forcing may be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign compared to the combined effect of all greenhouse gases. The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program is an activity overseen by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is the goal of GAW to ensure long-term measurements in order to detect trends and to develop an understanding of these trends. With respect to aerosols, the objective of GAW is to determine the spatio- temporal distribution of aerosol properties related to climate forcing and air quality up to multi-decadal time scales. Since the atmospheric residence time of aerosol particles is relatively short, a large number of measuring stations are needed. The GAW monitoring network consists of 27 global (including the Jungfraujoch) and about 300 regional stations. While global stations are expected to measure as many of the key variables as possible, the regional stations generally carry out a smaller set of observations. The Jungfraujoch aerosol program is among the most complete ones worldwide. By the end of 2010 it has reached 16 years of continuous measurements. Table 1 shows the current GAW instrumentation that is continuously running at the Jungfraujoch. For these measurements, ambient air is sampled via a heated inlet (25°C), designed to prevent ice build-up and to evaporate cloud particles at an early stage, ensuring that the cloud condensation nuclei and/or ice nuclei are also sampled. This inlet is called the total inlet.

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Table 1: Current GAW aerosol instrumentation Instrument Measured parameter CPC (TSI 3010 or 3772) Particle number density (particle diameter Dp>10 nm) Nephelometer (TSI 3563) Scattering coefficient at three wavelengths Aethalometer (AE-31) Absorption coefficient at seven wavelengths; black carbon (BC) concentration MAAP Absorption coefficient at one wavelength; black carbon (BC) concentration Filter packs Aerosol major ionic composition (PM1 and TSP) Betameter and HiVol1) Aerosol mass, PM1 and TSP1) 1) measured by EMPA

Since 2008, additional aerosol parameters have been continuously measured at the Jungfraujoch (see Table 2). These measurements were conducted as part of the “GAW plus” and two EU Projects (EUSAAR and EUCAARI).

Table 2: Additional aerosol instrumentation operated in 2010. Instrument Measured parameter Measurement period SMPS, OPC Particle number size 10.1.2008 - ongoing distribution, dp = 20 - 22’500 nm CCNC Number concentration of 10.1.2008 - ongoing cloud condensation nuclei

The permanent GAW monitoring activities include measurements of the total concentration of particles with diameters larger than 10 nm. However, the number size distribution of aerosol particles, which plays a key role for direct and indirect aerosol climate interactions, was not yet monitored on a permanent basis. Therefore, a scanning particle mobility sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle counter (OPC) were installed at the JFJ in January 2008. These instruments have been fully operational since then and provide a complete size distribution from 20 nm to 20 m.

The cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC) exposes ambient aerosol particles to a defined water supersaturation (SS, in the range between SS = 0.07-1.18%) and measures the concentration of cloud droplets that were activated at this SS. This instrument was installed in January 2008 and has been running since then. It provides valuable information on the variation, absolute value and SS dependence of the CCN concentration (Jurányi et al. 2010).

Long-term aerosol data and trend analysis Hourly and daily averages are calculated and the data is visualized in real-time for different time periods in the internet, see http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch/onlinedata or http://gawrtl.psi.ch

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In warm months, the Jungfraujoch is influenced by injection of planetary boundary layer (PBL) air into the free troposphere during sunny afternoons due to thermal convection, while in winter it is usually in the undisturbed free troposphere. A detailed analysis of a 14-year dataset (1995-2008) of meteorological and aerosol variables as well as gaseous compounds was performed for different synoptic weather types1. Subsidence, lifting and advective weather types present three different seasonalities and lead to various PBL influences at the Jungfraujoch. The Jungfraujoch is found to be negligibly influenced by the PBL during winter for advective weather types. The largest PBL influence is found during summer for the convective anticyclonic weather type, when residual layers influence also the Jungfraujoch during the night.

A thorough statistical trend analysis was performed for the measured absorption (AE31 only) and scattering coefficients with data measured before December 20052. The summer months at the Jungfraujoch, which are strongly influenced by planetary boundary layer air masses, do not show any statistically relevant long-term trend. In contrast, a significant and distinct positive trend of 4-7% yr-1 was encountered for most aerosol parameters during the September to December period before 2006. A possible explanation for this increase involves a European-wide, large-scale increase of the injection of planetary boundary layer air masses into the lower free troposphere (FT) coupled with large scale transport, or long-range transport from even more distant sources. In this sense this positive trend in this time period is interpreted as an increase of the lower FT aerosol concentration. An important future field of activity will be a careful reanalysis of trends using the entire dataset.

On-line notification service for the presence of mineral dust at the Jungfraujoch The continuously measured wavelength dependent scattering coefficients (bs) and absorption coefficients (babs) can be used to determine the presence of mineral dust events at the Jungfraujoch with an analysis of the wavelength dependence of the aerosol single scattering albedo, defined as bs/(bs+babs) (see Collaud Coen el al. (2004)3 for details). This analysis is done on a regular basis at MeteoSwiss with quality controlled aerosol data from the Jungfraujoch. External groups expressed their interest to have a much faster notification service for the presence of mineral dust events. Therefore, a real-time notification service was established by a continuous analysis of the measured optical aerosol data. Computer generated notification emails are sent to interested users as soon as a possible mineral dust event is detected at the Jungfraujoch (a second email is sent as soon as the event stops). During 2010, 17 emails alerting a possible mineral dust event were sent out.

1 Collaud Coen, M., Weingartner, E., Furger, M., Nyeki, S., Prévôt, A.S.H., Steinbacher, M., Baltensperger, U.: Planetary boundary influence at the Jungfraujoch analyzed by aerosol cycles and synoptic weather types, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2010, submitted. 2 Collaud Coen, M.; Weingartner, E.; Nyeki, S.; Cozic, J.; Henning, S.; Verheggen, B.; Gehrig, R.; Baltensperger, U., Long-term trend analysis of aerosol variables at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, 112, D13213, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007995. 3 Collaud-Coen, M.; Weingartner, E.; Schaub, D.; Hueglin, C.; Corrigan, C.; Henning, S.; Schwikowski, M.; Baltensperger, U., Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 2004, 4, 2465-2480.

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Detection of the Eyjafjallajökull aerosol plume The eruption of the volcano Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland in April and May 2010 has strongly impaired the flight traffic in large regions of Europe. In central Europe, it caused an almost complete closure of the airspace during several days in Mid-April 2010. Since the lead time for actions to be taken in the predicted areas of concern was very short after the initial eruption, data from existing and operational monitoring networks were highly valuable considering the urgency of the situation.

In Switzerland, the volcanic ash plume was clearly detected at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. Figure 1 shows the clear presence of volcanic aerosol at the Jungfraujoch on several days in April and May 2010, indicated by a strong simultaneous increase in mass concentration (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and coarse mode ash particles.

Figure 1: Volcanic aerosol was detected at the Jungfraujoch by a strong simultaneous increase in mass concentration (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2, lower panel) and by the presence of ash particles with a diameter of 3 µm in the aerosol volume size distribution (upper panel). (PM10 and SO2 data: Courtesy of Empa/NABEL).

Figure 2 shows that the aerosol volume size distributions, measured during the time periods with maximal influence by the volcanic aerosol plume, exhibited a clear bimodality. They are characterized by an accumulation mode in the diameter range 0.1 - 0.8 µm and a coarse mode with a maximum around 3 µm. The chemical composition of the volcano related accumulation mode particles was dominated by ammonium and sulfate. Depending on the transport time, the volcanic sulfur dioxide is transformed to sulfuric acid via chemical processing, which then is neutralized to ammonium sulfate based on its time of contact with the planetary boundary layer. The coarse mode ash particles were found to have a similar composition as found in rock samples collected near the volcano, and showed both crystalline and glass-like structures4 (Figure 2).

4 Bukowiecki, N., P. Zieger, E. Weingartner, Z. Jurányi, M. Gysel, B. Neininger, B. Schneider, C. Hueglin, A.Ulrich, A. Wichser, S. Henne, D. Brunner, R. Kaegi, M. Schwikowski, L. Tobler, F.G. Wienhold, I. Engel, B.Buchmann, T. Peter, and U. Baltensperger, Ground-based and airborne in-situ measurements of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic aerosol plume in Switzerland in April and May 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2011, in preparation.

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Figure 2: Volcanic aerosol volume size distributions observed at the Jungfraujoch.

Due to previous mixing and dilution of the volcanic aero-sol within the planetary boundary layer, the Jungfraujoch did not capture the maximum plume concentration of the ash. However, the combination of the collected data at the Jungfraujoch allows establishing the relationship between the mass concentration of the volcanic ash and its extinction coefficient. With this information, Lidar data can be converted into vertical profiles for mass concentrations, assuming similar size distributions. Most Lidars in Europe were operational during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption and were able to track the altitude of the volcanic ash layer.

The CLACE 2010 field campaign From June to August 2010, researchers from three countries (Switzerland, Germany and Belgium) and seven national and international institutions met for a joint campaign (CLACE2010 –– Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment), as a follow-up of previous CLACE campaigns. The main goal was an in-depth characterization of the cloud microphysical processes at the Jungfaujoch, extending the knowledge gained during earlier CLACE campaigns. Additionally, the optical properties of the aerosol layer at and around the Jungfraujoch were examined using a variety of remote sensing equipment. The remote sensing experiments were also performed at Kleine Scheidegg for the first time. The routine GAW measurements at the Jungfraujoch were normally continued during the campaign. Figure 3 provides an overview of the activities. The following paragraphs describe the main features of the campaign along with first preliminary results. Detailed analysis is still in progress.

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CLACE 2010 (14.06.2010 - 31.07.2010)

Cloud Microphysics Optical Aerosol Properties

SMPS MAXDOAS CCNC Windprofiler Sunphotometer Cloud Microphysics GAW instruments Radiometer SP2 Fog Monitor Polarimeter Lidar (Leosphere) Wind Field Studies Sonic Anemometer Saharan Dust Event PINC SD Sampler Investigations Holographic Microscope

Jungfraujoch Kleine Scheidegg (JFJ) (KLS)

SMPS, CCNC, GAW instruments, SP2 PSI Fog Monitor, Sonic Anemometer ETH (Lohmann Group, Eugster Group) PINC, Holographic Microscope (HOLIMO) ETH (Lohmann Group) SD Sampler Uni Fribourg (Grobéty Group) Windprofiler, Radiometer, Sunphotometer MeteoCH MaxDOAS Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Polarimeter FU Berlin Lidar (Leosphere) ETH (Peter Group)

Figure 3: General overview of the CLACE 2010 experiments.

A) Cloud microphysics: During earlier studies, the cloud forming potential of aerosol particles at the Jungfraujoch was predominately derived from measurements performed under laboratory conditions at elevated temperature after having dried the aerosol. During the CLACE 2010 campaign we compared in situ measured cloud droplet number concentrations with CCN number concentrations that were derived from laboratory measurements. These measurements will allow for the determination of the effective peak supersaturation in the prevailing ambient cloud which was responsible for the activation of aerosol particles to cloud droplets. In addition, these measurements represented an important part of a quality assurance procedure because the cloud droplet sampling process is critical and might bias the results derived from the laboratory based measurements. For the direct measurement of cloud droplet distributions, a cloud probe (Fog Monitor FM100) was operated by ETH.

Figure 4: Setup of the cloud microphysics experiments performed during CLACE 2010.

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We also operated a sonic anemometer (provided by ETH) at a favorable position for the estimation of the average vertical wind speed component in the cloud. This parameter is expected to influence the cloud peak supersaturation. The sonic anemometer was coupled with the fog monitor, allowing for the determination of the local up/downdraft of the prevailing cloud droplets. An important activity of future analysis will be to analyze whether the derived supersaturation can be predicted from the above mentioned meteorological parameters using a thermodynamic cloud model. The local measurements of the air mass updraft at the Jungfraujoch can however not give any information on the air mass behavior in the time period before it arrived at the Jungfraujoch. This information is very important for the interpretation of the CCN peak supersaturation measured at the Jungfraujoch. To find out more on the regional cloud dynamics, additional measurements were performed at Kleine Scheidegg using the following instruments:

• Windprofiler: Wind speed and direction at various elevations above the ground. • Radiometer: Humidity and temperature profiles • Ceilometer: Cloud height, height of mixing layer

Figure 5 shows two examples of the diameter dependent aerosol activation to cloud droplets. These activation curves were determined by the simultaneous measurement of the total and interstitial (total aerosol minus cloud condensation nuclei) aerosol number size distribution. The upper panel shows an example of complete activation of aerosol particles above 50 nm (critical activation diameter D50 = 50 nm), as indicated by an upper activation curve plateau very close to one. In other cases (lower panel) this plateau did not reach 1, indicating incomplete activation due to ice formation or entrainment. Further investigation of this phenomenon is subject to ongoing analysis. In addition, the critical activation diameter in the second example is higher (D50 = 80-100 nm). By comparison with the results from a CCN counter measuring the number of CCN at different supersaturations (Jurányi et al. 2010 ), the peak supersaturation (SSp) which led to the activation of the aerosol in the real cloud can be retrieved. This analysis yields SSp = 0.7 - 0.95 % in the first case and SSp = 0.35 - 0.5 % in the second case. 1.2 CCN distribution Activated Aerosol Fraction Total aerosol distribution 1.0 300 Activated aerosol fraction ]

-3 0.8

0.6 200 0.4

-3 CCN number conc: 163 cm dN/dlogdp [cm dN/dlogdp 100 0.2 28.07.2010 15:35:31 - 28.07.2010 23:17:31 0.0 0 -0.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 100 Mobility diameter [nm] 1.2 CCN distribution

Total aerosol distribution 1.0 AerosolActivated Fraction 400 Activated aerosol fraction ]

-3 0.8 300 0.6

200 0.4

dN/dlogdp [cm dN/dlogdp -3 0.2 100 CCN number conc: 149 cm 29.07.2010 14:11:31 - 29.07.2010 17:23:31 0.0 0 -0.2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 100 Mobility diameter [nm] Figure 5: Two examples of aerosol activation to cloud droplets.

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Figure 6 gives a summarized view on the estimated ambient peak supersaturations (SSp) during CLACE 2010, which were deduced from a 17-month climatology of CCN number concentrations at 10 different supersaturations measured by a CCNC5. During the campaign the peak supersaturation of the cloud droplets arriving at the Jungfraujoch showed a mean value of 0.31% and a median value of 0.23%. These values are in quite good agreement with results from earlier studies6. Ongoing data analysis attempts to establish a link between the retrieved peak supersaturations and other parameters like temperature, updraft velocity and weather situation (i.e., cloud type).

Figure 6: Box plot of the ambient peak supersaturations for stable clouds periods during CLACE 2010, assuming an intermediate aerosol hygroscopicity as determined 7 in a long-term climatology at the Jungfraujoch . To establish this link, the D50 values determined from SMPS measurements during CLACE 2010 were related to D50 values for the long-term climatology. Box: First, second and third quartile; cross: Average; whiskers: 5/95% percentile.

During the CLACE 2010 campaign a single particle soot photometer (SP2) was used to investigate the activation behavior of BC containing particles in liquid clouds. The

5 Jurányi, Z., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Bukowiecki, N., Kammermann, L. and Baltensperger, U., 17-month climatology of the cloud condensation nuclei number concentration at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, submitted. 6 Henning, S., Weingartner, E., Schmid, S., Wendisch, M., Gäggeler, H. W., and Baltensberger, U.: Size-dependent aerosol activation at the high-alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580masl), Tellus 2002, 54B, 82–95. 7 Jurányi, Z., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Bukowiecki, N., Kammermann, L. and Baltensperger, U., 17-month climatology of the cloud condensation nuclei number concentration at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Journal of Geophysical Research 2010, submitted.

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SP2 measurements were alternately taken behind the total and the interstitial aerosol inlets. In the total aerosol the number fraction of BC containing particles was found to be ~20% and independent of optical particle diameter (Figure 7, left panel). The same number fraction of BC particles was found in the interstitial aerosol at optical particle diameters larger than ~350 nm, while it was significantly increased at diameters below 350 nm (Figure 7, right panel). This increased number fraction of BC particles shows that the minimum particle diameter required for cloud droplet activation is larger for BC particles than for purely scattering particles. Further analysis showed that the cloud droplet activation of BC particles increased with increasing coating thickness of other aerosol components. This clearly indicates that atmospheric aging processes, which typically increase the amount of material accumulated by BC particles, play an important role for the cloud droplet activation of BC particles and thus for their life cycle.

1.0 1.0 Number fraction of particle types: Number fraction of particle types: 0.9 purely scattering particles 0.9 purely scattering particles BC particles BC particles 0.8 0.8

0.7 total inlet 0.7 interstitial inlet

0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4 Number fraction [-] fraction Number Number fraction [-] fraction Number 0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 2x10 2x10

Optical diameter (Dopt) [nm] Optical diameter (Dopt) [nm]

Figure 7: Size dependence of the number fraction of purely scattering and BC containing particles measured by the SP2 behind the total (left panel) and interstitial (right panel) aerosol inlet during the cloud event on 16/06/2010.

B) Aerosol optical properties: The main goal of this activity was to get the closure between in-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties with different kinds of remote sensing data. The aerosol light scattering coefficient was measured in-situ in dependence of relative humidity (RH) with a humidified nephelometer (WetNeph). In combination with Aethalometer and MAAP measurements, the extinction coefficient at ambient RH could be determined at the height of the Sphinx station. This data will be compared to MAX- DOAS (Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, operated by the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy) and Lidar (ETHZ) measurements. Since the MAX-DOAS can determine profiles of the aerosol optical properties and profiles of various atmospheric gases with higher sensitivity for the lower height levels it was installed directly at the Jungfraujoch station. It can give an estimate of the height of the injection layer, which is the height of the air mass above the Jungfraujoch that is influenced by injections from the PBL.

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The Lidar instruments (a scanning backscatter Lidar provided by ETHZ and a ceilometer provided by Jenoptic) were installed at the Kleine Scheidegg (~2060m), which ensures to overcome the general overlap problem of the Lidar measurement. This setup enabled us to directly measure aerosol optical properties at the height of the JFJ. Additionally, the sun- and aureole spectrometer system (provided by FU Berlin) measured multi-spectral columnar values of aerosol optical properties like AOD or Angstrom exponent. The AOD measurements are also needed in combination with Lidar measurements to retrieve a simple estimate of the aerosol extinction coefficient during day time. The spectrometer systems were calibrated directly at the Sphinx station before and after the intensive operation period.

Key words: Atmospheric aerosol particles, aerosol climatic effects, radiative forcing, light scattering, cloud condensation nuclei, hygroscopic growth, CCN concentration, aerosol size distribution, , remote sensing of aerosol optical properties

Internet data bases: http://www.psi.ch/gaw http://www.psi.ch/lac http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch http://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/web/en/climate/climate_international/gaw- ch.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. D. Ruffieux, MeteoSwiss, Payerne Prof. U. Lohmann, Prof. J. Stähelin and Prof. T. Peter, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich Dr. W. Eugster, Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Sciences, ETH Zürich Dr. C. Hüglin and Dr. S. Reimann, EMPA, Dübendorf Prof. Dr. B. Grobéty, Universität Fribourg Prof. Dr. J. Fischer and Dr. T. Ruhtz, Freie Universität Berlin Dr. Katrijn Clemer, Dr. Michel Van Roozendael, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Dr. Julian Gröbner, Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Davos Switzerland Dr. Martin Schnaiter, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Germany Prof. H. Burtscher and Dr. M. Fierz, Institut für Aerosol- und Sensortechnik, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Windisch Prof. A. Wiedensohler, Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany Dr. P. Laj, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement CNRS - Université J. Fourier, Grenoble, St Martin d'Hères Cedex, France Dr. K. Sellegri, Laboratoire de météorologie physique, Université Blaise Pascal, 63170 Aubiere, France Dr. A. Petzold, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Prof. J. Curtius, Institut für Atmosphäre und Umwelt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany Prof. H. Coe and Prof. T. Choularton, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (SEAES), University of Manchester, Manchester, England

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Dr. J. Schneider and Prof. S. Borrmann, University of Mainz, Particle Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany Dr. U. Pöschl, Biogeochemistry Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany Prof. S. Weinbruch, Universität Darmstadt, Institut für Mineralogie, Darmstadt, Germany Prof. M. Kulmala, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Baltensperger, U., Aerosols in clearer focus, Science 329, 1474-1475, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1192930

Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Venzac, H., Picard, D., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Collaud Coen, M., Bütikofer, R., Flückiger, E., Baltensperger, U., and Laj, P.: New particle formation and ultrafine charged aerosol climatology at a high altitude site in the Alps (Jungfraujoch, 3580 m a.s.l., Switzerland), Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 9333-9349, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9333-2010

Chou, C., Stetzer, O., Weingartner, E., Juranyi, Z., Kanji, Z., and Lohmann, U.: Ice nuclei properties within a Saharan dust event at the Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10, 23705-23738, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-23705-2010

Collaud Coen, M. C., Weingartner, E., Apituley, A., Ceburnis, D., Fierz- Schmidhauser, R., Flentje, H., Henzing, J. S., Jennings, S. G., Moerman, M., Petzold, A., Schmid, O., and Baltensperger, U.: Minimizing light absorption measurement artifacts of the Aethalometer: evaluation of five correction algorithms, Atmos. Meas. Tech. 3, 457-474, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-457-2010

Duplissy, J., P. F. DeCarlo, J. Dommen, M. R. Alfarra, A. Metzger, I. Barmpadimos, A. S. H. Prevot, E. Weingartner, T. Tritscher, M. Gysel, A. C. Aiken, J. L. Jimenez, M. R. Canagaratna, D. R. Worsnop, D. R. Collins, J. Tomlinson, and U. Baltensperger (2010), Relating hygroscopicity and composition of organic aerosol particulate matter, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10, 19309-19341, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-19309-2010

Ebert, M., A. Worringen, N. Benker, S. Mertes, E. Weingartner, and S. Weinbruch, Chemical composition and mixing-state of ice residuals sampled within mixed phase clouds, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10, 23865-23894, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-23865-2010

Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Zieger, P., Gysel, M., Kammermann, L., DeCarlo, P. F., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Measured and predicted aerosol light scattering enhancement factors at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 2319-2333, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2319-2010

Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Zieger, P., Wehre, G., Jefferson1, A., Ogren2, J. A., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Measurement of relative humidity dependent light scattering of aerosols, Atmos. Meas. Tech. 3, 39-50, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-39-2010

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Jurányi, Z., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., DeCarlo, P. F., Kammermann, L., and Baltensperger, U.: Measured and modelled cloud condensation nuclei concentration at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 7891-7906, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7891-2010

Kammermann, L., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., and Baltensperger, U.: 13-month climatology of the aerosol hygroscopicity at the free tropospheric site Jungfraujoch (3580 m a.s.l.), Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 10717-10732, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10717-2010

Liu, D., Flynn, M., Gysel, M., Targino, A., Crawford, I., Bower, K., Choularton, T., Jurányi, Z., Steinbacher, M., Hüglin, C., Curtius, J., Kampus, M., Petzold, A., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., and Coe, H.: Single particle characterization of black carbon aerosols at a tropospheric alpine site in Switzerland. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 7389-7407, 2010 http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7389-2010

Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Asmi, E., Gagné, S., Häkkinen, S., Lehtipalo, K., Aalto, P., Vana, M., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Hõrrak, U., Plass-Dülmer, C., Stange, G., Kiss, G., Hoffer, A., Töro, N., Moerman, M., Henzing, B., de Leeuw, G., Brinkenberg, M., Kouvarakis, G. N., Bougiatioti, A., Mihalopoulos, N., O'Dowd, C., Ceburnis, D., Arneth, A., Svenningsson, B., Swietlicki, E., Tarozzi, L., Decesari, S., Facchini, M. C., Birmili, W., Sonntag, A., Wiedensohler, A., Boulon, J., Sellegri, K., Laj, P., Gysel, M., Bukowiecki, N., Weingartner, E., Wehrle, G., Laaksonen, A., Hamed, A., Joutsensaari, J., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., and Kulmala, M.: EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites – analysis of new particle formation events, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 7907-7927, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010

Spracklen, D. V., K. S. Carslaw, J. Merikanto, G. W. Mann, C. L. Reddington, S. Pickering, J. A. Ogren, E. Andrews, U. Baltensperger, E. Weingartner, M. Boy, M. Kulmala, L. Laakso, H. Lihavainen, N. Kivekas, M. Komppula, N. Mihalopoulos, G. Kouvarakis, S. G. Jennings, C. O'Dowd, W. Birmili, A. Wiedensohler, R. Weller, J. Gras, P. Laj, K. Sellegri, B. Bonn, R. Krejci, A. Laaksonen, A. Hamed, A. Minikin, R. M. Harrison, R. Talbot, and J. Sun (2010), Explaining global surface aerosol number concentrations in terms of primary emissions and particle formation, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 4775-4793, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4775-2010

Conference papers Baltensperger, U.: Mountain sites as an important infrastructure for the impact assessment of volcanic ash, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

Baltensperger, U.: Influence of physico-chemical properties on aerosol-cloud interaction: results from the high elevation site Jungfraujoch and the PSI smog chamber, Telluride Workshop, Telluride, USA, August 2-6, 2010. http://www.telluridescience.org/

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Baltensperger, U.: Physical and chemical properties of the volcanic ash aerosol from the Eyjafjoll volcano eruption. International Aerosol Conference, Helsinki, Finland, August 29 – September 3, 2010. http://www.iac2010.fi/

Baltensperger, U.: In-situ measurements of physical and chemical properties of the volcanic ash aerosol from the Eyjafjoll volcano eruption, European Geosciences Union, General Assembly 2010, Vienna, Austria, May 2-7, 2010. http://meetings.copernicus.org/egu2010/

Baltensperger, U.: Physical and chemical properties of the volcanic ash aerosol from the Eyjafjoll volcano eruption. American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, USA, December 13-17, 2010. http://www.agu.org/meetings/fm10/

Baltensperger, U.: Determination of physical and chemical properties of volcanic ash aerosol in the context of the FP6 projects EUSAAR, EARLINET and EUCAARI, AERONET II Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, June 30 – July 1, 2010. http://www.aero-net.info/

Bukowiecki, N.; Gysel, M.; Collaud Coen, M.; Jurányi, Z.; Zieger, P.; Wehrle, G.; Baltensperger, U.; Weingartner, U.: Long-term particle number size distribution measurements at Jungfraujoch, International Aerosol Conference, Helsinki, Finland, August 29 – September 3, 2010, Abstract P2H2. http://www.iac2010.fi/

Bukowiecki, N.; Gysel, M.; Collaud Coen, M.; Jurányi, Z.; Zieger, P.; Wehrle, G.; Baltensperger, U.; Weingartner, U.: A comprehensive analysis of long-term particle number size distribution measurements at Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki, M. Steinbacher and U. Baltensperger: Impact of synoptic weather types on the planetary boundary layer influence at the Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, S. Nyeki and U. Baltensperger: A 14 year long- term trend analysis of aerosol parameters at the Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Zieger, P., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Vaishya, A., O'Dowd, C. D., Jennings, S. G., Tuch, T., Wiedensohler, A., Ström, J., Henzing, B., Moerman, M., and Leeuw, G. d.: Relative humidity dependent light scattering of aerosols at various sites , International Aerosol Conference, Helsinki, Finland, August 29 – September 3, 2010, Abstract 7E3. http://www.iac2010.fi/

Jurányi, Z., Gysel., M., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U.: Long-term cloud condensation nucleus concentration measurement at Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

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Kammermann, L.; Gysel, M.; Weingartner, E.; Baltensperger, U., Hygroscopicity of the central European free tropospheric aerosol: A 13-month study at the high alpine site Jungfraujoch, International Aerosol Conference, Helsinki, Finland, August 29 – September 3, 2010, Abstract P2H3. http://www.iac2010.fi/

Weingartner., E.: Influence of aerosol particles on cloud microphysical properties, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

Theses Fierz, R.: Enhancement of the light scattering coefficient of atmospheric aerosol particles by water uptake, Dissertation ETH Zürich, Diss. ETH No. 18784, 2010.

Kammermann, L., Aerosol hygroscopicity and CCN properties at remote sites, Dissertation ETH Zürich, Diss. ETH No. 18910, 2010.

Jurányi, Z.: Characterisation of the cloud condensation nuclei properties of complex aerosols: from the smogchamber to the free troposphere, Dissertation ETH Zürich, Diss. ETH No. 19238, 2010.

Magazine and Newspapers articles „Die Massenkonzentration der isländischen Vulkanasche im europäischen Luftraum“, PSI-Medienmitteilung, April 19, 2010. http://www.psi.ch/media/die-massenkonzentration-der-islaendischen-vulkanasche-im- europaeschen-luftraum

“Volcanic Ash Data Sought”, Chemical & Engineering News, April 19, 2010. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/88/i17/8817news1.html

„Wieder Starts und Landungen in der Schweiz“, swissinfo.ch, April, 20, 2010. http://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/gesellschaft/Wieder_Starts_und_Landungen_in_der_Sch weiz.html?cid=8709488

„Von der «Störfallberechnung» zur Prognose“, myscience.ch, April 21, 2010. http://www.myscience.ch/wire/von_der_laquo_stoerfallberechnung_raquo_zur_progn ose-2010-empa

“Vulkan befleckt die Jungfrau”, Thuner Tagblatt, April 22, 2010. http://tt.bernerzeitung.ch/region/thun/Vulkan-befleckt-die-Jungfrau/story/30928133

“EGU: Safety concerns raised over ash threshold for plane flights”; Environmental Research Web, May 5, 2010. http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/42542

“Volcanology: Out of the ashes”, Nature 465, 544-545, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/465544a

“Lähmendes Halbwissen”, Nachrichten aus der Chemie 58 Juli/August 2010 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nadc.201074943

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Address: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Contacts: Ernest Weingartner Urs Baltensperger Tel: +41 56 310 2405 Tel: +41 56 310 2408 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 Fax: +41 56 310 4525 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin

Title of project: Calibration of Sun and aureole spectrometer systems within the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE)

Project leader and team: Dr. Thomas Ruhtz, project leader Dipl. Phys. Jonas von Bismarck, Marco Starace

Project description: For aerosol and trace gas remote sensing, a number of multispectral sky and Sun photometers have been developed at our Institute. Some of the latest operational developments are the multispectral Sun and aureole photometers FUBISS-ASA1 and -ASA2. The combined Sun and aureole photometer FUBISS-ASA2 provides 256 spectral channels between 300nm and 1100nm, and in addition 512 pixels in the NIR between 950nm and 1700nm. The information content of the multidirectional and hyperspectral radiation measurements, regarding aerosol properties, exceeds the basic products derived from Sun photometer measurements, being the aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent. The radiation measured in the solar aureole contains information about the aerosol phase function and therefore allows conclusions about the particle type by a comparison to values computed for model aerosols with a Miecode for spherical particles. Within the framework of the CLACE 2010 campaign (Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment, organized by the Paul Scherrer Institut) in June and July 2010, featuring a variety of in-situ and remote sensing instruments on the Sphinx Station and at Kleine Scheidegg, our two hyperspectral Sun and aureole photometers FUBISS-ASA1 and FUBISS-ASA2 were mounted at Kleine Scheidegg (~1500 m below JFJ withdirect view to the Sphinx observatory). One scientific task was the determination of the aerosol extinction, derived from the difference of atmospheric transmissivity measurements at Kleine Scheidegg (by FUB) and at the Sphinx station (by MeteoSwiss). For the calibration of the Sun photometers under stable atmospheric conditions, and for a necessary intercomparison with the MeteoSwiss Instruments, our Sun photometers where mounted on the terrace of the Sphinx observatory, for a few days at the beginning (between the 20th and the 24th of June) and the end (18th to 21st of July) of the campaign. To derive the atmospheric transmittance from the sensor voltages V recorded by the Sun photometers, the instruments have to be calibrated with respect to the exoatmospheric signal voltage V0. The instrument specific value of V0 can be extrapolated from measurements under varying atmospheric path lengths of the direct solar beam (the so called relative airmass m), with the Langley-Plot method. Furthermore, the calibration coefficients can also be deduced from parallel measurements with a calibrated instrument (in this case the MeteoSwiss Sun photometers). Both methods could be successfully applied under very stable clear sky conditions while the instruments were mounted on the Sphinx terrace.

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The Sun photometers FUBISS-ASA2 (left) and FUBISS-ASA1 (right) during a Langley calibration measurement FUBISS-ASA2 Langley calibration plot for 500 nm

The Sun photometers FUBISS-ASA1 and FUBISS-ASA2 (bottom left) next to the Atmospheric transmittance derived from measure domed Sun phtotometer operated by ments of FUBISS-ASA1 and the MeteoSwiss Sun MeteoSwiss photometer

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Key words: Aerosol, radiometer, Solar aureole, Sun photometer, remote sensing, atmosphere

Collaborating partners/networks: Paul Scherrer Institut: Paul Zieger, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich: Frank Wienhold, MeteoSwiss: Laurent Vuilleumier, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy: Katrin Clemer

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Theses Extension of a ground and airplane-based Sun photometer into the Near Infrared spectrum (in progress), Marco Starace, Institute for Space Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin

Address: Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10 12165 Berlin

Contacts: Thomas Ruhtz Tel.: +49-(0)30 838 56 662 Fax: +49-(0)30 838 56 664 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/geoiss/en/home.html

Jonas von Bismarck Tel.: +49 (0)30 838 56 656 Fax: +49-(0)30 838 56 664 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/geoiss/en/home.html

Marco Starace Tel.: +49 (0)30 838 56 658 Fax: +49-(0)30 838 56 664 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/geoiss/en/home.html

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich

Title of project: Field measurements of atmospheric ice nuclei and properties of mixed phase clouds

Project leader and team: Dr. Olaf Stetzer, Dr. Berko Sierau, and Prof. Ulrike Lohmann, project leaders Cédric Chou, Jan Henneberger

Project description: The cloud physics group at ETH Zurich has developed various instruments to measure ice nucleation and the properties of ice nuclei, ambient aerosols, and ice crystals. The Portable Ice Nucleus Counter (PINC) and the holographic microscope for cloud droplets and ice crystals HOLIMO have been deployed to the Jungfraujoch during the CLACE campaing in summer 2010. These data from PINC will only be analyzed in the first half of 2011 but we have successfully submitted our data from 2009 with detailed correlation analysis as a paper to ACP recently (see publications). The measurements with HOLIMO were mainly done to test the instrument and discover limitations and shortcomings of the instrument that need to be addressed in the ongoing enhancements of the instrument. These include enhancements in the resolution of the instrument as well as mechanical improvements to make HOLIMO more robust and sturdy to withstand the rough conditions on the Jungfraujoch. An improved version of HOLIMO is planned to be deployed to the Jungfraujoch in fall 2011.

HOLIMO during CLACE 2010 on the Jungfraujoch. The bent tube with the vane is the inlet that moves to the direction of the wind automatically

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Key words: ice nuclei, heterogeneous nucleation, aerosol particles, clouds, ice crystals, mixed phase clouds

Collaborating partners/networks: Ernest Weingartner, Martin Gysel, Nicolas Bukowiecki, PSI

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access C. Chou, O. Stetzer, E. Weingartner, Z. Jurányi, Z. A. Kanji, and U. Lohmann: “Ice nuclei properties within a Saharan Dust Event at the Jungfraujoch”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion, 10, 23705-23738, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/23705/2010/acpd-10-23705-2010.html

Conference papers Cedric Chou, O. Stetzer, E. Weingartner, Z. Jurányi, Z. A. Kanji, and U. Lohmann: ”Measurements of IN properties at the Jungfraujoch using the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber (PINC)”, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2010, 2 – 7 May 2010 Vienna, Austria

Address: Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16, CHN O16.3 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Olaf Stetzer Tel.: +41 44 633 6161 Fax: +41 44 633 1058 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iac.ethz.ch/

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg

Title of project: Single particle analysis of aerosols from Saharan dust events

Project leader and team: Prof. Bernard Grobéty, project leader Mario Federico Meier, PhD student Christoph Neururer, technician

Project description: Saharan mineral dust has an influence on the Single Scattering Albedo (SSA). During Saharan Dust Events (SDE) an inversion of the wavelength dependence of the SSA is observed (Collaud Coen et al., 2004). Such a behavior of the SSA can be modelled assuming a change in the particle size distribution (PSD) and/or the presence of a strong absorber like hematite (Sokolik and Toon, 1999). Additionally an enhanced ice nuclei number concentration could be detected during SDE’s (Bingemer et al., 2009). So far no detailed particle by particle analysis of Saharan dust inducing an inversion of the wavelength dependence of the SSA have been made to corroborate the causes for the inversion put forward. Such sampling campaigns were made in 2008 and 2009. The year 2010 was mainly used for improving the sampling procedure. Whereas the sampler was switched on manually during the campaigns 2008 and 2009, the device tested in 2010 is able to sample automatically Saharan dust on seven separate filters. The pump of this sampler is triggered by a signal from the computer of the global atmosphere network and turns on when an inversion of the wavelength dependence of the SSA is detected. The system was tested successfully during CLACE 2010 and it was able to sample a SDE, which occurred July 9 and 10 2010. The obtained filter samples were analyzed with automated scanning electron microscopy. In cooperation with the Institute for Atmosphere and Climate, ETHZ, it was also possible to take samples from the same event with an electrostatic sampler. With this device particles precipitate directly on Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) grids. Therefore particles can be analyzed with TEM without further preparation. The new tested sampler allows a more systematic characterization of SDE’s in future.

First analysis of the filter samples and the particles on the TEM grid confirm the model of Sokolik and Toon, 1999, and the results from samples obtained in 2008 and 2009. A clear increase of coarse (> 0.5m) particles during SDE's can be observed. Most of the mineral particles during a SDE are clay minerals, which contain attached or included hematite (Fe2O3) and rutile (TiO2) particles with diameters between 40 - 200nm. No free hematite particles were found. The presence of very small rutile particles has not been reported so far. They will not affect the SSA in the visible range, but may affect optical properties of the atmosphere in the near UV range. Rutile is a strong absorber in the near UV.

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References: Bingemer, H., H. Klein, S. Schallenberg, The concentration of atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) at Jungfraujoch during events of Saharan dust transport, Activity report 2009 of International Foundation HFSJG, http://www.ifjungo.ch/reports/2009/, 2009.

Collaud Coen, M., E. Weingartner, D. Schaub, C. Hüglin, C. Corrigan, S. Henning, M. Schwikowski and U. Baltensperger, Saharan dust events at the Jungfraujoch: detection by wavelength dependence of the single scattering albedo and first climatology analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 2465-2480, 2004.

Sokolik I.N. and O.B. Toon, Incorporation of mineralogical composition into models of the radiative properties of mineral aerosol from UV to IR wavelengths. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 9423-9444, 1999.

Key words: Saharan dust, Mineral dust, Aerosol composition, Aerosol morphology, SEM, TEM

Collaborating partners/networks: Martine Collaud Coen (MeteoSwiss) Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Trinational Network: Airborne particles and their health effects Institut für Atmosphäre und Klima, ETHZ

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Conference papers Meier, M.F., M. Collaud Coen, G. Wehrle and B. Grobéty, Single Particle Analysis of Saharan Dust Sampled on Jungfraujoch, 20th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, June 13-18 2010, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, Issue 11, Supplement 1, A695, 2010.

Address: Departement für Geowissenschaften Universität Fribourg Chemin du Musée 6 CH-1700 Fribourg

Contacts: Mario Meier Tel.: +41 26 300 8933 Fax: +41 26 300 9742 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.unifr.ch/geology

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Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Gesundheit; Sektion Umweltschutz, Bern

Title of project: Aerosols radioactivity monitoring (RADAIR) and DIGITEL

Project leader and team: Beuret Pierre, project leader Dr. Sybille Estier, Matthias Müller

Project description: Aerosol Monitoring Station at the Jungfraujoch: An automatic aerosol radioactivity monitor FHT59S is operated at Jungfraujoch research station by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. It has the following particular features: - Quick detection of any increase of radioactivity in air at the altitude of 3400 m above sea level, - A detection limit for artificial beta radioactivity as low as 0.1 Bq/m3. Such a high sensitivity is made possible due to the very low Radon daughter concentration at this altitude.

Comments on the measurement performed in 2010: Graph 1, part a) shows the natural alpha radioactivity, the temperature of the external air and the speed of the wind during the period January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010. The correlation between the natural alpha radioactivity and the temperature of the external air and the speed of the wind are depicted on graph 1, parts b) and c) respectively. These figures show that: - Alpha radioactivity - Radon daughter products - is transported mainly up to the Jungfraujoch by air masses from the lowlands; - The highest values are usually observed from April to August due to greater thermal air movement in summer than in winter (see Graph 1a and b); - When the main winds blow strongly, the natural radioactivity decrease due to the dilution in the air (see Graph 1a and c); - Graph 1d shows that the geographical distribution of the natural α concentration is strongly correlated with the two directions of the main winds.

93 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 a)

b) c)

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d) Geographical distribution of the natural α concentration

Graph 1

Graph 2 shows the net beta radioactivity in aerosol for 2010 (and 2009). Note that the net beta radioactivity concentrations cannot be measured directly and are calculated automatically by the monitor by applying an /-compensation technique (see below for more details). - No artificial beta concentration above the detection limit was observed; - As shown in the histogram below, some 95 percent of the beta concentrations recorded in 2010 were below 0.08 Bq/m3. - The histogram recorded for 2010 is rather symmetric; this shows that the automatic compensation technique was good. Note that even if the histogram recorded for 2009 is slightly less symmetric (for weak natural activities, the calculated beta radioactivity was slightly overcompensated) than the one recorded for 2010, the compensation technique can however be generally considered as adequate. - When the alpha concentration decreases quickly, the compensation technique can’t follow. Some values are therefore greater than 0.1 Bq/m3.

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Graph 2

For normal situations, i.e. with no artificial radioactivity in the air, the net Beta radioactivity at the Jungfraujoch, calculated using the Alpha-Beta compensation technique, is less than 0.1 Bq/m3. At the top of Europe, a radiation incident causing an increase of the artificial beta radioactivity in the atmosphere of as low as 0.1 Bq/m3 could therefore be detected. Automatic /-compensation: this technique applied by our aerosol monitoring stations is based on the simultaneously measurements of gross Alpha (AG) and gross Beta (BG) radioactivity of the aerosols collected on a filter. The net (artificial) Beta radioactivity (BN) is then calculated by the following formula: BN = BG – f × AG. The constant factor α/β (f) can be adapted either by the software program or by the operator. Note that since 2009, the post compensation was not applied any more; but the factor α/β (f) is periodically adjusted for each monitor.

Comments on technical aspects: With the new computer and the high speed line (ADSL) for faster data transmission, no major breakdown of the aerosol monitor was registered in 2010. In order to avoid any power cut, the monitor was equipped with an Uninterruptible Power Supply.

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DIGITEL - aerosol sampler The Digitel DHA-80 High Volume Sampler is an automatic air sampler with a typical air flow rate of 0.6 m3/min. Aerosols are collected on glass fibre filters of 150 mm in diameter. The pump maintains a constant flow rate independent of dust load on the filter. Filter change intervals are programmed in advance and the sampler is controlled remotely by an internet connection.

The filters are automatically changed once a week and are measured at the end of the month in the laboratory (URA-FOPH, Bern) using a high purity coaxial germanium gamma-ray detector for 1-2 days.

Digitel-filters after the weekly exposures at Junfraujoch

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The graph below shows the activity of 7Be and 210Pb at Jungfraujoch ("JJ"; 3450 m AMSL) and Mühleberg (480 m AMSL).

Comparison Be-7 and Pb-210

100'000 100000

10'000 10000 ] 3 1'000 Bq/m μ 1000

100 Activity [ Precipitation [mm]

100 10

1 10 Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Date 2010

Be-7 (JJ) Be-7 (Mühleberg) Pb-210 (JJ) Pb-210 (Mühleberg) precipitation (JJ) precipitation (Mühleberg)

The atmospheric concentrations of the cosmogenic radionuclide 7Be are higher at Jungfraujoch, as, due to the half-live of 53 days and considering a mean residence times of 10-30 days in the troposphere, part of the nuclides decay before arriving at lower altitudes. The other radioisotope shown in the above figure is 210Pb a long-lived daughter of 222Rn which emanates into the atmosphere from terrestrial sources. During summer convection brings 210Pb to appreciable altitudes and the concentrations at Jungfraujoch are higher than at Mühleberg. In winter the prevalent occurrences of inversion situations often hinders the vertical mixing of radon-222 and its descendants. Consequently the 210Pb concentrations are typically higher at Mühleberg than at Jungfraujoch over this period. In 2010 the Digitel aerosol sampler had known two breakdowns, namely in March when the changer got jammed and in November due to a pump failure.

Key words: RADAIR, Digitel, Radon, radioactivity, aerosols, radioisotope,

Internet data bases: http://www.radair.ch http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlung/00043/00065/02239/index.html?lang=de

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Address: Bundesamt für Gesundheit Sektion Umweltradioaktivität Schwarzenburgstrasse 165 CH-3003 Bern

Contacts: Dr. Sybille Estier Tel.: +41 31 325 19 10 Fax: +41 31 322 83 83 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: Neutron monitors - Study of solar and galactic cosmic rays

Project leader and team: Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader Dr. Rolf Bütikofer

Project description: The Physikalisches Institut at the University of Bern, Switzerland, operates two standardized neutron monitors (NM) at Jungfraujoch: an 18-IGY NM (since 1958) and a 3-NM64 NM (since 1986). NMs provide key information about the interactions of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) with the plasma and the magnetic fields in the heliosphere and about the production of energetic CRs at the Sun, as well as about geomagnetic, atmospheric, and environmental effects. They ideally complement space observations. The NMs at Jungfraujoch are part of a worldwide network of standardized CR detectors. By using the Earth's magnetic field as a giant spectrometer, this network determines the energy dependence of primary CR intensity variations in the GeV range. Furthermore, the high altitude of Jungfraujoch provides good response to solar protons  3.6 GeV and to solar neutrons with energies as low as ~250 MeV. In 2010, operation of the two NMs at Jungfraujoch was pursued without major problems. No significant technical modifications were necessary. The recordings of the NM measurements are published in near-real time on the database of NMDB (Neutron Monitor Database) and can be obtained from the webpage www.nmdb.eu. Figure 1 shows the daily pressure corrected relative counting rate of the IGY NM at Jungfraujoch for 2010. The average counting rate of the IGY NM decreased in the first three months in 2010 by about 1% per month and from April to December 2010 by about 0.1% per month. Figure 2 shows the measurements of the IGY NM at Jungfraujoch in the lower panel and the sunspot number for the years 2005-2010 in the upper panel. In the middle of 2009 the sunspot number started to rise significantly, which indicates increasing solar activity and thereby increasingly disturbed conditions in the interplanetary magnetic field. As a consequence, the flux of the GCRs in the inner heliosphere declines and the counting rates of the NMs are decreasing as can be seen in Figures 1 and 2. Cosmic ray shower particles are the main source of ionization in the lower and middle atmosphere. Based on this fact, Ney (1959) pointed out that if the climate on Earth is sensitive to the amount of tropospheric and/or stratospheric ionization, then the climate should be sensitive to the CR flux. Ney's ideas were revived by Dickinson (1975), who discussed the ion-induced formation of sulphate aerosols by GCRs and a possible influence on the variation of cloudiness caused by the modulation of the GCR flux. Svensmark and Friis-Christensen (1997) reported a correlation between the CR intensity and the global cloud coverage during the 11-year solar cycle from an analysis of satellite and NM data for the time period 1980–1995. The idea that CR changes could influence the climate caused a controversial discussion in the past about a possible correlation between the ionization in the atmosphere caused by CRs

100 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 and climate on Earth. In the last decennium many papers pro and contra this hypothesis have been published, see e.g. Scherer et al. (2006) and references therein. In this context, an increasing need for detailed information on the CR induced ionization in the Earth’s atmosphere with high resolution in space and in time is apparent. Therefore an application was developed (essentially by the University of Bern) that computes the ionization rate at an altitude of about 3 km above sea level in near real-time based on the NM data from NMDB within the framework of the European Seventh Framework (FP7) project NMDB. The ionization rate in the region of Jungfraujoch (46.5°N, 8°E) at 700 g/cm2 (about 3.2 km asl) is plotted for the year 2010 in Fig. 3. Similar to the count rate of the IGY NM at Jungfraujoch the ionization rate shows as expected a decrease (~0.7% per month) in the first three months at the beginning of 2010 and stays about constant during the rest of the year. The computations of the ionization rate are made automatically and the measurements of the NMs are transferred to the database without preceding quality checks. We therefore skipped the values with very large discrepancies in Fig. 3. Based on the predicted increase in solar activity for the next few years and on the disturbances in interplanetary space that will result from this solar activity, the variations in the ionization rate are also expected to increase.

Figure 1: Relative pressure corrected daily counting rate of the IGY neutron monitor at Jungfraujoch for 2010.

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Figure 2: Smoothed monthly sunspot numbers (January 2005-June 2010) and monthly sunspot numbers (July 2010-December 2010) (top pannel), pressure corrected monthly average counting rate of IGY neutron monitor at Jungfraujoch (bottom pannel) for the years 2005-2010. The neutron monitor count rate is expressed in relative units with respect to May 1965.

Figure 3: Ionization rate in the region of Jungfraujoch (46.5°N, 8°E) at 700 g/cm2 (about 3.2 km asl) for 2010 as determined by the application “Ionization and radiation dose rates in the Earth's atmosphere” under www.nmdb.eu.

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References Dickinson, R.E., Solar variability and the lower atmosphere, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 56, 1240-1248, 1975. Ney, E.P., Cosmic radiation and the weather, Nature 183, 451, 1959. Scherer, K., et al., Interstellar-terrestrial relations: Variable cosmic environments, the dynamic heliosphere, and their imprints on terrestrial archives and climate. Space Sci. Rev., 127, 327-465, 2006. Svensmark, H., and Friis-Christensen, E., Variations of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage – A missing link in solar climate relationships. J. Atm. Terrest. Phys. 59, 1225, 1997.

Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, neutron monitors; solar, heliospheric and magnetospheric phenomena

Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: International Council of the Scientific Union's (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Solar- Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) World Data Centers A (Boulder), B (Moscow), C (Japan), International GLE database European FP7 Project Real-Time Database for High Resolution Neutron Monitor Measurements (NMDB): http://www.nmbd.eu

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, Radiation doses along selected flight profiles during two extreme solar cosmic ray events, accepted for publication in Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans., 2010. Conference papers Flückiger, E.O., Terrestrial effect of cosmic rays, 22nd European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Turku, Finland, 3-6 August 2010, abstract, 2010.

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch/nm/index1.html

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Name of research institute or organization: Eawag

Title of project: Cosmogenic radionuclides in precipitation

Project leader and team: Prof. Jürg Beer, project leader Marian Fujak, Silvia Bollhalder

Project description: Since several years the cosmogenic radionuclides 7Be and 10Be are measured in precipitation samples collected monthly at Jungfraujoch and in Dübendorf. These data reflect on the one hand changes in the cosmic ray intensity, and on the other hand transport effects due to atmospheric mixing processes (e.g. stratosphere- troposphere exchange) and deposition processes. Recently the transport processes have been modeled successfully using the ECHAM-HAM general circulation model (Heikkilä, 2008). These data play a crucial role in the interpretation of cosmogenic radionuclides measured in natural archives such as polar ice core because they provide the link between the instrumental era with high-resolution high-precision neutron monitor data and the long-term records based solely on cosmogenic radionuclides. An interesting question which will be addressed with the new data is whether the extended period of very low solar activity between cycles 23 and 24 is visible in cosmogenic radionuclide data.

Key words: Cosmic ray induced production of radionuclides, atmospheric transport and mixing

Collaborating partners/networks: MPI Hamburg, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Calogovic, J., C. Albert, F. Arnold, J. Beer, L. Desorgher, and E. O. Flueckiger (2010), Sudden cosmic ray decreases: No change of global cloud cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37.

Heikkila, U., J. Beer, and V. Alfimov (2008), Beryllium-10 and beryllium-7 in precipitation in Dubendorf (440 m) and at Jungfraujoch (3580 m), Switzerland (1998- 2005), Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 113(D11).

Theses Heikkilä, U. (2007), Modeling of the atmospheric transport of the cosmogenic radionuclides 10Be and 7Be using the ECHAM5-HAM general circulation model, ETH Zürich, Zürich.

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Address: Eawag Überlandstr. 133 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Contacts: Jürg Beer Tel.: +41 44 823 51 11 Fax: +41 44 823 52 10 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/surf/e_index.htm

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute of Geology & Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich

Title of project: Altitude dependence of production rates of cosmogenic nuclides in artificial quartz targets

Project leader and team: Dr. Florian Kober, project leader Prof. Rainer Wieler, Prof. Chr. Schlüchter, Dr. P. Vermeesch

Project description: The project aims to calibrate scaling models for Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclide (TCN) production rates derived from in situ produced cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne in artificial quartz targets exposed at mountain altitudes in the Swiss Alps. Based on initial results of a one-year exposure and irradiation experiment, the current effort is to extend the irradiation time, now accomplish with a period of 3 years. Specifically, this is performed in order to enhance data precision via higher nuclide concentrations accumulated over a longer time period and to better resolve solar cycle production influences. Targets were retrieved in September 2010 and are currently prepared for noble gas analysis.

Fig.1. Target during degassing for first series Fig.2. Target at Jungfraujoch Station, next to of exposure (see Vermeesch et al. 2009) at the the neutron monitor equipment at the Sphinx. noble gas labs of ETH Zürich.

Key words: Scaling, Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclides, 3He, 21Ne

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Internet data bases: http://www.geopetro.ethz.ch/research/isotope/noblegasgeochem http://www.esd.ethz.ch/people/fkober

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Vermeesch, P., Baur, H., Heber, V., Kober, F., Oberholzer, P., Schaefer, J.M., Schlüchter, C., Strasky, S. and Wieler, R., Cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne measured in quartz targets after one year of exposure in the Swiss Alps. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 284: 417-425, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.007

Address: Institute of Geology, ETH Zürich Earth Surface Dynamics Group NO E31 Sonneggstr. 5 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Florian Kober Tel.: ++41-+44-6320361 email: [email protected] http://www.esd.ethz.ch/people/fkober

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Physics, University of Rome Sapienza

Title of project: Study of a prototype for a new concept of an EAS detector

Project leader and team: Prof. Maurizio Iori, project leader Prof. J. Russ, Prof. M. Merafina, E. Arslan, Ass Prof. H. Denizli, Ass. Prof. M. Kaya, A. Yilmaz

Project description: During the 2010 we finished the installation of a prototype designed to select horizontal cosmic rays on the Sphinx terrace. The setup is shown in Fig. 1. This location permits to test the large angle cosmic rays flux (about 90°) and compare it with a larger downstream flux in the same data taking period. This prototype is similar to the two towers installed years ago in the Chalet on top of the dorm and by them we collected results that have shown very good capability to separate the upwarding and downwarding cosmic rays between 80 and 100 degrees. The present station is designed to be a component of a large array located on an inclined plane to detect extra galactic neutrinos using the skimming strategy. That requires a compact electronics working outdoors and test of PMT voltage due to temperature excursion. During this year we have started a DAQ by using a 4 channel Domino Ring Sampler (DRS4) developed by Dr. Stefan Ritt (Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland) and Trigger Board developed in Rome-INFN by M.I consisting of a low level threshold (5mV) discriminator with AND-OR logic.

Fig. 1 Detector installed on the Sphinx terrace on April 2010

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Preliminary results are summarized in the A. Yilmaz Master Thesis Ref [2] and presented in 27th Turkish Physical Society Meeting Ref [1] last September.

Key words: Neutrino, tau, horizontal cosmic rays, scintillator

Internet data bases: http://terminus.roma1.infn.it/new_site/tauwer/index.htm

Collaborating partners/networks: Carnigie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Conference papers [1] Yilmaz A., Denizli H., Iori M. “Preliminary Test Results of a Prototype Detector at Sphinx Observatory Center”, Turkish Physical Society 27th International Physics Congress, 14-17 September 2010, Istanbul - TURKEY. Theses [2] Yilmaz A., “Study of Prototype Detector for UHE Tau-Neutrino Detection”, ay: 2010-2011

Address: Departement of Physics University of Rome La Sapienza P.za A. Moro 5 I-00198 Rome

Contacts: Maurizio Iori Tel.: +39 06 4991 4422 Fax: +39 06 4957697 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg

Title of project: 14 Long-term observations of CO2 at Jungfraujoch

Project leader and team: Ingeborg Levin, project leader Felix Vogel, Bernd Kromer, Dietmar Wagenbach

Project description: 14 Atmospheric CO2 observations at Jungfraujoch are used as background for other observational sites in Central Europe to estimate the regional fossil fuel CO2 component. The measurements were started in 1986 and have been continued without interruption until today. This globally unique data set has also been used in various other applications for dating of young artefacts and recent organic material.

14 Figure 1: Comparison of long-term atmospheric CO2 measurements at Jungfraujoch with those at the German Antarctic Neumayer station.

14 Compared to regular CO2 observations performed by UHEI at the German Neumayer Station in Antarctica, only small annual average differences of less than 3‰ have been observed from 1990 until about 2005 (see also Levin et al., 2010). In recent years, however, a persistent 14C depletion of more than 5‰ is observed at the northern hemispheric site Jungfraujoch compared to Neumayer (Figure 1). This is most probably due to the large increase of fossil fuel CO2 emissions by developing countries in the last five years.

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Key words: carbon dioxide, carbon cycle modelling, Radiocarbon, fossil fuel CO2, climate, Kyoto Protocol

Internet data bases: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/ http://www.iup.uni- heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/fa/radiokohlenstoff/radiometrie-web-html

Collaborating partners/networks: ICOS (http://www.icos-infrastructure.eu)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal article: Levin, I., Naegler, T., Kromer, B., Cuevas, E., Diehl, M., Francey, R., Gomez-Pelaez, A.J., Schäfer, A., Steele, L.P., Wagenbach, D., Weller, R., and Worthy, D.E., Observations and modelling of the global distribution and long-term trend of 14 atmospheric CO2. Tellus 62B, 26-46, 2010, doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00446.x.

Levin, I., S. Hammer, E. Eichelmann, F. Vogel, Verification of greenhouse gas emission reductions: The prospect of atmospheric monitoring in polluted areas. Accepted for publication, Philosophical Transactions A, 2011.

Address: Institut für Umweltphysik Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg

Contacts: Ingeborg Levin Tel.: +49 6221 546330 Fax: +49 6221 546405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk/

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Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, Freiburg i.Br. Climate and Environmental Physics, University of Bern

Title of project: 85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Air

Project leader and team Hartmut Sartorius, Martina Konrad, Clemens Schlosser and Sabine Schmid, Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz, D-79098 Freiburg, Germany Roland Purtschert, Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, University of Bern

Project description: Monitoring of tropospheric Kr-85 activity concentrations at Jungfraujoch (JFJ) continued in 2010. Krypton is separated from about 10 m3 of air continuously collected during one week and sent to the Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz in Freiburg i.Br. for measuring the Kr-85 activity concentration. The major sources of atmospheric Kr-85 are nuclear reprocessing plants which are characterized by a pulsed release behaviour. The resulting plumes can be detected at sampling stations located in downwind direction even at distances of a few hundred kilometres (spikes in Figure 1). Above the planetary boundary layer the strength and frequency of such spikes are reduced compared to stations at lower altitude (Figure 1). Due to a half life of 10.76 years Kr-85 accumulates in the atmosphere. Since the start of massive reprocessing it had created a baseline which was characterized by a continuous mean increase rate of about 0.03 Bq/m3 per year during the past four decades. It has reached a maximal value of about 1.50 mBq/m³ at the stations located at mid northern latitudes (Figure 1, Inset). Recently a trend reversal has been observed and more Kr-85 of the atmospheric inventory decays than what is released globally [1-4]. This implies that the world wide reprocessing activities do not increase any longer or even decrease like, for example, the release data of La Hague (Figure 1, red areas). At present the major emission source of Kr-85 into the atmosphere is the nuclear reprocessing plant in La Hague and most of the high values could be traced back to the La Hague by atmospheric dispersion calculations. Additionally the data show a high correlation between the measured Kr-85 activity concentrations at Jungfraujoch and even more pronounced at Freiburg and the published releases of the NPP La Hague (Figure 1). The data of the BfS global Kr-85 measuring network provide an instrument for the surveillance of radioactivity in the environment. The location of the JFJ sampling site is important because of its altitude. The data are representative for the northern tropospheric background level. Known Kr-85 emissions can also be used for the validation and calibration of global circulations models [5]. Last but not least, a well known atmospheric Kr-85 activity concentration is essential to use Kr-85 as one of the most reliable dating methods for groundwater. Advantageous for dating was up to now the steadily increase of the input activity which provides unique groundwater age estimations [6].

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4 La Hague Emissions Bq/m3 air

3.50 2

3.00

0 2.50 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008 air) 3 2.00

1.50 Kr (Bq/m

85 Jungfraujoch Freiburg 1.00

0.50

Emissions La Hague 0.00

2008 2009 2010 Figure 1: Measured atmospheric 85Kr activity concentrations in weekly air samples, collected at Jungfraujoch (3500 m a s l) and Freiburg i. Br., during the last three years. Inset: Values for Freiburg i. Br. over the last 35 years. The red columns represent the monthly emissions from La Hague in arbitrary units (the order of magnitude is 1016 Bq Kr-85 per month). Key words: Krypton, 85Kr, radioactivity in air, reprocessing plants

Internet data bases: [email protected]

Collaborating partners/networks: Climate and Environmental Physics, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, [email protected]

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: [1] Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 (in preparation) [2] Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlenbelastung, Deutschland, Jahresberichte 2007, 2008, 2009, (in print); Reihe Umweltpolitik; Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit. [3] Schlosser, C.: Großräumige Veränderung der Umweltradioaktivität: Atmosphärische Radioaktivität. In: Interventionen und Nachhaltigkeit im Strahlenschutz. Klausurtagung der Strahlenschutzkommission am 13./14. November

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2008, Berlin. Veröffentlichungen der Strahlenschutzkommission, Band 65, H. HOFFMANN GmbH, Berlin, 2010, 254-280, ISBN 978-3-87344-159-0 [4] Schlosser, C., M. Auer, H. Sartorius, T. Kumberg, Edelgasmessungen des BfS für IMIS und CTBTO, 14. Fachgespräch zur Überwachung der Umweltradioaktivität, Freiburg, 23.-26.03.2009, (in press) [5] Ross, Jens-Ole, Simulation of atmospheric krypton-85 transport to assess the detectability of clandestine nuclear reprocessing, Doctoral thesis University of Hamburg, 2010, Reports on Earth System Science 82/2010, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorology in Hamburg, ISSN 1614-1199. [6] Onnis A., Althaus R., Klump S., Purtschert R., Kipfer R., Hendricks-Janssen H., and Stauffer F. (2010, submitted) Worth of multiple, combined environmental tracer data in groundwater modeling. Journal of Hydrology

Address: Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Rosastrasse 9 D-79098 Freiburg

Contacts: C. Schlosser e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität Basel

Title of project: Quantifying mountain venting of boundary layer air through 222Rn measurements

Project leader and team: Dr. Franz Conen, project leader Dr. Wlodek Zahorowski, Mr. Lukas Zimmermann

Project description: Mountain venting is an interesting phenomenon by which boundary layer air can rise to high altitudes that are otherwise influenced by free tropospheric air, such as the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. This phenomenon makes for interesting research on land-atmosphere interactions, like trace gas exchange or air pollution, as long as a reliable distinction between boundary layer and free tropospheric air can be made. With this project, we try to provide such a tool to the community working on Jungfraujoch, while also hoping to learn more about mountain venting in general. The 222Rn detector on Jungfraujoch was operating throughout the year 2010. In July, we replaced its detector head, thereby lowering the instrumental background by about a factor of 5 and increasing sensitivity by around 25 %.

Figure 1: Working on the 222Rn detector in the caverne next to the research station (picture by Lukas Zimmermann)

In 2010, we also operated in parallel a second detector on the roof of the Physics Institute in Bern. Data from both detectors is freely available on

115 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 http://radon.unibas.ch. The data from both instruments is processed automatically and has not yet been checked for its quality. By the end of 2010, construction work may have caused venting of air from the tunnel system, which is rich in 222Rn, towards our detector inlet. Another issue we are addressing in a quality check, is data collected during periods when the air inlet may have been under snow. We still work on identifying potentially affected data. A first glance at the (still preliminary) data sets indicates that the lower bound of 222Rn activity at Jungfraujoch tends to be higher during the middle of the year than at other times, while at Bern it is the other way round (Figure 2). During winter time (days 0-45 and days 270-350), there were prolonged periods with several Bq m-3 difference between both stations, while during the middle of the year, activity concentrations were sometimes very close, especially during the afternoons of fair weather days (Figure 3).

18 ]

-3 16 14 12

Rn-222 activity concentration [Bqm 2 0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Day of Year 2010

Figure 2: First overview of 222Rn activity data collected at Jungfraujoch (blue) and Bern (pink) during the year 2010. The data is not yet fully quality-controlled. We are working on that.

-3] 10

2 activityRn concentration [Bq m 222 0 24.6.10 0:00 24.6.10 12:00 25.6.10 0:00 25.6.10 12:00 26.6.10 0:00 26.6.10 12:00 Date and Time

Figure 3: Example of 222Rn activity concentrations at Jungfraujoch (blue) and Bern (pink). Note: In this chart, Jungfraujoch 222Rn activity data has been normalised to atmospheric pressure in Bern.

116 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Key words: Atmospheric transport, boundary layer, free troposphere, 222Rn

Internet data bases: http://radon.unibas.ch http://pages.unibas.ch/environment

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. Stefan Reimann and Dr. Dominik Brunner, Empa Dübendorf Prof. M. Leuenberger, Klima- und Umweltphysik, Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Address: Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften Universität Basel Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel

Contacts: Franz Conen Tel.: +41 61 267 0481 Fax: +41 61 267 0479 e-mail:[email protected] URL: http://pages.unibas.ch/environment/

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Name of research institute or organization: Berner Fachhochschule (BFH), Technik und Informatik (TI), Photovoltaik-Labor

Title of project: Long-term energy yield and reliablity of a high alpine PV (photovoltaic) plant at Jungfraujoch (3454 m)

Project leader and team Prof. Dr. Heinrich Haeberlin, project leader, Philipp Schaerf, project assistant

Project description: PV plant Jungfraujoch (1.152 kWp, 3454 meters above sea level) was planned and realised by the laboratory for photovoltaics (PV) of the Berne University of Applied Sciences (BFH) during summer and fall 1993. At the time of its erection it was the highest grid connected PV plant in the world. Purpose and Goals of the project:  Test of PV components: Operation in high altitudes is a very hard stress for all components due to extremely high irradiance peaks of more than 1.7 kW/m², heavy storms and thunderstorms, and large temperature differences. PV components surviving in such a harsh environment should perform more reliably under normal operating conditions.  Long-term operating experience: Experimental demonstration that high PV energy yields for high alpine PV plants can not only be simulated, but can actually be obtained in practical operation over many years.  Intensive analytical monitoring with redundant sensors to ensure maximum reliability in order to get long-term data about energy yield and reliability of the plant.  Maximum availability of energy production and monitoring data (AMD  100%). In 2010, normalized energy production of PV plant Jungfraujoch (rated peak power 1.152 kWp, effective peak power 1.13 kWp, 3454 m above sea level) increased somewhat to 1393 kWh/kWp/a or 1393 h/a. After two years with significant decrease, an increase of about 2.6% compared to 2009 could be registered. This was mainly due to an increase in irradiation compared to 2009. Irradiation into the array plane was about 2.5% higher than in 2009 and about 0.8% higher than in 2008. However, energy production was still a little lower than the long-term mean value according to table 1. Performance ratio PR increased again slightly due to the low snow coverage this year. The long-term annual average from 1994 to 2010 of PV plant Jungfraujoch decreased a little to 1407 kWh/kWp/a or 1407 h/a with a winter energy fraction of 46 %.

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Mean Y f 1272 1404 1454 1504 1452 1330 1372 1325 1400 1467 1376 1537 14491453 1375 1358 1393 1407 (h/a) PR=Y /Y f r 81.8 84.1 84.7 85.3 87 84.8 84.6 78.6 85.2 84.9 86.2 86.9 85.585.9 86.4 87 87.1 85.1 in %

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Table 1: Annual energy production (referred to effective STC-power) and performance ratio PR (referred to reference cell irradiance measurement) from 1994 – 2010. Seventeen-year average values are also indicated.

Fig. 1: Normalized monthly energy production for 2010.

A detailed description of the plant, measurement results of earlier years and defini- tions used can be found in earlier annual reports (2000 - 2009) and in several publications (many publications can be downloaded under www.pvtest.ch) and a book. In 2010, an updated and extended second edition of this book was published. An English translation of this book will be published by Wiley in 2011. Diagrams similar to fig. 1 for the years 1994 – 2009 and normalized monthly diagrams can be downloaded under www.pvtest.ch > plant overview > Jungfraujoch.

Key words: Grid-connected PV plants, energy yield, high alpine

Internet data bases: http://www.pvtest.ch

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: H. Häberlin: “Photovoltaik – Strom aus Sonnenlicht für Verbundnetz und Insel- anlagen”, 2010. Electrosuisse-Verlag, CH-8320 Fehraltorf, ISBN 978-3-905214-62-8 and VDE Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-8007-3205-0 (in German).

Address: Berner Fachhochschule, Technik und Informatik Fachbereich Elektro- und Kommunikationstechnik Photovoltaiklabor Jlocweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf

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Contacts: Prof. Dr. Heinrich Haeberlin Tel.: +41 34 426 68 53 Fax: +41 31 426 68 13 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.pvtest.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Helbling Technik Bern AG

Title of project: Low-pressure test on optical devices

Project leader and team: Dr. Karim Haroud Pascal Loser Michel Saint-Ghislain

Project description: The goal of this project was to find out if low pressures at high altitudes or in an airplane have an impact on optical devices.

Key words: Low pressure test Optical device

Address: Helbling Technik Bern AG Stationsstrasse 12 3097 Liebefeld-Bern

Contacts: Pascal Loser Helbling Technik Bern AG Stationsstrasse 12 3097 Liebefeld-Bern Zentrale +41 (0) 31 979 16 11 Direkt +41 (0) 31 979 16 70 Telefax +41 (0) 31 979 16 10 [email protected] www.helbling.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Mammut Sports Group

Title of project: Test-station for outdoor materials

Project leader and team: Lars Paschek, project leader Daniela Schürmann, Gabi Gratwohl – responsible for material

Project description: We test the materials of apparell, hardware and footwear products regarding the performance against temperature, alpine sun, rain and all the other influences in the alpine surrounding. To do that we installed a test station end of 2010 at the top of the Junfraujoch station and change the materials in every half or whole year.

Key words: Mammut test station

Internet data bases: www.mammut.ch

Address: Mammut Sports Group Birren 5 CH-5703 Seon

Contacts: Lars Paschek Tel.: +41 (0) 62 769 8350 Fax: +41 (0) 62 769 8248 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: University Hospital Lausanne, Department of Internal Medicine CSEM Neuchâtel

Title of project: Long-Term Medical Survey System (LTMS-3)

Project leader and team: Prof. Claudio SARTORI Prof Urs SCHERRER

Project description: LTMS3 (Long-Term Medical Survey) system is a new device developed by the CSEM of Neuchâtel and the European Space Agency for long-term, simultaneous, noninvasive measurement and recording of blood pressure, ECG, respiratory rate, body temperature, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation. The scope of this investigation was to validate in the field conditions the accuracy of LTMS-3 system regarding its performances and its comfort in comparison with different reference devices already commercialized. 6 volunteers and 4 investigators spent 2 nights at the Research Station to perform this validation during rest, a standardized exercise session and a 4-hours daily activity section. The results demonstrated that the LTMS-3 system performed very well compared to the reference devices and was ready to be sent to the Concordia Research Center to be employed in several clinical research projects.

Key words: Hypoxia, High Altitude, Telemedicine, Acclimatization

Collaborating partners/networks: European Space Agency

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Theses Long-Term Medical Survey System: validation scientifique d’un appareil de mesure de paramètres physiologiques destiné aux futurs vols habités de l’Agence Spatiale Européenne, by Tim Fontolliet, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement et de la Médecine du Sport, Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, 2011.

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Address: Internal Medicine BH 10.640 1011 Lausanne-CHUV

Contacts: Claudio SARTORI Tel.: +41 21 314 09 30 Fax: +41 21 314 09 28 e-mail: [email protected]

124 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Name of research institute or organization: Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften, Universität Basel

Title of project: Towards understanding the importance of biological ice nucleators in rising air

Project leader and team: Dr. Franz Conen, project leader Dr. Wlodek Zahorowski, Ms. Yu Xia, Mr. Lukas Zimmermann

Project description: Biological ice nucleators (IN) are known to be the most active ones in nature that can catalyze ice formation at temperatures warmer than -10 oC. Yet, the relevance of biological ice nucleation for cloud processes, such as initiating precipitation, remains ambiguous. Very little is known about the numbers of biological IN at relevant cloud altitudes, their sources and spatio-temporal variability. This project aims to quantify numbers and sources of biological IN in rising air where clouds may form, specifically, where boundary layer air is topographically lifted, cools, and is vented to the free troposphere. In this project we sample such air and analyse the number concentration of biological ice nuclei active at temperatures warmer than -15 oC in immersion freezing tests. Number concentrations of total bacteria, the most abundant biological ice nucleators, are determined by fluorescense microscopy. We continuously measure 222Rn activity concentrations to distinguish between free tropospheric and boundary layer air. The 222Rn measurements are also useful to other groups working on Jungfraujoch, such as our colleagues in the Group for Climate Gases at Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research). From June to October 2010 we conducted four short campaigns, sampling aerosol with liquid impingers. When 222Rn in air was < 0.5 Bq m-3 , what we assume to be representative of free tropospheric air, concentration of total bacteria was on average 3.4 x 104 cells m-3 (s.d. = 0.8 · 104 cells m-3). When conditions preceeding sampling were calm, or when the station was in clouds during sampling, there was little difference in bacterial cell concentrations between free tropospheric and boundary layer air (222Rn 1 to 4 Bq m-3). One campaign was preceeded by a storm. Here, boundary layer air reaching the station was enriched in bacterial cells (up to 7.5 · 104 cells m-3). Estimated flux density during this campaign was 441 (± 128) cell m-2 s-1. Numbers of ice nuclei active at temperatures warmer than -15 oC were small, mostly < 10 m-3, which may have to do with predominantly calm, high pressure conditions during sampling.

Key words: atmosphere, biological ice nuclei, 222Rn

Internet data bases: http://radon.unibas.ch http://pages.unibas.ch/environment

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Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. Cindy Morris, INRA Avignon Dr. Dominik Brunner, Empa Dübendorf

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Bacteria and ice nuclei in the atmosphere are a new area of activity for us. Ms. Yu Xia spent the thrid year of her PhD thesis on it. There is one publication in preparation (probably submitted by the end of 2010). Ms. Xia will defend her thesis in January 2011.

Address: Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften Universität Basel Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel

Contacts: Franz Conen Tel.: +41 61 267 0481 Fax: +41 61 267 0479 e-mail:[email protected] URL: http://pages.unibas.ch/environment/

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute of Botany, University of Basel

Title of project: Study of plant temperature

Project leader and team: Prof. Ch. Körner

Project description: Ongoing microclimatological research on Dom (4546 m), the highest point in Europe where plants grow, needs to link with a long term station in order to assess the longer term meaning of 2 years of datalogging. Hence, my plan was to place three miniature data loggers in a similar manner as on the Dom summit and track temperature conditions, while datalogging continues on the Dom. Once I have established the correlation between soil temperature with standard meteorological air temperature at Jungfraujoch, I can scale the Dom data in time. I simply need a few short periods of soil temperatures without snow cover in midsummer. At the same time, I planned to make a list of plant species at the Jungfraujoch.

af. Poa laxa (Photo: Christian Körner)

Key words: plant ecology, microclimate, temperature

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Körner, Ch., Elevation record of plant life in Europe, submitted to Alpine Botany (Springer) December, 2010

af. Poa laxa (Photo: Christian Körner)

Draba cf. dubia = tomentosa (Photo: Christian Körner)

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Data books and reports Please find a diagram of the T readings below

Fig. 1: Air (2 m) and plant temperature (2-3 cm under sparse plant cover, S-exposed) at Jungfraujoch (3460 m) during the 2010 growing season. Note the higher plant temperatures compared to air temperature.

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Address: Botanisches Institut Schönbeinstrasse 6 CH-4056 Basel

Contacts: Christian Körner Tel.: +41 61 267 35 10 Fax: +41 61 267 35 04 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://pages.unibas.ch/botschoen/koerner/index.shtml

130 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Name of research institute or organization: Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut

Title of project: Accelerated release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from Alpine glaciers. Snow chemistry, reconstruction of palaeo atmosphere and climate fom high-altitude ice cores.

Project leader and team: Prof. Margit Schwikowski, project leader Pavlina Pavlova, Isabella Mariani, Isabel Schuck, Alexander Zapf, Beat Rufibach Dieter Stampfli, Felix Stampfli (FS INVENTOR)

Project description: Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are regulated by international conventions due to their particularly hazardous properties to persist in the environment, accumulate along food chains, and exhibit serious toxic effects. Recent studies indicated that melting Alpine glaciers represent a secondary source of legacy POPs, which were previously deposited to and incorporated into glaciers and are now released to the environment due to the rapid melting induced by climate warming. In order to assess the relevance of this secondary source for the alpine environment a better understanding of the behavior of POPs in cold and temperate glaciers is needed. In cold glaciers most of the ice has a temperature below the pressure melting point. In temperate glaciers, liquid water is present within the ice matrix in lenses between ice grains, in veins at triple grain intersections, and in nodes where veins intersect. Bulk water content of temperate ice ranges from 0% to 9%. The majority of Alpine glaciers is temperate. In the frame of a new SNF project „Accelerated release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from Alpine glaciers“, a collaborative effort, involving scientists from PSI, University of Bern, ETH Zurich, EAWAG, and EMPA, the distribution and transport of POPs through temperate glaciers is examined. The strategy of our contribution is determining inventories of POPs in three ice cores from different types of glaciers: i) to establish the undisturbed input function of POPs from a cold Alpine glacier, ii) to investigate the transport of POPs in a temperate glacier having an intact water-saturated firn layer, and iii) to determine the remaining signal of POPs in a temperate ablation area. For the first purpose the well-dated Fiescherhorn ice core is available, obtained in 2001. For the second goal we selected the Ewigschneefeld near Jungfraujoch in the Bernese Alps (46°33’N, 08°01’E) for ice core drilling. Ewigschneefeld is a temperate glacier, containing a water table in depths between 14 and 32 m below surface. For the third purpose Silvretta glacier was chosen, a glacier in the Grisons, with temperate ablation area connected to proglacial lakes. Ice coring in temperate ice is a special challenge. Commonly used electromechanical drills have problems with freezing and transport of drilling chips due to the presence of liquid water. Instead we used our new combined electromechanical and thermal drill (TD) [6], which has a modified control unit and power supply, since thermal

131 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 drilling consumes more power. The TD itself consists of two barrels. The upper barrel contains two pumps and two containers, for ethanol and for the ethanol/meltwater mix, respectively. The lower one is the core barrel bearing the melting ring and the core catchers. In September 2010 we obtained a 57 m ice core from 3462 m a.s.l. on Ewigschneefeld near Jungfraujoch (Fig. 1). The upper 31 m were drilled electromechanically and for the deeper part the TD was used. At about 21 m depth the water table was reached. The new drill produced ice cores of excellent quality even in the water-filled borehole. The next steps include method development for determination of POPs in ice samples, analysis of POPs in the ice cores from Fiescherhorn glacier and Ewigschneefeld, and ice core drilling on Silvretta glacier.

Fig. 1: Ice coring with the thermal drill at Ewigschneefeld.

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Key words: persistent organic pollutants, ice core

Internet data bases: http://lch.web.psi.ch/webcontent/research/analytic/

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. Christian Bogdal, Prof. K. Hungerbühler (ETHZ) Dr. Peter Schmid (EMPA) Prof. F. Anselmetti (Eawag) Dr. Martin Lüthi, Prof. Martin Funk (VAW, ETHZ)

Address: Paul Scherrer Institut CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Contacts: Prof. Margit Schwikowski Tel.: +41 56 310 4110 Fax: +41 56 310 4435 e-mail: [email protected] http://lch.web.psi.ch/webcontent/research/analytic/

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Name of research institute or organization: Institute for Chemical and Bioingeneering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich

Title of project: Quantitative characterization of the impact of environmental factors on the performance of passive air samplers for semi-volatile organic compounds

Project leader and team: Christian Bogdal, project leader Urs Krebs, Max Wohlwend

Project description: In this project a novel device for the sampling of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in ultra-trace levels at remote sites is evaluated and further developed. Some SVOCs such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been recognized as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). POPs represent environmental contaminants of particular concern because they can affect human health and the environment and are concurrently recalcitrant to degradation, accumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify along food chains, and undergo long-range atmospheric transport. SVOCs have appreciable vapor pressures of 10-12 – 10-2 Pa (at 20°C). Thus, SVOCs are volatile enough to be significantly mobile in the atmosphere, where they partition between the gaseous and particulate phase. Accurate quantification of SVOCs in air samples is very challenging and particularly time, labor and resources intensive. Typical concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in remote ambient air lie within 0.1 k – 10 pg/m3. To sample SVOCs in ambient air, active air samplers have been widely used since several decades. This technique entails sucking a predetermined volume of air at a controlled flow rate (typically 500 – 1500 m3/day) through a sorbent during a certain period of time (typically 12 – 24 hours). Chemicals with a high affinity for the selected sorbent are thereby trapped and can be quantified afterwards in the laboratory. Although active air samplers are widely acknowledged as accurate sampling techniques, they suffer from some relevant drawbacks, in particular their high costs. For sampling in remote places, the required maintenance, the need for power supply and the noise emissions can also be serious limitations. More recently, passive air samplers have been developed and proved that in many cases they represent suitable alternatives to active air samplers. Passive air samplers consist of a sorbent exposed to ambient air during a longer period of time (typically 4 – 8 weeks). Through passive diffusion of SVOCs from ambient air to the sorbent, the passive sampler accumulates SVOCs that are afterwards extracted and quantified in the laboratory. The main advantages of passive samplers are the low costs, autonomy from power supply, easy use, and complete absence of noise emissions. However, passive samplers have also limitations, particularly the longer sampling period necessary for the sufficient accumulation of SVOCs to overcome analytical detection limits. Typical air sampling rates are 1 – 5 m3/day. Furthermore, the volume of air sampled by the passive sampler is difficult to control, limiting seriously the accurate determination of air concentrations of SVOCs. Thus, in studies where active samplers are not available or impossible to use, but where higher temporal resolution of sampling is still essential, an additional sampling

134 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 technique is required. Therefore, flow through air samplers have recently been developed by Xiao and coworkers in the group of Frank Wania at the University of Toronto at Scarborough, Canada. These new samplers allow increased sampling rates by forcing the wind through the sampler, which consists of a horizontally oriented, aerodynamically shaped flow tube and turns into the wind with the help of vanes (Figure 1). A series of polyurethane foam discs with relatively large porosity mounted inside the flow tube serve as the sorbent. The sampled air volume is calculated from wind speed measured outside the sampler. The first flow through samplers developed by Xiao and coworkers have been tested under typical wind speed conditions (e.g. 1 – 10 km/h) and allowed sampling rates of ca. 100 m3/day, which is approaching the sampling rates of conventional active air samplers. The goal of this project consists in testing the original flow through samplers at the High Alpine Research Station Jungfraujoch. The original samplers have been developed for normal atmospheric conditions, whereas Jungfraujoch represents much more extreme conditions. The observation of the performance of flow through samplers under the particular conditions of Jungfraujoch provides valuable information for their further use in remote mountain sites. The original flow through sampler was installed at the terrace of the Sphinx observatory during six months (Figure 1). The original sampler proofed to be suited for the strong wind speeds prevailing at Jungfraujoch (typically 10 – 100 km/h with peaks of up to 180 km/h). However, the rapid formation of ice around the sampler revealed to be a major obstacle. Regularly, ice clogged the sorbent and hindered the rotation of the sampler.

Figure 1. Picture of the original flow through air sampler installed at Jungfraujoch (picture Matthew MacLeod, Stockholm University).

Based on the valuable observations at Jungfraujoch, a new version of the original flow through sampler has been developed at ETH Zurich. The new sampler was completely redesigned and reconstructed with high-grade materials. A three module heating system intended to prevent ice formation on the sampler has been integrated into the flow tube, sorbent casing, and articulated joint.

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Figure 2. Sketch of the newly constructed flow through air sampler.

Currently the new version of the flow through sampler is tested at ETH Zurich. As soon as this first performance test confirms the preliminary positive results, the new flow through sampler will be installed at Jungfraujoch for an evaluation under real field conditions. On a mid-term, the continuous operation of the new flow through sampler at Jungfraujoch is planned with the objective to study temporal variations of SVOCs.

Key words: semi-volatile organic compounds, persistent organic pollutants, air monitoring, passive air sampling

Internet data bases: http://www.sust-chem.ethz.ch/people/current_members/bogdalC

Collaborating partners/networks: Frank Wania, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Canada http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~wania/main.html Matthew MacLeod, Stockholm University, Sweden http://www.itm.su.se/page.php?pid=536&id=277

Address: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich Institute for Chemical and Bioingeneering, ICB Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 CH-8093 Zürich

Contacts: Christian Bogdal Tel.: +41 44 632 5951 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.sust-chem.ethz.ch/people/current_members/bogdalC

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Name of research institute or organization: Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), ETH Zürich

Title of project: Glaciological investigations on the Grosser Aletschgletscher

Project leader and team: Dr. Andreas Bauder, project leader 2-4 field assistents and support by the custodians

Project description: Long-term glacier observations have been carried out to document glacier variations of Grosser Aletschgletscher and include annual length change measurements since 1880, accumulation and mass balance measurements starting in 1918, repeated map or arial photograph surveys, complemented by stream runoff in the Massa river since 1922 by BAFU, respectively. In an ongoing project the length, area, volume, and mass changes are continuously observed applying modern remote sensing techniques as well as direct field measurements. The research activities are focused on long term trends and seasonal fluctuations. Net volume changes are calculated by comparison of digital elevation models (DEM) derived from the existing maps and photogrammetrical analysis. Mass balance components with firn accumulation and ablation are measured in detail at Jungfraufirn.

Figure: Evolution of snow and firn accumulation at site P3 on Jungfraufirn (3350 m a.s.l.) during the past observation period of 2009/10

Key words: Glacier measurements, firn accumulation, ice melt, volume change, mass balance

Internet data bases: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/research/glaciology/glacier_change/gz_variations_gr_aletsch gretscher

Collaborating partners/networks: Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network, Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU)

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Huss, M., Hock, R., Bauder, A. and Funk, M., The 100-year glacier mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L10501, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2010GL042616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042616 Lüthi, M and Bauder, A., Analysis of Alpine glacier length change records with a macroscopic glacier model. Geographica Helvetica, 65(2), 92-102, 2010. Lüthi, M., Bauder, A. and Funk, M., Volume change reconstruction of Swiss glaciers from length change data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, F04022, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2010JF001695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001695 Pellicciotti, F., Bauder, A. and Parola, M., Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps. Water Resources Research, 46(10), W10522, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2009WR009039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009WR009039

Theses Farinotti, D., Simple methods for inferring glacier ice-thickness and snow- accumulation distribution, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2010.

Address: ETH Zürich Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) Gloriastrasse 37/39 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Andreas Bauder Tel.: +41 44 632 4112 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/divisions/gz

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Name of research institute or organization: Department of Geography, University of Zurich

Title of project: PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring permafrost in Alpine rock walls

Project leader and team: Dr. Stephan Gruber (lead geo-science in PERMASENSE) Dr. Jan Beutel (lead computer-science in PERMASENSE) Dr. Jeannette Noetzli (lead PERMOS)

Lorenz Boeckli (PhD student, PERMOS) Stefanie Gubler (PhD students, geo-science in PERMASENSE) Andreas Hasler (PhD students, geo-science in PERMASENSE) Christin Hilbich (postdoc, geo-science in PERMASENSE) Matthias Keller (PhD student, computer-science in PERMASENSE) Roman Lim (technician staff, computer-science in PERMASENSE) Nicole Wabersky (MSc student, geo-science in PERMASENSE) Mustafa Yuecel (technician, computer-science in PERMASENSE)

Project description: The Swiss Permafrost Monitoring PERMOS operates a number of measurement sites around Jungfraujoch that are serviced once or twice per year. PERMASENSE is a multidisciplinary consortium aiming at the development of ultra low-power wireless sensor networks (WSNs) suitable for autonomous operation in high-mountain environments. This is done at the example of diverse permafrost-related measurements and the installations around Jungfraujoch provide insight into the temperature and moisture dynamics of rock masses undergoing freezing and thawing, the temperature dynamics of ice faces as well as the effect of rock fracture on subsurface temperature. Since February 2009, the PermaSense WSN on Jungfraujoch is operational and has had only few interrupts until the end of 2010. Ten sensor assemblies around Sphinx gather information about rock and ice temperatures every two minutes at differing depths below the surface and transmit this to a repository in Zurich. Based on these measurements, the first comparison of temperatures in rock and ice faces has been made. Furthermore, the postulated effect of predominantly lower mean annual temperatures at greater depth in the rock could be demonstrated, implying more permafrost in Swiss Mountains that previously estimated with computer simulations. Two permanent 2D geoelectrical profiles were installed at the southern rock face at Jungfraujoch in September 2009 to monitor the small-scale evolution of the permafrost. The installation of rock fall protection during 2010 in the same rock face invalidates these measurements and requires moving of this measurement setup. During April 2010, six acoustic emission sensors (Figure below) were placed in the rock face above the research station and signals were recorded using an off-the-shelf data acquisition unit. This pilot campaign is the basis for current research about cryogenic rock weathering in the second phase of PermaSense that has started during 2010. Acoustic emissions indicate the timing and intensity of rock damage that is until now only understood in laboratory conditions. During the pilot campaign, we

139 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 have observed several thousand acoustic emission events. These obeyed a power-law scaling over several orders of magnitude in both the time and energy domains. This indicates rock damage to likely be a phenomenon influenced by self-organization and avalanching propagation of damage. Currently we develop a statistical mechanical model capable of simulating damage driven by time series of temperature and rock moisture as well as wireless acoustic sensing devices for outdoor measurements.

Key words: Permafrost, monitoring, wireless sensor network

Internet data bases: See www.permasense.ch and www.permos.ch.

Collaborating partners/networks: Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland (www.permos.ch) and the National Center of Competence in Research on Mobile Information and Communication Systems NCCR-MICS (www.mics.org)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Data books and reports PERMOS 2010. Permafrost in Switzerland 2006/2007 and 2007/2008. Noetzli, J. and Vonder Muehll, D. (eds.), Glaciological Report (Permafrost) No. 8/9 of the Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, 68 pp.

Address: Department of Geography University of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Contacts: Stephan Gruber Tel.: +41-1-635 51 46 Fax: +41-1-635 68 41 e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.geo.uzh.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF

Title of project: Permafrost monitoring at high Alpine sites

Project leader and team: Dr. Marcia Phillips (Project leader, permafrost researcher) Martin Hiller (Electronics) Andreas Moser (Electronics) Christian Simeon (Mechanics)

Project description: The evolution of permafrost temperatures in boreholes located at high altitudes in the Swiss Alps is monitored. The aim is to determine how rock walls and ridges react to temperature changes and determine long-term trends. The thermal regime strongly determines the stability of rock walls containing ice in cracks and fissures. In addition, the data obtained is highly relevant for construction projects at high altitudes, where the engineering challenges can be significant. Rock temperatures are essential for the determination of the choice of technical solutions (e.g. type of mortar, timing of drilling) in order to ensure a prolonged service-life of high mountain infrastructures.

The permafrost borehole is located in the Jungfrau Ostgrat (bottom right hand corner of the photograph). Photograph: M. Phillips, SLF (November 2009).

The instrumentation in the Jungfrau Ostgrat borehole was repaired, calibrated and reinstalled in 2009 and is now delivering daily thermal data. The borehole is located at 3590 m in the N facing wall of the Jungfrau Ostgrat. It is 20 m long and equipped

141 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 with 9 thermistors and a data logger. The first year of data indicates that rock temperatures vary between -4 and -8°C and that there is no discernible active layer, which is similar to the observations originally made by Wegmann in 1998. The borehole will be subject to evaluation for inclusion in the PERMOS network in the course of 2011. The high elevation of the borehole and the fact that it is located in a rocky ridge make the data highly relevant for both scientists and engineers.

Key words: Mountain permafrost; thermal regime; active layer; stability of rock walls; construction in permafrost

Internet data bases: www.permos.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: PERMOS (Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Bommer, C., Phillips, M., Arenson, L. (2010). Practical recommendations for planning, constructing and maintaining infrastructure in mountain permafrost. Short Communication, Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 21: 97-104. DOI: 10.1002/ppp.679.

Edited books Bommer C., Phillips M., Keusen H.R., Teysseire P. (2010). Construire sur le pergélisol: Guide pratique. Birmensdorf, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft, SLF. 126 p. PDF Download in German: http://www.slf.ch/dienstleistungen/buecher/9819.pdf

Address: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf Switzerland

Contacts: Marcia Phillips Tel.: +41 81 417 02 18 Fax: +41 81 417 01 10 e-mail: [email protected] www.slf.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Bundesamt für Landestopografie / Swiss Federal Office of Topography (swisstopo)

Title of project: Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES)

Project leader and team: Dr. Elmar Brockmann, Dominique Andrey, Daniel Ineichen, Christian Misslin, Dr. Stefan Schaer, Dr. Urs Wild

Project description: The permanently observing GPS (Global Positioning System) station at Jungfraujoch has been operating since autumn 1998. The station is part of the Automated GNSS Network of Switzerland (AGNES) consisting presently of 31 sites, partly equipped with GPS and GPS-GLONASS (the Russian equivalent of GPS) combined receivers and antennas. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is the abbreviation for all existing and future satellite navigation systems and therefore include also the planned European Satellite System Galileo. Station JUJO is equipped with a GNSS receiver since summer 2007, but due to the extreme weather conditions the GPS-only antenna was not upgraded to GPS-GLONASS, yet. AGNES is a multipurpose network which serves as reference for surveying, real-time positioning (positioning service swipos GIS/GEO) and for scientific applications (geotectonics and GNSS-meteorology). The GPS station JUJO is mainly contributing to scientific applications. In 2010 all operations and all products were continuously generated as in the previous years. Further details were given in the previous annual reports. An important result from the swisstopo-processing of the GPS data of JUJO, the troposphere path delays, is also sent to the Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) of the University of Berne were the data contribute to the STARTWAVE database.

Key words: GPS, GLONASS, GNSS, Meteorology, Positioning, Integrated Water Vapour, Zenith Path Delay, GPS Tomography, Geotectonics

Internet data bases: http://www.swisstopo.ch/pnac; http://egvap.dmi.dk/; http://www.iapmw.unibe.ch/research/projects/STARTWAVE/

Collaborating partners/networks: Astronomical Institute (AIUB), University of Berne MeteoSwiss, Zurich and Payerne Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), University of Berne Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Zürich E-GVAP II (EUMETNET GPS Water Vapor Programme)

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Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Conference papers Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, M. Kistler, U. Marti, S. Schaer, A. Schlatter, B. Vogel, A. Wiget, U. Wild (2010): Geodetic activities at swisstopo presented to the EUREF2010 Symposium. In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Gaevele, June 2-4, 2010 (in prep.). Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, S. Schaer, A. Schlatter (2010): Use of double stations in the Swiss Permanent GNSS Network AGNES. In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Gaevele, June 2-4, 2010 (in prep.).

Address: Bundesamt für Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

Contacts: Tel.:+41 31 963 2111 Fax.:+41 31 963 2459 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.swisstopo.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Surface Meteorological Networks, MeteoSwiss, Payerne

Title of project: Operation of a meteorological station at high altitude in the Alps

Project leader and team: Dr. Christian Félix, head of surface networks, MeteoSwiss Gilles Durieux, Bertrand Equey, Stéphane Vincent and the surface networks team

Project description: The surface network team at MeteoSwiss operates an automatic meteorological station at the Jungfraujoch Observatory and services the instrumentation for the Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Measurements Project.

As mentioned last year, a new command system for the astronomical coupola was committed at the end of 2009 and some additional tuning work was done early 2010. This system proved to be very reliable all year long despite demanding meteorological conditions.

Figure 1: Astronomical cupola for direct solar radiation measurements

Figure 1 illustrates a malfunction on one of our instruments. At the origin of the problem, the metal lid that protects all the cables in the measuring bridge was taken down by the common action of ice and wind. The weight of the ice on the hanging cables induced a connection failure to the pyrgeometer.

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Beside regular maintenance activities of the measuring site, it is also worth mentioning following interventions: - Grouping of all direct solar radiation instruments on a single tracker with a remote control that allows time synchronization and realignment procedures directly from Payerne. -

- Installation of local display of the meteorological parameters in the meteoroom. -

- Migration of the communication network (BIT->Swisscom). - Installation of an electrical counter on request of the HFSJG.

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Key words: wind, temperature, sunshine duration, solar radiation, pressure, relative humidity

Internet data bases: http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/web/en/weather/current_weather.par0001.reg8.stati onJUN.html

Address: Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss Measuring Technology Ch. de l’Aérologie CH-1530 Payerne

Contacts: Dr. Christian Félix Tel.: +41 26 662 6226 Fax: +41 26 662 6212 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.meteoswiss.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: MeteoSwiss, Zürich

Title of project: The weather in 2010: Report for the International Foundation HFSJG

Report by: Stephan Bader, MeteoSwiss English translation: Louise Wilson

Project description: In Switzerland in 2010 it was slightly warmer and in the western part of the country somewhat drier than usual. From the beginning of the year through the middle of March the weather was mainly characterized by low winter temperatures with frequent snow fall especially in the plains. Phases of fair weather occurred starting from the second half of March and especially in the second half of April. The early part of the summer, starting with May, was mainly rainy, cool and unusually cloudy until the second half of June. Mid-June to mid-July was a hot summer period and dry especially in the west. During the rest of the summer and autumn the weather was unsettled with frequent snowfall in the mountains. By November it snowed in the plains. December brought even more new snow to the lowland and unusually low temperatures in the high mountain areas.

Compared with the long term mean from 1961-1990, the year 2010 was slightly warmer in the plains north of the Alps, and in the high mountain areas slightly cooler, as shown below in table 1. The temperature surplus in Bern was +0.7 degrees and at Jungfraujoch it was -0.1 degree warmer than the long term mean. The amount of precipitation in the Jungfrau region was within the range of the long term average.

Table 1: Comparison of temperature and precipitation 2010 in respect to the long-term mean 1961-1990 at the stations Jungfraujoch and Bern. For temperature the deviation from the long-range mean is shown. Preciptation is expressed relative to the average amounts. Because precipitation is not measured at Jungfraujoch, values from Kleine Scheidegg have been used instead.

Jungfraujoch Bern mean temperature -8.0 °C 8.6 °C deviation -0.1 °C 0.7 °C

precipitation 1517 mm 915 mm relative to average 96 % 89 %

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Harsh winter in the plains The first few weeks of the year brought typical winter conditions. Switzerland registered the coldest January in the last 23 years. Although the daily temperatures were not extremely low, they remained below average for almost the entire month.

It snowed often in the plains north of the Alps, but the amounts were usually small. In January Zürich broke its record with 16 days of measurable new snowfall; in Basel the registered 11 days were the second highest value of the measurement series. Heavy snowfall covered western Switzerland in mid-January and toward the end of the month even greater amounts fell in the eastern part of the country.

The first few days of February were extremely cold. In La Brévine the temperature sank to -35.6 degrees and in Engadin to -25 degrees to -30 degrees. Except for one short foehn phase, the cold winter weather with snowfall into the plains continued through the middle of February. High mountain stations registered the coldest winter in around 30 years. At Jungfraujoch and Grosser St. Bernhard it was even the coldest winter in 40 years.

Figure 1: Winter temperatures from 1937/38 to 2009/10 at the Jungfraujoch measurement station (homogeneous data). The winter 2009/10 with -15.2°C was the coldest winter in 40 years.

Winter weather dominated again in the first half of March. After intensive snowfall especially in the central plains, there were several days of icy and stormy winds (Bise). Even in the plains the highest daytime temperature stayed under freezing, and the shores of Lake Geneva and Lake Neuchâtel were frozen solid from the spray blown up from the waves by the strong winds. On March 10 it snowed down into the plains in southern Tessin as well.

Slow approach of spring Masses of warm air from the southwest were the first clear signs of spring around the middle of March. With help of the foehn, temperatures reached 23 degrees in the central plains on March 25, which hadn’t occurred in March since 1990. But only a day later a stormy advance of cold air brought the springtime weather to an abrupt

149 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 end. Snow fell below 900 meters on the northern side of the Alps, and a considerable amount of up to 90 cm fell along the high crests of the southern Alps. From then until the middle of April the weather was mainly dominated by cold air masses with frequent tendency to showers.

Prolonged spring weather began in the second half of April. The temperatures rose often above 20 degrees, and at the end of the month most of Switzerland enjoyed its first summer day with temperatures reaching 25 degrees or more.

During this phase of fair weather the volcano Eyjafialla erupted over a period of several days. The fine volcano ash reached Switzerland on April 17 via upper winds. To prevent possible damage to aircraft engines from the volcano ash, air traffic was stopped entirely for three days.

Hazy and rainy early summer After the hard winter in the plains, any hopes for a pleasant early summer were badly dashed. May turned out to be mainly rainy, cool and generally cloudy. In the German speaking part of Switzerland there has never been a cloudier month of May except in 1939 and 1984 since the beginning of measurements in the 19th century. The rainy and hazy weather continued until June 5, only to return once more between June 12 and 20.

Glorious foehn in the plains The foehn ushered in a welcome interruption to the grey and rainy early summer on the northern side of the Alps. On June 9 and 10 it developed into an unusually strong and prolonged event far into the midlands. The foehn churned up the water in Lake Zürich with a force that is usually only observed on Urnersee. In Wädenswil the foehn gusts reached 90 km/h, which is typically measured at station in Urner Reusstal known for its foehn storms. On June 10 the foehn pushed through to the northern border of Switzerland, causing temperatures of over 30 degrees in the plains.

Midsummer heat wave Summer arrived in the last 10 days of June and unfurled its full force between July 8- 21 in a real heat wave that brought temperatures of over 30 degrees daily. Nevertheless, no absolute record high temperatures were measured. On the national average Switzerland had the sixth warmest July and notably the Lugano station in Tessin the second warmest July since measurements began in 1864. The heat led to drought conditions especially from western Switzerland and over the Seeland up to the region of Basel. This was due to the concentration of thunder storms in the mountains and eastern Switzerland. Especially fierce thunderstorms hit the northern rim of the Alps on July 10 and 12.

Repeated cold air incursions After only a month’s duration, summer receded for some time from the northern side of the Alps in the last ten days of July. Northwest currents repeatedly brought in cool and moist air to Switzerland from the north Atlantic. Toward the end of July the snowline fell below 2500 meters, and in the first few days of August it fell as low as 2100 meters in the eastern Alps, covering the higher passes with a thin layer of wet snow.

Summer returned during the last 10 days of August. Warm air masses from Spain caused the warmest night of the year on August 6/7 with unusually high 25 degrees

150 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 widespread over Switzerland. In Basel the temperature at midnight was over 29 degrees. But only a few days later currents from the northwest brought in cold polar air that caused snowfall in the eastern Alps down to 1400 meters. Several mountain passes had to be closed temporarily. After a phase of fair and mild early autumn weather, the same pattern repeated itself in the mountainous areas. Simultaneously in the plains it was cool and very rainy, especially in the eastern part of Switzerland.

The repeated cold air incursions continued in October. First a Scandinavian/east European high pressure system brought golden autumn days to the higher altitudes, while the plains were often covered with autumnal fog. But starting at the middle of the month the cold air masses dominated again. On October 25 the eastern Alps were covered in white down to 700 meters. Cold air masses kept the snow on the ground for several days. At the end of October and into the middle of November the foehn melted the snow far up mountainsides.

Snow in the plains on December 1 In mid November the foehn returned and pushed temperatures up to 18 degrees in the northern plains and in the foehn valleys even up to 21 degrees. Shortly thereafter, mild, humid air from the south glided in over an opposing front with cold air out of the northeast, sending snowfall to the plains and up to a half a meter of new snow to the mountains only two days after the foehn had subsided. And the winter weather persisted. On the southern side of the Alps it snowed down to 1000 meters on November 21, and locally it snowed down as far as 600 meters. In late November cold polar air sank the temperatures in the plains of the northern side of the Alps and in Jura to local record low readings for November. La Brévine registered -31.4 degrees on November 30. The previous low temperature for November was -28.0 degrees.

A layer of snow covered Switzerland just in time for the beginning of winter, and on December 1 it snowed even more than usual, especially in the western part of the country. In Geneva the December snow depth record was broken with 31 cm, forcing the airport to close for hours. Another snow storm hit the plains on December 17 with a widespread layer of 10 cm or more. On Christmas Eve it snowed widespread again down into the plains. On Christmas Day, the lowlands of northern Switzerland from Geneva to Lake Constance were covered in white. Thanks to sufficiently low temperatures, the winter wonderland was preserved in most areas until toward the end of the year.

Record new snow amounts in the plains The heavy snowfall was a new snow record for December. The measurement station Bern-Wabern registered a new snow record there of 57 cm, but Zürich set an even higher new snow record for December with 58 cm. These amounts of new snow had been previously measured only in 1979 and 1962.

End of the year was very cold in the mountains Harsh winter weather had the high mountain peaks in its grip. Jungfraujoch and Säntis registered deviations of -2.9 and -3.1 degrees respectively compared to the long term monthly average. Similarly low temperatures were measured there the last time in 1981.

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Figure 2: Time series of the daily mean temperatures in 2010 measured at the station Jungfraujoch in comparison to the long-term mean 1961-1990 (solid line) and long- term standard deviation (dashed line). The two grey curves show the highest and lowest daily mean temperature since measurements have been recorded.

Address: MeteoSchweiz Krähbühlstrasse 58 CH-8044 Zürich Tel. +41 44 256 91 11 URL: http://www.meteoschweiz.ch

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Research statistics for 2010 High Altitude Research Station Gornergrat

Astronomical ObservatoryGornergrat South (KOSMA) Institute Country Person-working days I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Germany 233 Köln and Universität Bonn (42%) NAOC Peking, Beijing University and other China 321 institutes of the Chinese radioastronomy (58%) group Total 554

Solar Neutron Telescope SONTEL Institute Country Person-working days Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern Switzerland 4

MeteoSwiss Institute Country Person-working days MeteoSwiss, Payerne Switzerland 2

Field campaigns Institute Country Person-working days VAW ETH Zürich Switzerland 110 Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Germany Marine Research, Bremerhaven 5

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Name of research institute or organization: I. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Radioastronomisches Institut, Universität Bonn

Title of project: KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für Submm-Astronomie

Project leader and team: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Stutzki, observatory director Dr. M. Miller, station manager Universität zu Köln: Dr. U.Graf, Dr. R. Simon, Dr. V. Ossenkopf

Project description: The large scale distribution, physical and chemical conditions of the interstellar matter The last observing season of the KOSMA 3-m-telescope was used for training of Chinese guest observers from NAOC, Beijing University, Nanjing University, Urumuqi Observatory, Tibet University, and Yunnan Observatory. These institutes belong to the Chinese Radio Astronomy Group, which is cooperating with the University of Cologne and University of Bonn and will use the telescope at the new site in Yangbajing near Lhasa in Tibet/China. The observing projects concentrated on Herbig Ae, Be stars, molecular gas associated with galactic SNRs, GLIMPSE identified bubbles, and Infrared Dark Clouds. The KOSMA Dual-SIS-Receiver for 230/345 GHz was used for observing 12/13CO(2-1),(3-2) molecular transitions. Middle of March we stopped our observing program and started with disassembling the telescope.

The last helicopter flight with the lower part of the telescope socket

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End of May we finished packing the panels, the back structure of the telescope, and all components of the observatory in more than 40 wooden boxes. The heavy azimuth and elevation part of the telescope mounting, and the two parts of the telescope socket where transported by a helicopter of Air Zermatt on June 02. The telescope was shipped from Basel to Hamburg by train, from there to China by a container ship, and arrived Tianjin harbor on July 28, 2010.

Key words: Interstellar matter, ISM, millimeter, submillimeter wave telescope, SIS receiver, Yangbajing, Tibet

Internet data bases: http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/kosma http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de

Collaborating partners/networks: MPI für Radioastronomie Bonn, Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Bern, ETH Zürich, Astrophysics Division of CEA Grenoble, France, Observatoire de Bordeaux, France, Astronomy Department Peking University, China, National Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Science (NAOC), Peking, China, NANTEN2 Observatory, Pampa la Bola, Atacama, Chile (Nagoya and Osaka University)

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Kong, Shuo,Wu, Yuefang, Inclination-angle of the outflow in IRAS 05553+1631: A method to correct the projection effect, Accepted by the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Chen, C., Huang, M, Radiation-driven implosion in the Cepheus B molecular cloud, Research in Astronomy&Astrophysics, 10, issue 8, 777-784, 2010 Wang, K., Wu, Y.F., Ran, L., Yu, W.T., Miller, M., The relation between 13 CO J=2-1 line widths in molecular clouds and bolometric luminosity of associated IRAS sources, Astronomy&Astrophysics 507, issue 1, pp. 369-376, 2009 Xu, J.L., Wang, J.J., Submillimeter/millimeter observations of the high-mass star forming region IRAS22506+5944, Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 10, issue 2, pp. 151-158 (2010) Ossenkopf, V., Ormel, C.W., Simon, R., Sun, K., Stutzki, J., Spectroscopic [CI] mapping if the infrare d dark cloud G48.65-0.29, Astronomy&Astrophysics, 525, id. A9, 2011 Kong, Shuo,Wu, Yuefang, Inclination-angle of the outflow in IRAS 05553+1631: A method to correct the projection effect, accepted by the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010arXiv1012.3268K Xu, Jin-Long, Wang, Jun-Jie, Miller, Martin Submillimeter/millimeter observations of the molecular clouds associated with the Tycho' Supernova Remnant, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010arXiv1012.2918X

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Conference papers Verebélyi, E., Miller, M., Tóth, L.V., Makai, Z., Marton, G., CO survey of ARCHEOPS cold cores, Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 218, Issue 1, pp. 012023, 2010

Address: 1. Physikalisches Institut Radioastronomisches Institut Universität zu Köln der Universität Bonn Zülpicher Str. 77 Auf dem Hügel 71 D-50937 Köln D-53121 Bonn

Contacts: Jürgen Stutzki (observatory director) Tel.: +49 221 470 3494 Fax: +49 221 470 5162 e-mail: [email protected] Martin Miller (station manager) Tel.: +49 221 470 3558 Fax: +49 221 470 5162 e-mail: [email protected]

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Name of research institute or organization: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Heidelberg

Title of project: Linking micro-physical properties to macro features in ice sheets with geophysical techniques (LIMPICS)

Project leader and team: Project leader: PD Dr. Olaf Eisen Team: Pascal Bohleber, Anja Diez, Reinhard Drews, Günther Druivenga, Dr. Coen Hofstede

Project description: In the middle of August 2010 a one-week geophysical field survey was carried out in the accumulation region of Grenzgletscher at Colle Gnifetti. The campaign was part of the DFG-funded junior research group LIMPICS. Aim was the application of geophysical measurements to derive physical properties of the glacier surrounding the location of an existing borehole. Previous to the actual measurements the five-people team of the Alfred Wegener Institute Bremerhaven, the Institute for Environmental Physics at the University of Heidelberg and GEOSYM Hannover spent the nights from 6-9 August 2010 in the Kulmhotel Gornergrat.

Photo 1: Deployment of the geophone line along a profile marked with bamboo poles towards East. The camp is in the background. Photo: Anja Diez, AWI

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Photo 2: Deployment of the geophone line along a profile marked with bamboo poles towards East, Lago Maggiore is in the background. Photo: Anja Diez, AWI The selection of Gornergrat as the location for accommodation has several reasons: located at a high altitude for acclimatisation, easy and fast accessibility via the Gornergratbahn, access to the Findelgletscher, insight of Grenzgletscher and Zermatt. For working at Colle Gnifetti (4450 m), with overnighting in the Capanna Margherita (4550 m), a good acclimatisation is mandatory. Two overnightings on Gornergrat on 3100 m represents a necessary step. The good accessibility is important in case problems occur for transport of cargo by Air Zermatt's helicopter to Colle Gnifetti and a quick descent to Zermatt is required. Likewise, the Gornergratbahn makes a fast access to the accomodation on the day of arrival easier, leaving enough time for preparation of the cargo flights as was necessary on 7 August. For the actual transportation of personnel from Gornergrat or Rothenboden to Colle Gnifetti by helicopter it is important to have direct insight of the upper part of Grenzgletscher and to Zermatt. In the case of bad weather this enables the usage of even short fine weather windows for transportation, or to cancel planned flights from Zermatt in time, if the weather conditions in the Monte Rosa-region do not permit a safe flight. After the first night from 7 to 8 August three people of the team made a hike from Kulm to the accumulation region of the Findelgletscher for acclimatisation exercise.

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Two other members of the team went down to Zermatt to finish preparing the cargo for the flights envisaged for the 8 August. However, because of bad weather conditions all flights to Colle Gnifetti except for one cargo transport were delayed until Monday, 9 August. Despite a fully booked hotel, the necessary additional overnight stay at Kulm could be provided. After arriving at Colle Gnifetti on the late morning of the 9. August, set-up of the camp and the measurements were carried out immediately. Achieved goals were : - extension of an existing net of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to map the internal structure of the glacier, - borehole radar and borehole-surface tomography measurements in the existing hole, - reflection seismic measurements with a pressure-wave and shear-wave source (vibroseis), - position and elevation measurements with the global positioning system (GPS). The first three days at Colle Gnifetti allowed for sufficient measurements under fair weather conditions. Due to a predicted worsening of weather conditions the freight was packed for return flights on 11 August. The team descended on 12 August on foot all the way to Zermatt. The cargo flights were carried out by Air Zermatt during a short period of fine weather on the morning of 13 August. The campaign thus finished successfully and without any incidents with three flights on 13 August in Zermatt.

Photo 3: The ElViS vibroseis source with additional weight on top to increase pressure at the base. Photo: Anja Diez, AWI A preliminary data analysis indicates that this field campaign was able to achieve several important results and provides significant progress:

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- From the borehole radar data (the first measurements carried out there) it is probably possible to determine the amount of ice still present underneath the existing borehole and the bedrock. This is important as this ice is older than the one retrieved so far and contains further information of the past climate. Depending on the detailed outcome further ice-core drilling is envisaged. - The GPR and GPS profiles at the surface extended the coverage of existing data from the glacier saddle, connecting several ice-core sites, and will allow for a better understanding of the age-depth distribution for kinematic and dynamic analysis of the ice regime. - Vibroseis reflection measurements with the employed minivibrator ElViS were carried out for the first time on firn and glacier ice. The results show that the obtained data quality for both, pressure- and shear-waves, vibroseis is significantly superior to conventionally employed seismic sources (e.g. explosives or hammer sources). This will have a considerable impact on the future investigation of ice masses world-wide, both Alpine and polar, for determining the properties of ice as well as the geological structures underneath. - The shear-wave vibroseis measurements indicate several internal reflectors in the ice. This was one of the actual goals of the LIMPICS project. Whether these reflectors are caused by changes of the bulk crystal orientation fabric, as expected, requires further analysis and remains to be seen. We cordially thank the Hochalpinen Forschungsstationen and the Kulm Hotel Gornergrat as well as the staff of the Cpn. Margherita for their support, as the realization of this campaign and all results would have been difficult to achieve otherwise.

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Photo 4: Deployment of the geophone line along a profile marked with bamboo poles towards West, Zumsteinspitze in the background. Photo: Anja Diez, AWI

Key words: Colle Gnifetti, ice core, glacier, climate change, physical properties, geophysical techniques, ground-penetrating radar, borehole, seismic vibrator, vibroseis

Internet data bases: http://www.awi.de/en/go/limpics

Collaborating partners/networks: Dr. M. Zemp, University of Zurich, Prof. Dr. M. Hoelzle, University of Fribourg

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Heilig, A., Schneebeli, M., Eisen, O. Upward-looking ground-penetrating radar for monitoring snowpack stratigraphy, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 59,(2-3), 152-162., doi:10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.07.008, 2009. Theses Heilig, A. The search for and location of inhomogeneities in seasonal snowpacks utilizing ground-penetrating radar technology, Ruprechts-Karl-Universität, Heidelberg, 157pp., PhD thesis, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, 2009.

Address: AWI, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Postfach 120161 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany

Contacts: Olaf Eisen Tel.: +49 471 4831 1969 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.awi.de/en/go/limpics

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Name of research institute or organization: Alpine Cryosphere and Geomorphology, Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg

Title of project: Geophysical monitoring of the evolution of permafrost on Stockhorn

Project leader and team: Dr. Christin Hilbich (PostDoc Uni Zürich, lead geophysical measurements) Prof. Christian Hauck (Uni Fribourg, lead geophysical measurements) Prof. Martin Hoelzle (Uni Fribourg, lead boreholes and meteo station) Dr. C Fuss (Geolog, maintenance of the automated system) David Sciboz (technician Uni Fribourg, maintenance of boreholes and meteo station) Etienne Rosset (MSc. Student Uni Fribourg)

Project description: Within the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network PERMOS, the Stockhorn plateau represents the highest monitoring site (3410 m a.s.l.) and one of the two sites with deep (100 m) permafrost boreholes of the network. It is thus a very important site for the observation of permafrost evolution in high elevations. The Stockhorn plateau is located between the Gornergrat and the Stockhorn summit separating the steep and glacier-covered northern rock face from the non-glaciated and gently inclined south face. Significant amounts of ground ice could be observed in large ice-filled cracks during construction works of a new ski lift in summer 2007. In summer 2000 two boreholes (100 m and 30 m deep) have been drilled on the plateau for regular subsurface temperature logging, and a meteorological station was installed to complement the information by e.g. air temperature, wind speed and direction, radiation, etc. In summer 2005, in addition, a permanent 2D geoelectrical profile was installed from the northern edge of the plateau in NS direction 96 m to the south. The profile covers an investigation depth of about 15-20 m. The aim is a long- term observation of temporal changes in the electrical resistivities in response to climate change. This is possible by relating the change in electrical resistivities to freeze and thaw processes, as liquid water in the pore space of the subsurface material serves as electric conductor, but in frozen state as electric isolator causing much higher resistivities than unfrozen material. After five years of manual and therefore sporadic geoelectric measurements on Stockhorn plateau, in summer 2010 we installed an automatic instrument, which now allows the measurement of the 2D resistivity distribution with a daily resolution, and helps to understand the observed resistivity changes as a function of seasonal processes. The automated instrument is controlled by a computer, which is based at the Gornergrat research station, communicating via directed antennae with the instrument on Stockhorn plateau. This enormously facilitates our work, because physical access to the Stockhorn plateau is complicated and would take about two hours (one-way) from Gornergrat. The set up of this new instrument is now finished and first results of this newly implemented system can be expected from now on.

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Figure 1: The Stockhorn plateau with the automated resistivity instrument in front and the antennae for communication with the computer at Gornergrat research station behind.

Key words: Permafrost, electrical resistivity, freeze/thaw processes

Internet data bases: www.permos.ch

Collaborating partners/networks: Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland (www.permos.ch)

Peer-reviewed papers Hilbich, C., Fuss, C. & Hauck, C. (in review). Automated time-lapse ERT for improved process analysis and monitoring of frozen ground. Submitted to Permafrost and Periglacial Processes.

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Address: University of Fribourg Department of Geosciences - Geography Unit Chemin du Musée 4 CH-1700 Fribourg

Contacts: Christian Hauck Tel.: +41 26 300 9011 Fax: +41 26 300 9746 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.unifr.ch/geoscience/geographie/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=staff:hauck.christi an

Christin Hilbich Tel.: +41 63 55 224 Fax: +41 63 56 841 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.geo.uzh.ch/en/units/physical-geography-3g/about-us/staff/christin- hilbich/

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Name of research institute or organization: Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), ETH Zürich

Title of project: The Polythermal Structure of Gornergletscher (Valais)

Project leader and team: Prof. Martin Funk, project leader Dr. Martin Lüthi, Dr. Andreas Bauder, Claudia Ryser

Project description: The Gorner-/Grenzgletscher system is located in vicinity of Zermatt. It is the largest polythermal ice mass in the Alps. A glacier is called polythermal if zones of temperate ice at the pressure melting temperature (PMT) coexist with zones of cold ice below the PMT. The ice masses are separated by the cold-temperate transition surface (CTS). In alpine glaciers a polythermal structure is restricted to glaciers with a high elevation accumulation area. In the case of Grenzgletscher the accumulation area on Colle Gnifetti and Seserjoch is located 4500m a.s.l.. The tongue of Grenzgletscher has long been famous for its blue meltwater lakes and a persistent network of melt water streams in the lower ablation area, which indicate impermeable cold ice close to the surface. Such deeply incised melt water streams are not found on any other glacier in the Alps.

Fig. 1: Hashed area: Spatial extent of the cold ice in Grenzgletscher determined by airborne ice radar in 2008. Highlighted are the deeply incised meltwater streams.

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Knowledge of the thermal structure of glaciers is crucial for modeling their future evolution, as temperature strongly influences ice viscosity, and therefore ice deformation patterns and mass flux. In addition, zones of cold ice affect glacier hydrology by blocking meltwater fluxes, which are limited to discrete flow paths in cracks and channels. Due to the impermeability of fracture-free cold ice, deeply incised and persistent melt water streams and lakes at the glacier surface are indicators for cold ice. To measure ice temperature several boreholes were drilled already in the years 2005 to 2008. To get a detailed picture of the thermal structure of Grenzgletscher and especially of the location of the CTS three more boreholes were drilled in summer 2010. The measurements are still in progress.

Key words: Gornergletscher, thermal structure, cold and temperate ice

Internet data bases: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/people/gz/funk/projects/data/gz_142_outburst_glacierdamme d_lake

Scientific publications and public outreach 2010: Refereed journal articles and their internet access Riesen, P., Sugiyama, S and Funk, M., The influence of the presence and drainage of an ice-marginal lake on the ice flow of Gornergletscher, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology, 56(196), 278-286, 2010. http://www.igsoc.org/journal/56/196/t09J112.pdf Roux, P.F., Walter, F., Riesen, P., Sugiyama, S and Funk, M., Observation of surface seismic activity changes of an alpine glacier during a glacier-dammed lake outburst. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(F3), F03014, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2009JF001535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001535 Sugiyama, S., Bauder, A., Riesen, P. and Funk, M., Surface ice motion deviating toward the margins during speed-up events at Gornergletscher, Switzerland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(F3), F03010, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2009JF001509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001509 Walter, F., Dreger, D.S., Clinton, J.F., Deichmann, N. and Funk, M., Evidence for near-horizontal tensile faulting at the base of Gornergletscher, a Swiss alpine glacier. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 458-472, 2010. http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/2/458?stoc Werder, M.A., Schuler, T.V. and Funk, M., Short term variations of tracer transit speed on alpine glaciers. The Cryosphere, 4, 381-396, 2010. http://www.the-cryosphere.net/4/381/2010/tc-4-381-2010.html Theses Ryser, LC., The Polythermal Structure of Grenzgletscher, Valais, Switzerland, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2009.

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Address: ETH Zürich Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) Gloriastrasse 37/39 CH-8092 Zürich

Contacts: Martin Funk Tel.: +41 44 632 4132 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.vaw.ethz.ch

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Name of research institute or organization: Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern

Title of project: SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the identification and the study of high- energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun

Project leader and team: Prof. Erwin Flückiger, project leader Dr. Rolf Bütikofer

Project description: The solar neutron telescope (SONTEL) at Gornergrat, Switzerland, has been in continuous operation since 1998 as the European cornerstone of a worldwide network for the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic processes at the Sun (Flückiger et al., 1998). The network consists of seven solar neutron telescopes that are located at high altitudes and at low to mid latitudes (short path through atmosphere) as well as at different longitudes (24 hour readiness to observe): Mt. Norikura (Japan), Yanbajing (Tibet), Mt. Aragats (Armenia), Gornergrat (Switzerland), Mt. Chacaltaya (Bolivia), Sierra Negra (Mexico) and Mauna Kea (USA). Figure 1 shows the locations of the seven solar neutron telescopes. The network was established during the nineties of the last century, i.e. it was almost completed at the beginning of solar activity cycle 23 that started in 1996.

Figure 1: Worldwide network of solar neutron telescopes.

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The detection of solar neutrons is essential for the understanding of the acceleration processes at the Sun as neutrons are not deflected by electromagnetic fields at and near the Sun nor in the interplanetary space. They therefore give direct information on the timing of their production at the Sun. Solar neutrons are produced in collisions of ions with atomic nuclei from the Sun, whereby the ions, namely protons, are accelerated in high-energy processes at the Sun. Several solar neutron events were detected by the worldwide network of solar neutron telescopes during solar cycle 23, e.g. the event on 7 September 2005, which was observed by the solar neutron telescopes as well as by the neutron monitors in Bolivia and in Mexico (Sako et al., 2006). The next solar cycle (solar cycle 24 that started in 2008) could be very interesting in the investigation of solar neutrons because in addition to the ground based cosmic ray detectors, two interesting new spaceborne experiments have just started their operation in the last years. The Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) onboard the Japanese satellite Hinode (launched in September 2006) is able to measure the magnetic field at the Sun with a resolution in space of 0.3 arcsec. For the understanding of the particle acceleration processes at the Sun detailed information on the structure of the magnetic field is essential. The other new space experiment is the scintillation fiber detector FIB (a detector of the Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment - Attached Payload (SEDA-AP) onboard the International Space Station (ISS)) that started operation in March 2009. FIB is sensitive to neutrons in the energy range from 15 MeV to 100 MeV, whereby this range picks up directly at the energy range that is covered by the solar neutron telescopes (100 MeV to 300 MeV). Together both detectors cover an energy range from 15 MeV to 300 MeV. The observation of the neutron energy spectrum gives information on the timing and the nature of the acceleration processes at the Sun. It can be expected that the observation of solar neutron events in solar cycle 24 with the networks of solar neutron telescopes and of neutron monitors as well as with the new spaceborne experiments FIB and SOT will provide important new information on the acceleration mechanisms of charged particles in high-energy processes at the Sun. In addition to the solar neutron telescope, the University of Bern has also operated a conventional GammaTracer unit designed and manufactured by Genitron Instruments GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany, since 2002 to monitor the environmental radiation at Gornergrat. In 2010 the operation of SONTEL and of the GammaTRACER was continued. The solar activity during 2010 was somewhat higher than in 2009 but still low. As a consequence no solar flare candidates were observed that could have emitted a solar neutron flux observable at ground level. References Flückiger, E. O., R. Bütikofer, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, T. Koi, H. Tsuchiya, T. Hoshida, T. Sako and T. Sakai, A new solar neutron telescope at Gornergrat, Proc. 16th European Cosmic Ray Symposium, rayos cósmicos 98, 219, Universidad de Alcalá, Spain, 1998. Sako, T., Watanabe, K., Muraki, Y. et al., Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare, Astrophys. J. Letters, 651, L69-L72, 2006.

Key words: Astrophysics, cosmic rays, solar neutrons

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Internet data bases: http://cosray.unibe.ch http://stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/ste-www1/div3/CR/Neutron/index.html

Collaborating partners/networks: Prof. Y. Matsubara, Dr. T. Sako, Dr. S. Masuda, Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan Prof. Y Muraki, Konan University, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-0000, Japan T. Sakai; Physical Science Lab., College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 2-11-1 Shinei, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0005, Japan Prof. A. Chilingarian, Cosmic Ray Divison, Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, 375036, Armenia

Address: Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Contacts: Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Fax: +41 31 631 4405 e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://cosray.unibe.ch/detectors/sontel/sontel.html

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The International Foundation HFSJG in the News

59 Print media 6 Radio 4 Television 9 Internet

“Bergdohlen als Haustiere und Forscher als Gäste”, Die Alpen, February 6, 2010. “Des glaciers et des hommes, Aletsch le magnifique”, Interview of Bernard Lejeune, TSR1, February 7, 2010 (also ARTE, February 26, 2010; ARTE, March 5, 2010; ARTE, November 1, 2010; TV5, November 2010; HDSuisse, December 17, 2010; HDSuisse, December 19, 2010). “Science d’hier”, Le Temps, March 24, 2010. “SWITCH bring High-Speed Internet aufs Jungfraujoch”, SWITCH press release and SWITCH Journal (http://www.switch.ch/export/sites/default/about/news/journal/_files/SWITCHjournal _March10.pdf), March 25, 2010. “Mechanismen der Partikelbildung in der Atmosphäre entschlüsselt”, Umwelttechnik Schweiz, March 26, 2010. “Peter Greenberg Worldwide” Live radio interview with Joan and Martin Fischer, March 27, 2010. http://www.petergreenberg.com/2010/03/25/radio-guests-march-27- 2010-jungfraujoch-switzerland/. “Labo... à la Jungfrau” Radio program RSR1, March 4 and 29, 2010. (http://blogs.rsr.ch/labo/au-sommet-du-jungfraujoch/) (http://www.rsr.ch/#/la-1ere/programmes/impatience/?date=29-06-2010 ) “Von der Bauernregel zur modernen Meteorologie”, Swiss Engineering / STZ, April 15, 2010. “Météo – les modéles informatiques affinenet la prévision”, Swiss Engineering / RTS, April 16, 2010. “Switch bringt High-Speed-Internet aufs Jungfraujoch”, ICT Kommunikation, April 17, 2010. “Die Massenkonzentration der isländischen Vulkanasche im europäischen Luftraum”, PSI-Medienmitteilung, April 19, 2010. http://www.psi.ch/media/die-massenkonzentration-der-islaendischen-vulkanasche-im- europaeschen-luftraum “Das Flugverbot durch das BAZL passt nicht allen im Bundeshaus”, Radio Argovia, April 19, 2010. “Volcanic Ash Data Sought”, Chemical & Engineering News, April 19, 2010. http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/88/i17/8817news1.html “Stimmen gegen die Luftraumsperre wegen der Aschewolke werden immer lauter”, Radio Argovia, April 19, 2010. “Diese Aschewolke existiert”, Thurgauer Zeitung, April 19, 2010.

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“Der Sicherheit verpflichtet”, Der Bund, Tages-Anzeiger / Gesamt, Zürcher Oberland, Zürcher Unterland, Zürichsee linkes Ufer, Zürichsee rechtes Ufer, April 19, 2010. “Die Aschewolke aus Island ist für Menschen ungefährlich”, Radio 32, April 20, 2010. “Aschewolke hat Löcher”, Die Südostschweiz / Gaster und See, Glarus, Graubünden, April 20, 2010. “Asche hat die Jungfrau erreicht”, Berner Zeitung / Stadt + Region Bern/Nord, April 20, 2010. “Jungfraujoch im Fokus von Europas Luftfahrt”, Berner Oberländer, Thuner Tagblatt, April 20, 2010. “Eruption en Islande l’EMPA a mesuré une hausse des particules fines liées au volcan”,ATS / Agence Télégraphique Suisse SA, April 20, 2010. “Volkanausbruch WHO: Bisher keine gesundheitlichen Folgen der Aschewolke”, SDA / Schweiz. Depeschenagentur, April 20, 2010. “Ambiente Volcano Islanda: aumento polveri fini, EMPA”, ATS / Agenzia Telegrafica Svizzera, April 20, 2010. “Synthese 1720 : Eruption en Islande”, ATS / Agence Télégraphique Suisse SA, April 20, 2010. “Hausse des particules fines liées au volcan en Suisse”, tsrinfo.ch, rsr.ch, April 20, 2010. “Nuages de cendres”, 24 heures, April 20, 2010. “Volkan-Splitter”, Werdenberger & Obertoggenburger, April 20, 2010. “Bisher keine gesundheitlichen Folgen des Volkanausbruchs”, Tages-Anzeiger Gesamt, Zürcher Oberland, Zürcher Unterland, Zürichsee linkes Ufer, Zürichsee rechtes Ufer, April 21, 2010. “Von der «Störfallberechnung» zur Prognose”, myscience.ch, April 21, 2010. http://www.myscience.ch/wire/von_der_laquo_stoerfallberechnung_raquo_zur_progn ose-2010-empa “Wir hatten gar keine andere Wahl”, Tages-Anzeiger / Gesamt, Zürcher Oberland, Zürcher Unterland, Zürichsee linkes Ufer, Zürichsee rechtes Ufer, April 21, 2010. “La situazione”, Le Regione Ticino, April 21, 2010. “Quelle quantité de cendres dans les deux?”, Le Temps, April 21, 2010. “Die Aschewolke aus Island…”, Die Südostschweiz / Gaster und See, Glarus, Graubünden, Höfner Volksblatt, March-Anzeiger, April 21, 2010. “Aschewolke laut WHO unbedenklich”, Walliser Bote, April 21, 2010. “Massenkonzentration der isländischen Vulkanasche”, Die Botschaft, April 21, 2010. “Auch in der Region Thun stiegen die Feinstaubwerte”, Thuner Tagblatt, April 22, 2010. “Empa bestimmt erstmals Vulkanaschekonzentrationen auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Chemie.de NEWS-Center, http://www.chemie.de/news/d/116681, April 22, 2010.

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“Empa bestimmt erstmals Vulkanaschekonznetrationen auf dem Jungfraujoch”, analytica-world, http://www. analytica-world.com/news/d/116681, April 22, 2010. “Auch im Berner Oberland stiegen die Feinstaubwerte”, Berner Oberländer, April 22, 2010. “Vulkan befleckt die Jungfrau”, Thuner Tagblatt, April 22, 2010. http://tt.bernerzeitung.ch/region/thun/Vulkan-befleckt-die-Jungfrau/story/30928133 “Das Aufräumen nach dem Chaos”, Berner Oberländer, Berner Zeitung / Burgdorf und Emmental, Langenthal + Oberaargau, Stadt + Region Bern/Süd, Stadt und Region Bern/Nord, Thuner Tagblatt, April 22, 2010. “Vulkan / Die Vulkanasche ist im Schweizer Flachland gelandet”, awp Finanznach- richten, April 23, 2010. “Vulkanausbruch: Die Volkanasche ist im Schweizer Flachland gelandet”, SDA / Schweiz. Depeschenagentur, April 23, 2010. “Vulkanasche ist im Schweizer Flachland gelandet”, Basler Zeitung, April 23, 2010. “Vulcano: le ceneri sono in Svizzera”, ticinonews.ch, April 23, 2010. “Ambiente Volcano: ceneri islandesi giunte sull’altipiano svizzero”, ATS / Agenzia Telegrafica Svizzera, April 23, 2010. “Eruption en Islande: Les pièges à pollens au sol ont capturé des cendres du volcan”, ATS / Agence Télégraphique Suisse SA, April 23, 2010. “EGU: Safety concerns raised over ash threshold for plane flights”; Environmental Research Web, May 5, 2010. http://environmentalresearchweb.org/cws/article/news/42542 “Volkanaschekonzentrationen auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Der PVB / Ihre Zeitung, Personalverband des Bundes, May 6, 2010. “Aschewolke wird weggeregnet”, Tagblatt für den Kanton Thurgau, May 11, 2010. “Kurzer Atem, langer Schnauf”, Schweizer Fernsehen 1, May 19, 2010. (http://www.sendungen.sf.tv/reporter/Sendungen/Reporter/Archiv/Sendung-vom- 19.05.2010 ) “Reporter: Kurzer Atem, langer Schnauf”, Basler Zeitung, Blick am Abend /Basel, Bern, St. Gallen, Zürich, Tages-Anzeiger / Gesamt, Zürcher Oberland, Zürcher Unterland, Zürichsee linkes Ufer, Zürichsee rechtes Ufer, May 19, 2010. “Schüler im tauenden Permafrost”, Berner Oberländer, June 18, 2010. “Klimawandel erleben”, Berner Oberländer, June 18, 2010. “Volcanology: Out of the ashes”, Nature 465, 544-545, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/465544a “L’observatoire de la Tour Carrée”, Vevey Libre, June 30, 2010. “Wertschöpfung durch Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaktivitäten”, Intelligent bauen, June 30, 2010. “Klimaforschung. Die Sphinx auf dem Jungfraujoch schläft nicht!”, “Recherches sur le climat: Le Sphinx du Jungfraujoch veille toujours” ANIMAN, Nr. 158, June-July, 2010.

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(http://www.animan.ch/Animan- Deutsch/Archives/articlemagazine.asp?SommaireID=472 ) “Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch – Hochalpine Herausforderung für Sysmex Digitana AG”, SysmexXtra, Edition Schweiz, July 2010. “In 18 Monaten durch den Berg”, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Echo von Grindelwald, Jungfrau-Zeitung, July 23, 2010. “Hier oben ist mein Leben”, Schweizer Familie, July 29, 2010. “Plus près du soleil” Radio interview with Ginette Roland by Nancy Ypsilantis “Impatience”, RSR1, August 19 2010 (http://www.rsr.ch/#/la-1ere/programmes/impatience/?date=19-08-2010) “Lähmendes Halbwissen”, Nachrichten aus der Chemie, #58, July – August 2010, 2010. “L’état de l’atmosphère”, Anthos, September 14, 2010. “Quinze élèves participent au projet ‘Eiger-Climat-Ecoles’”, Le Quotidien Jurassien, September 20, 2010. “Im Adlerhorst der Wissenschaft”, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, October 18, 2010. “Innover par convergence d’excellences: Développement d’un système pour le monitoring des signaux physiologiques”, Bulletin Electrosuisse, October 22, 2010. “Unschätzbare Informationen durch langfristige Messungen”, SCNAT info, 2/2010, 2010. “Gebirgsobservationen liefern weitreichende Resultate aus grosser Höhe / Les observatoires de montagne fournissent des données de haut vol”, Geosciences ACTUEL, 03/2010, pp. 23 – 26, 2010. “Leben ist vielerorts im Universum möglich”, Der Brienzer, Der Oberhasler, Jungfrau-Zeitung, November 19, 2010. “Roland Buser – Der Sternenforscher”, a production from ServusTV, November 19, 2010. “Unabhängige Überwachung der Emissionen”, NZZ am Sonntag, December 6, 2010. “Au coeur du Jungfraujoch”, Terre & Nature, December 9, 2010. “Aus dem Leben – Die Reportage. Kurzer Atem, langer Schnauf – Leben auf dem Jungfraujoch”, Servus TV, December 16, 2010. “Top of Europe and PB Swiss Tools Werkzeuge: atemberaubend, einzigartig, unverwechselbar”, “Top of Europe et les outils PB Swiss Tools: haletant, hors du commun, unique”, Perspective, December 23, 2010. “Hohe Weihnachten!”, Berner Oberländer, December 24, 2010. “Mit einer Pfeffermühle fing bei Seilers alles an” , Berner Oberländer, December 24, 2010.

174 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 Publication list

57 Refereed publications (42 Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat cited) 77 Conference prsentations / posters 3 Books / edited books 9 Theses 9 Data books and reports

Refereed publications Baltensperger, U., Aerosols in clearer focus, Science 329, 1474-1475, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1192930

Battipaglia, Giovanna, Veronica de Micco, Willi A. Brand, Petra Linke, Giovanna Aronne, Matthias Saurer, and Paolo Cherubini, Variations of vessel diameter and δ13C in false rings of Arbutus unedo L. reflect different environmental conditions, New Phytologist (2010) 188: 1099–1112 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03443.x

Bommer, C., Phillips, M., Arenson, L. (2010). Practical recommendations for planning, constructing and maintaining infrastructure in mountain permafrost. Short Communication, Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 21: 97-104. DOI: 10.1002/ppp.679. ://WOS:000275776100009

Brand, W. A., Comments on “Discrepancies between isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the stable isotope analysis of plant and soil waters”, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 2010, 24: 2687-2688

Brand, Willi A., Sergey S. Assonov, Tyler B. Coplen, Correction for the 17O 13 interference in δ C determinations when analyzing CO2 with stable isotope mass spectrometry, (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure Appl. Chem., 2010; 82 (8), 1719– 1733, (doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-09-01-05)

Bütikofer, R., E.O. Flückiger, Radiation doses along selected flight proﬁles during two extreme solar cosmic ray events, accepted for publication in Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans., 2010.

Calogovic, J., C. Albert, F. Arnold, J. Beer, L. Desorgher, and E. O. Flueckiger (2010), Sudden cosmic ray decreases: No change of global cloud cover, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03802, doi:10.1029/2009GL041327. ://WOS:000274355700001

Chen, C., Huang, M, Radiation-driven implosion in the Cepheus B molecular cloud, Research in Astronomy&Astrophysics, 10, issue 8, 777-784, 2010

Chevallier, F., P. Ciais, T.J. Conway, T. Aalto, B.E. Anderson, P. Bousquet, E.G. Brunke, L. Ciattaglia, Y. Esaki, M. Frohlich, A. Gomez, A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, L. Haszpra, P.B. Krummel, R.L. Langenfelds, M. Leuenberger, T. Machida, F. Maignan, H. Matsueda, J.A. Morgui, H. Mukai, T. Nakazawa, P. Peylin, M. Ramonet, L. Rivier, Y. Sawa, M. Schmidt, L.P. Steele, S.A. Vay, A.T. Vermeulen, S. Wofsy, and

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D. Worthy, CO2 surface fluxes at grid point scale estimated from a global 21 year reanalysis of atmospheric measurements, Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres, 115, 2010. ://WOS:000284219100003

Chou, C., O. Stetzer, E. Weingartner, Z. Jurányi, Z. A. Kanji, and U. Lohmann: “Ice nuclei properties within a Saharan Dust Event at the Jungfraujoch”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion, 10, 23705-23738, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/23705/2010/acpd-10-23705-2010.html

Clémer, K., M. Van Roozendael, C. Fayt, F. Hendrick, C. Hermans, G. Pinardi, R. Spurr, P. Wang, and M. De Mazière, Multiple wavelength retrieval of tropospheric aerosol optical properties from MAXDOAS measurements in Beijing, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 863–878, 2010. http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/863/2010/amt-3-863-2010.pdf

Corazza M., Bergamaschi, P., Vermeulen, A.T., Aalto, T., Haszpra, L., Meinhardt, F., O'Doherty, S., Thompson, R., Moncrieff, J., Popa, E., Steinbacher, M., Jordan, A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Brühl, C., Krol, M., Dentener, F., Inverse modelling of European N2O emissions: assimilating observations from different networks, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 10, 26319-26359, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/26319/2010/acpd-10-26319-2010.html de Laat, A.T.J., A.M.S. Gloudemans, H. Schrijver, I. Aben, Y. Nagahama, K. Suzuki, E. Mahieu, N.B. Jones, C. Paton-Walsh, N.M. Deutscher, D.W.T. Griffith, M. De Mazière, R. Mittelmeier, H. Fast, J. Notholt, M Palm, T. Hawat, T. Blumenstock, C. Rinsland, A.V. Dzhola, E.I. Grechko, A.M., Poberovskii, M.V. Makarova, J. Mellqvist, A. Strandberg, R. Sussmann, T. Borsdorff, and M. Rettinger, Validation of five years (2003-2007) of SCIAMACHY CO total column measurements using ground-based spectrometer observations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1457-1471, 2010; http://www.atmos-meas-tech.net/3/1457/2010/amt-3-1457-2010.pdf

Duchatelet P., P. Demoulin, F. Hase, R. Ruhnke, W. Feng, M. P. Chipperfield, P. F. Bernath, C. D. Boone, K. A. Walker, E. Mahieu, Hydrogen fluoride total and partial column time series above the Jungfraujoch from long-term FTIR measurements: Impact of the line-shape model, characterization of the error budget and seasonal cycle, and comparison with satellite and model data, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D22306, doi10.1029/2010JD014677, 2010a. http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2010JD014677.shtml

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Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Zieger, P., Wehre, G., Jefferson, A., Ogren, J. A., Baltensperger, U., and Weingartner, E.: Measurement of relative humidity dependent light scattering of aerosols, Atmos. Meas. Tech. 3, 39-50, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-39-2010

Gilge S., Plass-Duelmer, C., Fricke, W., Kaiser, A., Ries, L., Buchmann, B., Steinbacher, M., Ozone, Carbon monoxide and Nitrogen oxides time series at four Alpine GAW mountain stations in Central Europe, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 12295-12316, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/12295/2010/acp-10-12295-2010.html

Huss, M., Hock, R., Bauder, A. and Funk, M., The 100-year glacier mass changes in the Swiss Alps linked to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L10501, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2010GL042616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GL042616

Kong, Shuo,Wu, Yuefang, Inclination-angle of the outflow in IRAS 05553+1631: A method to correct the projection effect, accepted by the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010arXiv1012.3268K

Levin, I., Naegler, T., Kromer, B., Cuevas, E., Diehl, M., Francey, R., Gomez-Pelaez, A.J., Schäfer, A., Steele, L.P., Wagenbach, D., Weller, R., and Worthy, D.E.,

177 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Observations and modelling of the global distribution and long-term trend of 14 atmospheric CO2. Tellus 62B, 26-46, 2010 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00446.x.

Liu, D., Flynn, M., Gysel, M., Targino, A., Crawford, I., Bower, K., Choularton, T., Juranyi, Z., Steinbacher, M., Hueglin, C., Curtius, J., Kampus, M., Petzold, A., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Coe, H., Single particle characterization of black carbon aerosols at a tropospheric alpine site in Switzerland. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 7389-7407, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/7389/2010/acp-10-7389-2010.html

Lloyd J, Patiño S, Paiva RQ, Nardoto GB, Quesada CA, Santos AJB, Baker TR, Brand WA, Hilke I, Geilmann H, Raessler M, Luizão FJ, Martinelli LA and Mercado LM, Optimisation of photosynthetic carbon gain and within-canopy gradients of associated foliar traits for Amazon forest trees. Biogeosciences 2010; 7: 1833–1859, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1833-2010

Lüthi, M., and Bauder, A., Analysis of Alpine glacier length change records with a macroscopic glacier model. Geographica Helvetica, 65(2), 92-102, 2010.

Lüthi, M., Bauder, A. and Funk, M., Volume change reconstruction of Swiss glaciers from length change data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, F04022, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2010JF001695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001695

Pellicciotti, F., Bauder, A. and Parola, M., Effect of glaciers on streamflow trends in the Swiss Alps. Water Resources Research, 46(10), W10522, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2009WR009039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009WR009039

Peters, W., M. C. Krol, G. R. van der Werf, S. Houwelings, C. D. Jones, J. Hughes, K. Schaefer, K. A. Masarie, A. R. Jacobson, J. B. Miller, C. H. Cho, M. Ramonet, M. Schmidt, L. Ciattaglia, F. Apadula, D. Heltai, F. Meinhardt, A. G. di Sarra, S. Piacentino, D. Sferlazzo, T. Aalto, J. Hatakka, J. Ström , L . Haszpra, H. A. J. Meijer, S. van der Laan, R. E. M. Neubert, A. Jordan, X. Rodó, J.-A. Morguí, A. T. Vermeulen, E. Popa, K. Rozanski, M. Zimnoch, A. C. Manning, M. Leuenberger, C. Uglietti, A. J. Dolman, P. Ciais, M. Heimann and P. P. Tans, Seven years of recent

178 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

European net terrestrial carbon dioxide exchange contrained by atmospheric observations, Global Change Biology (2010) 16, 1317-1337, doi : 10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2009.02078.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02078.x/abstract

Qi, Haiping, Manfred Gröning, Tyler B. Coplen, Bryan Buck, Stanley J. Mroczkowski, Willi A. Brand, Heike Geilmann, and Matthias Gehre, Novel silver tubing method for quantitative introduction of water into high temperature conversion systems for stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic measurements, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectrom. 2010; 24: 1821-18277 (http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123491150/abstract)

Quesada CA, Lloyd J, Schwarz M, Patiño S, Baker TR, Czimczik C, Fyllas NM, Martinelli L, Nardoto GB, Schmerler J, Santos AJB, Hodnett MG, Herrera R, Luizão FJ, Arneth A, Lloyd G, Dezzeo N, Hilke I, Kuhlmann I, Raessler M, Brand WA, Geilmann H, Moraes Filho JO, Carvalho FP, Araujo Filho RN, Chaves JE, Cruz Junior OF, Pimentel TP and Paiva R Variations in chemical and physical properties of Amazon forest soils in relation to their genesis. Biogeosciences 2010, 7:1515-1542

Riesen, P., Sugiyama, S and Funk, M., The influence of the presence and drainage of an ice-marginal lake on the ice flow of Gornergletscher, Switzerland. Journal of Glaciology, 56(196), 278-286, 2010. http://www.igsoc.org/journal/56/196/t09J112.pdf

Rigby, M. Mühle, J., Miller, B. R., Prinn R. G., Krummel, P. B., Steele, L. P., Fraser, P. J., Salameh, P. K., Harth, C. M., Weiss, R. F., Greally, B. R., O’Doherty, S., Simmonds, P. G., Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Kim, K., Kim, K. R., Wand, H. J., Dluogencky, E. J., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., History of atmospheric SF6 from 1973 – 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 10305 – 10320. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/10305/2010/acp-10-10305-2010.pdf

Röckmann, Thomas, Catalina X. Gómez Álvarez, Sylvia Walter, Carina van der Veen, Adam G. Wollny, Sachin Gunthe, Günther Helas, Ulrich Pöschl, Frank Keppler, Markus Greule and Willi A. Brand, Isotopic composition of H2 from wood burning: Dependency on combustion efficiency, moisture content and δD of local precipitation, J. Geophys. Research 115 (2010), D17308, 1-11 (doi:10.1029/2009JD013188)

179 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Roux, P.F., Walter, F., Riesen, P., Sugiyama, S and Funk, M., Observation of surface seismic activity changes of an alpine glacier during a glacier-dammed lake outburst. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(F3), F03014, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2009JF001535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001535

Ruckstuhl A.F., Henne, S., Reimann, S., Steinbacher, M., Buchmann, B., Hueglin, C., Robust extraction of baseline signal of atmospheric trace species using local regression, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 3, 5589-5612, 2010. http://www.atmos-meas-tech-discuss.net/3/5589/2010/amtd-3-5589-2010.html

Stohl, A., J. Kim, S. Li, S. O'Doherty, J. Mühle, P. K. Salameh, T. Saito, M. K. Vollmer, D. Wan, R. F. Weiss, B. Yao, Y. Yokouchi, L. X. Zhou, 2010. Hydrochlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluorocarbon emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3545 – 3560. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/3545/2010/acp-10-3545-2010.pdf

Sugiyama, S., Bauder, A., Riesen, P. and Funk, M., Surface ice motion deviating toward the margins during speed-up events at Gornergletscher, Switzerland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(F3), F03010, 2010, DOI:10.1029/2009JF001509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001509

Tuzson, B., Henne, S., Brunner, D., Steinbacher, M., Mohn, J., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L. (2010). Continuous isotopic composition measurements of tropospheric CO2 at Jungfraujoch (3580ma.s.l.), Switzerland: real-time observation of regional pollution events. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10: 24563–24593, doi:10.5194/acpd-10-24563-2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/24563/2010/acpd-10-24563-2010.pdf

Vigano, I., T. Röckmann, R. Holzinger, F. Keppler, M. Greule, W.A. Brand, H. Geilmann, H. van Weelden, Water drives the deuterium content of the methane emitted from plants, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 74 (2010) 3865–3873 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.03.030)

Walter, F., Dreger, D.S., Clinton, J.F., Deichmann, N. and Funk, M., Evidence for near-horizontal tensile faulting at the base of Gornergletscher, a Swiss alpine glacier. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 458-472, 2010. http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/2/458?stoc

180 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Wendeberg, Magnus and Willi A. Brand, “Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) of light elements (C, H, O, N, S): The principles and characteristics of the IRMS instrument” in Encyclopedia of Mass Spectrometry Vol 5, ed. Diane Beauchemin and Dwight E. Matthews, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2010), pp 739-748; ISBN-13: 978-0080438047;

Werder, M.A., Schuler, T.V. and Funk, M., Short term variations of tracer transit speed on alpine glaciers. The Cryosphere, 4, 381-396, 2010. http://www.the-cryosphere.net/4/381/2010/tc-4-381-2010.html

Xiao, X., R. G. Prinn, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, R. F. Weiss, S. O'Doherty, B. R. Miller, P. K. Salameh, C. M. Harth, P. B. Krummel, L. W. Porter, J. Mühle, B. R. Greally, D. Cunnold, R. Wang, S. A. Montzka, J. W. Elkins, G. S. Dutton, T. M. Thompson, J. H. Butler, B. D. Hall, S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer, F. Stordal, C. Lunder, M. Maione, J. Arduini, and Y. Yokouchi, 2010. Optimal estimation of the surface fluxes of methyl chloride using a 3-D global chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5515-5533. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/5515/2010/acp-10-5515-2010.pdf

Xu, J.L., Wang, J.J., Submillimeter/millimeter observations of the high-mass star forming region IRAS22506+5944, Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 10, issue 2, pp. 151-158 (2010)

Xu, Jin-Long, Wang, Jun-Jie, Miller, Martin Submillimeter/millimeter observations of the molecular clouds associated with the Tycho' Supernova Remnant, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010arXiv1012.2918X

Yver, C., Pison, I., Fortems-Cheiney, A., Schmidt, M., Bousquet, P., Ramonet, M., Jordan, A., Søvde, A., Engel, A., Fisher, R., Lowry, D., Nisbet, E., Levin, I., Hammer, S., Necki, J., Bartyzel, J., Reimann, S., Vollmer, M. K., Steinbacher, M., Aalto, T., Maione, M., Arduini, I., O'Doherty, S., Grant, A., Sturges, W., Lunder, C. R., Privalov, V., Paramonova, N., A new estimation of the recent tropospheric molecular hydrogen budget using atmospheric observations and variational inversion, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 28963-29005, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/28963/2010/acpd-10-28963-2010.pdf

Zander, R., P. Duchatelet, E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, G. Roland, C. Servais, J. Vander Auwera, A. Perrin, C.P. Rinsland, and P. Crutzen, Formic acid above the Jungfraujoch during 1985-2007: observed variability, seasonality, but no long-term background evolution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10047-10065, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 10047-2010, 2010. http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/10047/2010/acp-10-10047-2010.pdf

Conference presentations / Posters Baltensperger, U.: Determination of physical and chemical properties of volcanic ash aerosol in the context of the FP6 projects EUSAAR, EARLINET and EUCAARI, AERONET II Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, June 30 – July 1, 2010. http://www.aero-net.info/

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Baltensperger, U.: Mountain sites as an important infrastructure for the impact assessment of volcanic ash, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

Baltensperger, U.: Physical and chemical properties of the volcanic ash aerosol from the Eyjafjoll volcano eruption. American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, CA, USA, December 13-17, 2010.

Balzani Lööv, J.M., S. Henne, G. Legreid, J. Staehelin, S. Reimann, A.S.H. Prevot, M. Steinbacher, and M.K. Vollmer, Estimation of background concentrations of trace gases at the Swiss Alpine site Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Bergamaschi, P., M. Corazza, A. Vermeulen, A. Manning, M. Athanassiadou, P. Bousquet, R. Thompson, M. Heimann, K. Trusilova, E. Popa, L. Haszpra, J. Mocrieff, R. Neubert, E. Nisbet, T. Alto, F. Meinhardt, L. Ries, M. Steinbacher, F. Artuso, and E. Dlugokencky, Inverse modeling of European CH4 and N2O emissions, Nitrogen and the European Greenhouse Gas Balance, Solothurn, CH, 3 – 4 February 2010.

Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, M. Kistler, U. Marti, S. Schaer, A. Schlatter, B. Vogel, A. Wiget, U. Wild (2010): Geodetic activities at swisstopo presented to the EUREF2010 Symposium. In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Gaevele, June 2-4, 2010 (in prep.).

Brockmann E., D. Ineichen, S. Schaer, A. Schlatter (2010): Use of double stations in the Swiss Permanent GNSS Network AGNES. In: Ihde, J. and H. Hornik (Eds): Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF), Gaevele, June 2-4, 2010 (in prep.).

Brunner, D., S. Henne, J. Klausen, and B. Buchmann, A Global Lagrangian Model to Study Trace Gas Variability and Long Range Transport, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Buchmann, B., Integrated Carbon Observation System, Status Switzerland, ICOS Stakeholder Meeting, Helsinki, 31 May – 2 June 2010.

Buchmann, B., Reactive Gases and Greenhouse Gases at the GAW site Jungfraujoch, Earth Observation Programme Board, Jungfraujoch, 28 May 2010.

Bukowiecki, N.; Gysel, M.; Collaud Coen, M.; Jurányi, Z.; Zieger, P.; Wehrle, G.; Baltensperger, U.; Weingartner, U.: A comprehensive analysis of long-term particle

182 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 number size distribution measurements at Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

Chou, Cedric, O. Stetzer, E. Weingartner, Z. Jurányi, Z. A. Kanji, and U. Lohmann: ”Measurements of IN properties at the Jungfraujoch using the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber (PINC)”, European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly 2010, 2 – 7 May 2010 Vienna, Austria

Dils, B., M. De Mazière, C. Vigouroux, F. Forster, R. Sussmann, T. Borsdorff, P. Bousquet, T. Blumenstock, M. Buchwitz, S. Dalsoren, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, C. Frankenberg, J. Hannigan, F. Hase, I. Isaksen, N. Jones, J.Klyft, I. Kramer, E. Mahieu, J. Mellqvist, L. Neef, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, I. Pison, O. Schneising, A. Strandberg, K. Strong, S. Szopa, J. Taylor, P. van Velthoven, M. van Weele, and S. Wood, A comparison of Methane data products from Chemistry Transport Models, SCIAMACHY and a network of FTIR stations, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-4593.pdf

Dinoev, T., I. Serikov, V. Simeonov, Y. Arshinov, S. Bobrovnikov, B. Calpini, H. van den Bergh, M. B. Parlange, “Temperature and aerosol backscatter ratio measurements with the Swiss Raman Lidar for meteorological applications”, 25th International Laser Lidar Conference, 5 - 9 July 2010, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Duchatelet, P., P. Demoulin, F. Hase, E. Mahieu, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, and K.A. Walker, Updating hydrogen fluoride (HF) FTIR time series above the Jungfraujoch: comparison of two retrieval algorithms and impact of line shape models, poster presented at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010b. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-1354-2.pdf http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/Poster_EGU_2010_HF.pdf

183 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Emmenegger, L., Tuzson, B., Mohn, J., Heeb, N., Brunner, D., Steinbacher, M. and Buchmann, B. (2010). Regional pollution events observed by continuous 13 18 measurements of δ C-CO2 and δ O-CO2 at Jungfraujoch using quantum cascade laser spectroscopy. ACP Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites. Interlaken, Switzerland.

Emmenegger, L., Tuzson, B., Mohn, J., Zahniser, M., Kammer, A. and Zeeman, M. J. (2010). Real-time measurement of δ13C and δ18O in CO2 by QCLAS - from the soil to the free troposphere. EGU 2010, European Geosciences Union, Vienna, Germany. Fierz-Schmidhauser, R., Zieger, P., Gysel, M., Weingartner, E., Baltensperger, U., Vaishya, A., O'Dowd, C. D., Jennings, S. G., Tuch, T., Wiedensohler, A., Ström, J., Henzing, B., Moerman, M., and Leeuw, G. d.: Relative humidity dependent light scattering of aerosols at various sites , International Aerosol Conference, Helsinki, Finland, August 29 – September 3, 2010, Abstract 7E3. http://www.iac2010.fi/

Fiore, A., D. Jaffe, E. Fischer, J. Staehelin, S. Pandey, M. Steinbacher, and C. Zellweger, Measured and modelled PAN mixing ratios in the free troposphere, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Flückiger, E.O., Terrestrial effect of cosmic rays, 22nd European Cosmic Ray Symposium, Turku, Finland, 3-6 August 2010, abstract, 2010.

Froidevaux, M., Ch. Higgins, V. Simeonov, I. Serikov, H.van den Bergh, R. Calhoun, P.Ristori, E. Pardyjak, and M. Parlange, “Turbulent Atmospheric Boundary Layer Evaporation (TABLE) experiment: preliminary results”, 25th International Laser Lidar Conference, 5 - 9 July 2010, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Henne, S., D. Brunner, J. Klausen, B. Buchmann, Inter-Annual Variability of CO and CH4 Observations Interpreted by a Global Lagrangian Transport Model, European Geophysical Union, Vienna, 3 – 7 May 2010.

Henne, S., D. Brunner, J. Klausen, B. Buchmann, Inter-Annual Variability of CO and CH4 Observations Interpreted by a Global Lagrangian Transport Model, NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Annual Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, 18 – 19 May 2010.

Henne, S., C. Hüglin, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, and B. Buchmann, Robust estimation of baseline signal considering latitudinal concentration gradients, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Hueglin, C., Performance of laserspectroscopic technologies for determination of regulated compounds, Workshop and Conference on Current and Future Air Quality Monitoring, Royal Society of Chemistry/AirMonTech, London, GB, 14 – 15 December 2010.

184 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Kaiser, A., H. Scheifinger, M. Steinbacher, S. Gilge, L. Ries, C. Uglietti, and M. Leuenberger, Meteorological interpretation of the high Alpine carbon dioxide and ozone concentrations, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Keller, C. A., D. Brunner, M. K. Vollmer, S. O’Doherty, A. Manning, and S. Reimann, Halogenated Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inferred from Ambient Air Measurements and 222Rn, European Geophysical Union, Vienna, 3 – 7 May 2010.

Keller, C. A., D. Brunner, M. K. Vollmer, S. Henne, and S. Reimann, Allocation and Trends of Halogenated Hydrocarbon Emissions in Europe as Observed from Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010. Keller, C. A., M. K. Vollmer, D. Brunner, F. Conen, and S. Reimann, Halogenated Greenhouse Gas Emissions inferred from Ambient Air Measurements and Radon-222 at Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010. Kerzenmacher, T., B. Dils, N. Kumps, A. C. Vandaele, T. Blumenstock, C. Clerbaux, P.-F. Coheur, P. Demoulin, P, Duchatelet, M, George, F, Hase, N. Jones, E. Mahieu, J. Notholt, K. Petersen, A. Razavi, T. Ridder, M. Schneider, C. Senten, G. Vanhaelewyn, C. Vigouroux, C. Wespes, and M. De Mazière, Validation of HNO3, CO and CH4 column data from IASI using ground-based FTIR data, oral presentation at the second IASI international conference, 25-29 January 2010, Sévrier, France, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/abstract_IASI2010.txt Lejeune, B., E. Mahieu, C. Servais, P. Duchatelet, and P. Demoulin, Optimized approach to retrieve information on the tropospheric and stratospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) vertical distributions above Jungfraujoch from high-resolution FTIR solar spectra, poster presented at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-3513.pdf http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010_OCS_BL.pdf

Leuenberger, M., and C. Uglietti, Atmospheric O2 and CO2 at the High Alpine Station Jungfraujoch, Switzerland - a comparison between online and flask measurements, in Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, edited by

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ACP commission of scnat, pp. 41-42, Paul Scherrer Institut, Interlaken, Switzerland, June 8-10, 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/ Mahieu, E., C. P. Rinsland, T. Gardiner, R. Zander, P. Demoulin, M.P. Chipperfield, R. Ruhnke, L.S. Chiou, M. De Mazière, P. Duchatelet, B. Lejeune, G. Roland, and C. Servais, Recent trends of inorganic and halogenated source gases above the Jungfraujoch and Kitt Peak stations derived from high-resolution FTIR solar observations, poster presented at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-2420-3.pdf http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010_Cly_CCly_FINAL.pdf

Meier, M.F., M. Collaud Coen, G. Wehrle and B. Grobéty, Single Particle Analysis of Saharan Dust Sampled on Jungfraujoch, 20th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, June 13-18 2010, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, Issue 11, Supplement 1, A695, 2010.

Meijer, Y.J., T. Fehr, R. von Kuhlmann, R.M. Koopman, A. Pellegrini, G. Busswell, M. Ghule, I. Mustafee, N. Scott, M. De Mazière, S. Niemeijer, R. van Deelen, H. Baltzer, G. Corlett, F. Collard, J. Dorandeau, J.-C. Lambert, A. Piters, D. Smith, GECA: ESA’s next generation validation data centre, poster presented at the ESA Living Planet Symposium, (Bergen, Norway, June 28-July 2, 2010), ESA Special Publication SP-686, 2010.

Nyeki, S., C. Wehrli, and J. Gröbner, Long-term Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) Measurements from the GAW-PFR Network, International Polar Year Conference, Oslo, Norway, 8-12 June, 2010. Nyeki, S., C. Wehrli, J. Gröbner, and L. Vuilleumier, Long-term Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) measurements at the Jungfraujoch Global GAW station, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, Switzerland, June 8-10, 2010. Pandey, S., J. Staehelin, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, U. Weers, C. Zellweger, E. Weingartner, and M. Collaud Coen, M., NOy speciation and relationship with PAN in the troposphere from measurements at Jungfraujoch, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010. Pandey, S., S. Henne, J. Staehelin, U. Weers, L. Ries, M. Steinbacher, and T.Peter, PAN transport at Alpine sites from European planetary boundary layer, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA; 13 – 17 Decmber 2010. Pinardi, G., R. Campion, M. Van Roozendael, C. Fayt, J. van Geffen, B. Galle, S. Carn, P. Valks, M. Rix, S. Hildago, J. Bourquin, G. Garzon, S. Inguaggiato, Comparison of Volcanic SO2 Flux Measurements From Satellite And From The NOVAC Network, Proceedings of the 2010 EUMETSAT conference, Cordoba, Spain, 20-24 September 2010.

Pinardi, G., J.-C. Lambert, J. Granville, M. Van Roozendael, A. Delcloo, H. De Backer, P. Valks, N. Hao, Overview of The Validation of GOME-2 Total And Tropospheric NO2 Columns, Proceedings of the 2010 EUMETSAT conference, Cordoba, Spain, 20-24 September 2010.

186 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Reimann, S., C. A. Keller, D. Brunner, M. K. Vollmer, S. O’Doherty, A. Manning, Top-Down Validation of European Halocarbon Emission Inventories, NOAA ESRL Global Monitoring Annual Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, 18 – 19 May 2010. Reimann, S. and M. K. Vollmer, Hydorfluoroolefines (HFOs): Measured before produced, AGAGE 42nd Meeting of AGAGE scientists and Cooperating Networks, Melbourne, 8 – 11 November 2010 Rinsland, C.P., E. Mahieu, P. Demoulin, L.S. Chiou, R. Zander and J.-M. Hartmann, Long-term trend of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) from ground-based high-resolution infrared solar spectra recorded at the Jungfraujoch, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-1819-3.pdf

Ruckstuhl, A.F., S. Henne, S. Reimann, M. Steinbacher, B. Buchmann, and C. Hueglin, Estimation of background concentrations of atmospheric trace gases using robust local regression, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Ruhnke, R., M.P. Chipperfield, M. De Mazière, J. Notholt, S. Barthlott, R.L. Batchelor, R.D. Blatherwick, Th. Blumenstock, M.T. Coffey, P. Duchatelet, H. Fast, W. Feng, A. Goldman, D.W.T. Griffith, K. Hamann, J.W. Hannigan, F. Hase, N.B. Jones, A. Kagawa, Y. Kasai, O. Kirner, R. Kohlhepp, W. Kouker, I. Kramer, R. Lindenmaier, E. Mahieu, R.L. Mittermeier, B. Monge-Sanz, I. Murata, H. Nakajima, I. Morino, M. Palm, C. Paton-Walsh, Th. Reddmann, M. Rettinger, C.P. Rinsland, M. Schneider, C. Senten, B.-M. Sinnhuber, D. Smale, K. Strong, R. Sussmann, J.R. Taylor, G. Vanhaelewyn, T. Warneke, C. Whaley, M. Wiehle, and S.W. Wood, Observed and simulated time evolution of HCl, ClONO2, and HF total columns, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2010/EGU2010-8100.pdf

Scheeren, B., and M. Steinbacher, Comparing in-situ greenhouse gas observations from Jungfraujoch and Ispra: on the role of advection of Po Valley air pollution, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Simeonov, V., T. Dinoev , B. Calpini , S. Bobrovnikov , Y. Arshinov, P. Ristori , H. van den Bergh , and M. Parlange, ” A Raman lidar as operational tool for water vapor profiling in the Swiss Meteorological Office”, 25th International Laser Lidar Conference, 5 - 9 July 2010, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Staehelin, J., J. Cui, S. Pandey, M. Sprenger, M. Steinbacher, S. Henne, and M. Collaud Coen, Ozone and ozone precursors at Jungfraujoch (Switzerland): Data analysis and long-term changes, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, CH, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Steinbacher, M., Experiences from the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, International Workshop on GAW, Jakarta, IDN, 06 – 07 October 2010.

Steinbacher, M., D. Brunner, S. Henne, M. K. Vollmer, S. Reimann, In-situ Methane Observations at Jungfraujoch: European Source Allocations and Emission estimates, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010.

187 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Steinbacher, M. S. Reimann, M. K. Vollmer, M. Hill, C. Hueglin, VOC Observations Within the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network, 3rd WMO/GAW expert meeting on global observations of VOCs, Helsinki, 29 – 30 June 2010. Steinbacher, M., B. Schwarzenbach, B. Buchmann, C. Hueglin, Continuous in-situ Air Quality Measurements at Jungfraujoch as Part of the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL), Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, 8 – 10 June 2010.

Steinbacher M., C. Zellweger, and C. Hueglin, Continuous in-situ CH4 and CO2 Observations at Jungfraujoch using Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy, Swiss Global Change Day, Bern, 20 April 2010. Sussmann, R., T. Borsdorff, M. Rettinger, C. Camy-Peyret, P. Demoulin, P. Duchatelet, E. Mahieu, C. Servais, and the NDACC-FTIR team, Water vapor trends from the NDACC-FTIR network, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-8569-1.pdf

Tuzson, B., Kammer, A., Zeeman, M. J., Mohn, J., Zahniser, M. and Emmenegger, L. (2010). In situ investigation of CO2 dynamics of biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange based on real-time measurement of δ13C and δ18O by QCLAS. COST- SIBAE WG3 Laser Workshop. Zürich, Switzerland. Tuzson, B., Mohn, J., Steinbacher, M., Henne, S., Brunner, D. and Emmenegger, L. 13 18 (2010). Long-term and in situ spectroscopic measurements of δ C and δ O of CO2 at Jungfraujoch (3580 masl) reveal regional pollution events. ISI 2010, The Fifth International Symposium on Isotopomers. Amsterdam, Netherlands, 21 – 25 June 2010. van der Laan, Ingrid and Sander van der Laan, presentation about the Jungfraujoch measurements of the Climate and Environmental Physics Division, University of Bern, Oeschger plenary meeting, Gwatt, 2010. Vanhaelewyn, G., P. Duchatelet, N. Kumps, C. Senten, C. Vigouroux, B. Dils, C. Hermans, P. Demoulin, E. Mahieu and M. De Mazière, Preliminary comparisons of the error budgets associated with ground-based FTIR measurements of atmospheric HCl and HF profiles at Ile de la Réunion and Jungfraujoch, poster presented at the "3rd GEOmon General Assembly", 18-20 January 2010, Royal Astronomical Society, London, United Kingdom, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/Meeting%20Program%20Book_GEOmon_ GA_2010_pp26-27.pdf Vanhaelewyn, G., P. Duchatelet, C. Vigouroux, B. Dils, N. Kumps, C. Hermans, P. Demoulin, E. Mahieu. R. Sussmann, and M. De Mazière, Comparison of the error budgets associated with ground-based FTIR measurements of atmospheric CH4 profiles at Ile de la Réunion and Jungfraujoch, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-15537.pdf

Verebélyi, E., Miller, M., Tóth, L.V., Makai, Z., Marton, G., CO survey of ARCHEOPS cold cores, Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 218, Issue 1, pp. 012023, 2010

Vigouroux, C., P. Demoulin, T. Blumenstock, M. Schneider, J. Klyft, M. Palm, T. Gardiner, M. De Mazière, C. Servais, F. Hase, R. Kohlhepp, S. Bartholt, J. Mellqvist,

188 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 and J. Notholt, Ozone tropospheric and stratospheric trends (1995-2008) over Western Europe from ground-based FTIR network observations, oral presentation at the “EGU 2010 General Assembly”, 2-7 May 2010, Vienna, Austria, 2010. http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/girpas/C2010/EGU2010-8500.pdf

Vollmer, M. K., Atmospheric Halogenated Trace Gases – Automated Measurements using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC – MS), Agilent Forum, Basel, 7 – 8 September 2010.

Vollmer, M. K., et al., Atmospheric Histories and Global Emissions of the Anthropogenic Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) HFC-365mfc, HFC-245fa, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa, 41st Meeting of AGAGE scientists and Cooperating Networks, Beijing 7 – 11 June 2010.

Vuilleumier, L. and D. Walker, Estimation of cloud effect on UV erythemal irradiance using SW irradiance data, Eleventh BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, Queenstown, New Zealand, 13-16 April 2010, Summary Report from the Eleventh BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, 14 (2010) http://www.gewex.org/BSRN/BSRN-11_Report-final.pdf Vuilleumier, L. and D. Walker, Evolution of surface reflectivity in Switzerland between 1980 and 2008, Eleventh BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, Queenstown, New Zealand, 13-16 April 2010, Summary Report from the Eleventh BSRN Scientific Review and Workshop, 16-17 (2010) http://www.gewex.org/BSRN/BSRN-11_Report-final.pdf Weingartner., E.: Influence of aerosol particles on cloud microphysical properties, Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics at Mountain Sites, Interlaken, June 8-10 2010. http://acp.scnat.ch/e/news/events/2010/

Yilmaz A., Denizli H., Iori M. ' Preliminary Test Results of a Prototype Detector at Sphinx Observatory Center', Turkish Physical Society 27th International Physics Congress, 14-17 September 2010, Istanbul, Turkey..

Edited Books Bommer C., Phillips M., Keusen H.R., Teysseire P. (2010). Construire sur le pergélisol: Guide pratique. Birmensdorf, Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft, SLF. 126 p. PDF Download in German: http://www.slf.ch/dienstleistungen/buecher/9819.pdf

Häberlin, H.: “Photovoltaik – Strom aus Sonnenlicht für Verbundnetz und Insel- anlagen”, 2010. Electrosuisse-Verlag, CH-8320 Fehraltorf, ISBN 978-3-905214-62-8 and VDE Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-8007-3205-0 (in German)

Montzka, S. A. and Reimann, S., Ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and related chemicals, Chapt. 1, in: Scientific Assessment of ozone depletion, 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project – Report number xxx, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 2011.

189 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Theses Bartlome, Marcel, Development of the Jungfraujoch UV DIAL Lidar to Observe the Vertical Ozone Distribution in the Context of Stratosphere Troposphere Exchange and Long Range Transport. Thèse EPFL, no 4636 (2010). Dir.: Valentin Simeonov, Marc Parlange. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=4636 DOI: 10.5075/epfl-thesis-4636

Bond, S. W. Sources and Sinks of Hydrogen in the Atmosphere during Transition to Hydrogen-based Transportation. PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich, 2010.

Farinotti, D., Simple methods for inferring glacier ice-thickness and snow- accumulation distribution, PhD Thesis, ETH Zürich, 2010. Fierz, Rahel Andrea. Enhancement of the light scattering coefficient of atmospheric aerosol particles by water uptake. ETH (2010). Diss. ETH No. 18784 doi:10.3929/ethz-a-006113754. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:1535 . Jurányi, Z.: Characterisation of the cloud condensation nuclei properties of complex aerosols: from the smogchamber to the free troposphere, Dissertation ETH Zürich, Diss. ETH No. 19238, 2010.

Kammermann, Lukas Peter. Aerosol hygroscopicity and CCN properties at remote sites. ETH (2010). doi:10.3929/ethz-a-006078109.Data publications and reports http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/view/eth:1356.

Ross, Jens-Ole, Simulation of atmospheric krypton-85 transport to assess the detectability of clandestine nuclear reprocessing, Doctoral thesis University of Hamburg, 2010, Reports on Earth System Science 82/2010, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorology in Hamburg, ISSN 1614-1199.

Wacker, S., LIRAS – Long-wave Infrared Radiative forcing trend Assimilation over Switzerland, PhD Thesis, Universität Bern, 2010.

Yilmaz A., Study of Prototype Detector for UHE Tau-Neutrino Detection, Masters thesis, academic year: 2010-2011, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.

Popular publications and presentations “Visite de l’observatoire du Sphinx au Jungfraujoch, Suisse,” A. De Bruijn, Cercle Astronomique Mosan A.S.B.L., Dinant, Belgique. Éditions Copernic, 2010.

Data books and reports BAFU, NABEL Luftbelastung 2009. Umwelt Zustand Nr. 1016, pp. 142. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Bern, 2010. Empa and BAFU, Technischer Bericht 2010 zum Nationalen Beobachtungsnetz für Luftfremdstoffe (NABEL), pp. 206, Dübendorf, 2010. Available online: http://www.empa.ch/plugin/template/empa/*/99311 H. Häberlin: “Photovoltaik – Strom aus Sonnenlicht für Verbundnetz und Insel- anlagen”, 2010. Electrosuisse-Verlag, CH-8320 Fehraltorf, ISBN 978-3-905214-62-8 and VDE Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-8007-3205-0 (in German).

“Ozone, rayonnement et aérosols (GAW)” in Annalen 2009 MeteoSchweiz, Zürich SZ ISSN 0080-7338 pp. 115–131, 2010.

190 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

PERMOS 2010. Permafrost in Switzerland 2006/2007 and 2007/2008. Noetzli, J. and Vonder Muehll, D. (eds.), Glaciological Report (Permafrost) No. 8/9 of the Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, 68 pp.

Reimann, S., M. K. Vollmer, D. Brunner, M. Steinbacher, M. Hill, A. Wenger, C. Keller, and B. Buchmann, Kontinuierliche Messung von halogenierten Treibhausgasen auf dem Jungfraujoch (HALCLIM-4). Empa project No 201'203, 1st Interim Report, 21 October 2010. Available at: http://www.bafu.admin.ch/luft/00649/01960/

Schlosser, C.: Großräumige Veränderung der Umweltradioaktivität: Atmosphärische Radioaktivität. In: Interventionen und Nachhaltigkeit im Strahlenschutz. Klausurtagung der Strahlenschutzkommission am 13./14. November 2008, Berlin. Veröffentlichungen der Strahlenschutzkommission, Band 65, H. Hoffmann GmbH, Berlin, 2010, 254-280, ISBN 978-3-87344-159-0 Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2010, contributions from P. Duchatelet and E. Mahieu (in Chapter 1, Ozone-Depleting Substances and Related Chemicals) and of P. Demoulin (in Chapter 2, Stratospheric Ozone and Surface Ultraviolet Radiation), World Meteorological Organization, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, Report No. 52, 2010.

Umweltradioaktivität und Strahlendosen in der Schweiz, Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Abteilung Strahlenschutz, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 (in preparation)

Various publications Gini, Mario, Bau & Betrieb einer Diffusionsnebelkammer, Maturitätsarbeit Physik, Kantonsschule Limmattal, 2010.

191 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 Index of research groups / institutes Research group / institute Project title Page AWI, Alfred Wegener Institute Linking micro-physical properties to 157 for Polar and Marine Research macro features in ice sheets with Postfach 120161 geophysical techniques (LIMPICS) 27515 Bremerhaven / Germany http://www.awi.de/en/go/limpics Contact: Olaf Eisen Tel.: +49 471 4831 1969 Belgian Institute for Space Atmospheric physics and chemistry 15 Aeronomy http://www.oma.be/BIRA-IASB/ Ringlaan 3 http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html B-1180 Brussels http://www.geomon.eu Belgium Contact: Martine De Mazière Tel. +32 2 373 03 63 Berner Fachhochschule, Technik Long-term energy yield and reliablity of a 118 und Informatik high alpine PV (photovoltaic) plant at Fachbereich Elektro- und Jungfraujoch (3454 m) Kommunikationstechnik http://www.pvtest.ch Photovoltaiklabor Jlocweg 1 CH-3400 Burgdorf Contact: Heinrich Haeberlin Tel.: +41 34 426 68 53 Botanisches Institut Study of plant temperature 127 Universität Basel http://pages.unibas.ch/botschoen/koerner/i Schönbeinstrasse 6 ndex.shtml CH-4056 Basel Contact: Christian Körner Tel.: +41 61 267 35 10 Bundesamt für Gesundheit Aerosols radioactivity monitoring 93 Sektion Umweltradioaktivität (RADAIR) and DIGITEL Schwarzenburgstrasse 165 http://www.radair.ch CH-3003 Bern http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/strahlun Contact: Sybille Estier g/00043/00065/02239/index.html?lang=de Tel.: +41 31 325 19 10 Bundesamt für Landestopografie Automated GPS Network Switzerland 143 (swisstopo) (AGNES) Seftigenstrasse 264 http://www.swisstopo.ch CH-3084 Wabern Contact: Elmar Brockmann Tel.:+41 31 963 2111 Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz 85Kr Activity Determination in 112 Rosastrasse 9 Tropospheric Air 79098 Freiburg / Germany Contact: Clemens Schlosser [email protected]

192 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Research group / institute Project title Page Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch 66 Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands Contact: Rolf Neubert Tel.: +31 50 363 7216 Departement für Single particle analysis of aerosols from 91 Geowissenschaften Saharan dust events Universität Fribourg www.unifr.ch/geology Chemin du Musée 6 CH-1700 Fribourg Contact: Mario Meier Tel.: +41 26 300 8933 Departement of Physics Study of a prototype for a new concept of 108 University of Rome La Sapienza an EAS detector P.za A. Moro 5 http://terminus.roma1.infn.it/new_site/tau 00198 Rome / Italy wer/index.htm Contact: Maurizio Iori Tel.: +39 06 4991 4422 Department of Geography Permasense & Permos: Measuring 139 University of Zurich permafrost in Alpine rock walls Winterthurerstr. 190 www.geo.uzh.ch CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland Contact: Stephan Gruber Tel.: +41-1-635 51 46 Eawag Cosmogenic radionuclides in precipitation 104 Überlandstr. 133 http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/surf/e_in CH-8600 Dübendorf dex.htm Contact: Jürg Beer Tel.: +41 44 823 51 11 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Active optical remote sensing, LIDAR 23 Lausanne (EPFL) http://eflum.epfl.ch/ EPFL ENAC EFLUM A0 434 Station 2 CH 1015 Lausanne Contact: Valentin Simeonov Tel. +41 21 693 61 85 Empa National Air Pollution Monitoring 37 Laboratory for Air Pollution and Network (NABEL) Environmental Technology http://www.empa.ch/nabel Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Contact: Martin Steinbacher Tel.: +41 44 823 4654

193 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Research group / institute Project title Page Empa Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at 45 Laboratory for Air Pollution and Jungfraujoch Environmental Technology http://www.empa.ch/climate_gases Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Contact: Martin K. Vollmer Tel.: +41 44 823 4242 Empa Continuous measurement of stable CO2 68 Laboratory for Air Pollution and isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Environmental Technology http://empa.ch/abt134 Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Contact: Lukas Emmenegger Tel.: +41 44 823 4699 ETH Zürich Assessment of high altitude cloud 25 Institute for Atmospheric and characteristics, CLACE 2010 campaign Climate Science http://www.iac.ethz.ch Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich Contact: Erika Kienast-Sjögren Tel: +41 44 633 40 63 ETH Zürich Glaciological investigations on the 137 Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Grosser Aletschgletscher Hydrologie und Glaziologie http://www.vaw.ethz.ch/divisions/gz (VAW) Gloriastrasse 37/39 CH-8092 Zürich Contact: Andreas Bauder Tel.: +41 44 632 4112 ETH Zürich The Polythermal Structure of 165 Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Gornergletscher (Valais) Hydrologie und Glaziologie http://www.vaw.ethz.ch (VAW) Gloriastrasse 37/39 CH-8092 Zürich Contact: Martin Funk Tel.: +41 44 632 4132 Federal Office of Meteorology Operation of a meteorological station at 145 and Climatology high altitude in the Alps MeteoSwiss http://www.meteoswiss.ch Measuring Technology Ch. de l’Aérologie CH-1530 Payerne Contact: Christian Félix Tel.: +41 26 662 6226

194 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Research group / institute Project title Page Helbling Technik Bern AG Low-pressure test on optical devices 121 Stationsstrasse 12 www.helbling.ch 3097 Liebefeld-Bern Contact: Pascal Loser Tel. +41 (0) 31 979 16 11 I. Physikalisches Institut KOSMA - Kölner Observatorium für 154 Universität zu Köln Submm-Astronomie Zülpicher Str. 77 http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/kosma 50937 Köln / Germany http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de and Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 53121 Bonn / Germany Contact: Jürgen Stutzki Tel.: +49 221 470 3494 Institut d’Astrophysique et de High resolution, solar infrared Fourier 5 Géophysique - Université de Transform spectrometry. Application to Liège the study of the Earth atmosphere allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment http://girpas.astro.ulg.ac.be/ B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique) Contact: Christian Servais Tel. +32 4 366 9784 Institut für Quantifying mountain venting of 115 Umweltgeowissenschaften boundary layer air through 222Rn Universität Basel measurements Bernoullistrasse 30 http://pages.unibas.ch/environment/ CH-4056 Basel Contact: Franz Conen Tel.: +41 61 267 0481 Institut für Towards understanding the importance of 125 Umweltgeowissenschaften biological ice nucleators in rising air Universität Basel http://pages.unibas.ch/environment/ Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel Contact: Franz Conen Tel.: +41 61 267 0481 14 Institut für Umweltphysik Long-term observations of CO2 at 110 Universität Heidelberg Jungfraujoch Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 http://www.iup.uni- 69120 Heidelberg / Germany heidelberg.de/institut/forschung/groups/kk Contact: Ingeborg Levin / Tel.: +49 6221 546330

195 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Research group / institute Project title Page Institut für Calibration of Sun and aureole 86 Weltraumwissenschaften spectrometer systems within the Cloud Freie Universität Berlin and Aerosol Characterization Experiment Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10 (CLACE) 12165 Berlin / Germany http://userpage.fu- Contact: Thomas Ruhtz berlin.de/geoiss/en/home.html Tel.: +49-(0)30 838 56 662 Institute for Atmospheric and Field measurements of atmospheric ice 89 Climate Science nuclei and properties of mixed phase ETH Zurich clouds Universitätsstrasse 16, CHN http://www.iac.ethz.ch/ O16.3 CH-8092 Zürich Contact: Olaf Stetzer Tel.: +41 44 633 6161 Institute for Atmospheric and NOy at the interface of planetary 52 Climate Science (IACETH) boundary layer and the free troposphere Swiss Federal Institute of from measurements at Jungfraujoch (trace Technology Zürich gas measurements at Jungfraujoch) Universitätstrasse 16 http://www.iac.ethz.ch CH-8092 Zürich Contact: Johannes Staehelin Tel.: +41 01 633 27 48 Institute of Geology, ETH Zürich Altitude dependence of production rates 106 Earth Surface Dynamics Group of cosmogenic nuclides in artificial quartz NO E31 targets Sonneggstr. 5 http://www.esd.ethz.ch/people/fkober CH-8092 Zürich Contact: Florian Kober Tel.: +41-+44-6320361 Laboratory of Atmospheric The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol 71 Chemistry Program at the Jungfraujoch Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) http://www.psi.ch/gaw CH-5232 Villigen http://www.psi.ch/lac Switzerland http://aerosolforschung.web.psi.ch Contact: Ernest Weingartner Tel. +41 56 310 2405 Laboratory of Atmospheric Validation of retrieval of atmospheric 21 Physics trace gases with Phaethon system using Aristotle University of differential optical absorption Thessaloniki spectroscopy Campus Box 149 http://lap.physics.auth.gr/index.asp?lang= 54124Thessaloniki en Greece Contact: Alkiviadis Bais Tel. +30 2310 998184

196 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Research group / institute Project title Page Mammut Sports Group Test-station for outdoor materials 122 Birren 5 www.mammut.ch CH-5703 Seon Contact: Lars Paschek Tel.: +41 (0) 62 769 8350 Max Planck Institut für Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch 62 Biogeochemie http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de Hans Knöll Str. 10 07745 Jena / Germany Contact: Willi A. Brand Tel.: +49 3641 576400 MeteoSchweiz The weather in 2010: Report for the 148 Krähbühlstrasse 58 International Foundation HFSJG CH-8044 Zürich http://www.meteoschweiz.ch Contact: Stephan Bader Tel. +41 44 256 91 11 Office fédéral de météorologie et Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation 28 de climatologie MétéoSuisse Measurements Station Aérologique http://www.meteoswiss.ch/web/en/climate ch. de l’Aérologie /climate_international/gaw- CH-1530 Payerne ch/radiation.html Contact: Laurent Vuilleumier Tel.: +41 26 662 6306 Paul Scherrer Institut Accelerated release of persistent organic 131 Laboratory of Radiochemistry and pollutants (POPs) from Alpine glaciers Environmental Chemistry http://lch.web.psi.ch/webcontent/research/ CH-5232 Villigen PSI, analytic/ Switzerland Snow chemistry, reconstruction of palaeo Contact: Margit Schwikowski atmosphere and climate from high-altitude Tel.: +41 56 310 4110 ice cores. Physikalisches Institut High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen 58 Universität Bern measurements Sidlerstrasse 5 http://www.climate.unibe.ch/ CH-3012 Bern Contact: Markus Leuenberger Tel.: +41 31 631 44 70 Physikalisches Institut Neutron monitors - Study of solar and 100 Universität Bern galactic cosmic rays Sidlerstrasse 5 http://cosray.unibe.ch/nm/index1.html CH-3012 Bern Contact: Rolf Bütikofer Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 Physikalisches Institut SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for 16 Universität Bern the identification and the study of high- Sidlerstrasse 5 energy neutrons produced in energetic CH-3012 Bern eruptions at the Sun Contact: Rolf Bütikofer http://cosray.unibe.ch/detectors/sontel/son Tel.: +41 31 631 4058 tel.html

197 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Research group / institute Project title Page PMOD/WRC Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth 33 Dorfstrasse 33 http://www.pmodwrc.ch CH-7260 Davos Dorf Tel.: +41 81 417 5137 Contact: Christoph Wehrli Tel.: +41 81 417 5137 PMOD/WRC Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend 35 Dorfstrasse 33 assimiliation over Switzerland (LIRAS) 7260 Davos Dorf Cloud Climatology and Surface Radiative Contact: Julian Gröbner Forcing over Switzerland (CLASS) Tel.: +41 814175157 http://www.pmodwrc.ch Swiss Federal Institute of Quantitative characterization of the 134 Technology, ETH Zurich impact of environmental factors on the Institute for Chemical and performance of passive air samplers for Bioingeneering, ICB semi-volatile organic compounds Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 http://www.sust- CH-8093 Zürich chem.ethz.ch/people/current_members/bo Contact: Christian Bogdal gdalC Tel.: +41 44 632 5951 University Hospital Lausanne, Long-Term Medical Survey System 123 Department of (LTMS-3) Internal Medicine BH 10.640 1011 Lausanne-CHUV Contact: Claudio Sartori Tel.: +41 21 314 09 30 University of Fribourg Geophysical monitoring of the evolution 162 Department of Geosciences - of permafrost on Stockhorn Geography Unit http://www.unifr.ch/geoscience/geographi Chemin du Musée 4 e/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=staff:hauck.chris CH-1700 Fribourg tian Contact: Christian Hauck Tel.: +41 26 300 9011 WSL Institute for Snow and Permafrost monitoring at high Alpine sites 141 Avalanche Research SLF www.slf.ch Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf Switzerland Contact: Marcia Phillips Tel.: +41 81 417 02 18

198 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 Collaborations and networks Institutions collaborating with research projects at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat in 2010:

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Prof. A. Chilingarian, Cosmic Ray Divison, Armenia SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, 375036, the identification and the study of high- Armenia energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at the Sun

Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Atmospheric physics and chemistry Belgium The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Program at the Jungfraujoch Ringlaan 3 Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry B-1180 Brussels Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) Belgium CH-5232 Villigen

Switzerland

Atmospheric physics and chemistry Belgium Calibration of Sun and aureole Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy spectrometer systems within the Cloud and Ringlaan 3 Aerosol Characterization Experiment B-1180 Brussels (CLACE) Belgium Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10 12165 Berlin

Atmospheric physics and chemistry Belgium Validation of retrieval of atmospheric trace Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy gases with Phaethon system using Ringlaan 3 differential optical absorption spectroscopy B-1180 Brussels Belgium Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Campus Box 149 54124Thessaloniki Greece

Collaboration with Royal Meteorological Belgium Atmospheric physics and chemistry Institute of Belgium (KMI-IRM), Univ. Liège and Univ. Libre de Bruxelles in the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy frame of the national projects AGACC, and Ringlaan 3 AGACC-II (Science for Sustainable B-1180 Brussels Development Programme); Belgium http://www.oma.be/AGACC/Home.html

199 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Prof. Frank Wania University of Toronto at Canada Quantitative characterisaion of the impact of Scarborough, environmental factors on the performance of Department of Physical and Environmental passive air samplers for semi-volatile Sciences, organic compounds 1265 Military Trail Toronto, ON, Canada, Institut für Chemie- und M1C 1A4 Bioingenieurwissenschaften http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~wania/main.htm ETH Zürich l Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10 8093 Zürich

NANTEN2 Observatory, Pampa la Bola, Chile KOSMA Kölner Observatorium für Submm- Atacama, Chile http://www.astro.uni- Astronomie koeln.de/nanten2/node/10 (Nagoya and Osaka 1. Physikalisches Institut Universität zu University) Köln Zülpicher Str. 77 D-50937 Köln

Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 D-53121 Bonn

Astronomy Department Peking University, China KOSMA Kölner Observatorium für Submm- China Astronomie http://vega.bac.pku.edu.cn/astro/English.html 1. Physikalisches Institut Universität zu Köln Zülpicher Str. 77 D-50937 Köln

Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 D-53121 Bonn

National Astronomical Observatory Chinese China KOSMA Kölner Observatorium für Submm- Academy of Science (NAOC), Peking, China Astronomie http://english.nao.cas.cn/ 1. Physikalisches Institut Universität zu Köln Zülpicher Str. 77 D-50937 Köln

Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 D-53121 Bonn Empa European Atmospheric physics and chemistry Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental network Technology Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ueberlandstrasse 129 Ringlaan 3 CH-8600 Dübendorf B-1180 Brussels in the frame of the EU project ACTRIS Belgium

IMECC partners European Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch IMECC Infrastructure for Measurements of network the European Carbon Cycle partners Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) http://imecc.ipsl.jussieu.fr/ Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen / The Netherlands

200 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: AOD network European Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth http://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc/pmod.php?top network PMOD/WRC ic=gawpfr_image_gallery Dorfstrasse 33 http://www.pmodwrc.ch/worcc/ CH-7260 Davos Dorf

GAW-CH / partners of the EC-project HYMN European High resolution, solar infrared Fourier (http://www.knmi.nl/ samenw/hymn/) and network Transform spectrometry. Application to the GEOmon (http://geomon.ipsl.jussieu.fr/) / study of the Earth atmosphere

Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique) Satellite experiment: OMI Ozone monitoring European High resolution, solar infrared Fourier instrument network Transform spectrometry. Application to the (http://www.knmi.nl/omi/research/science/) study of the Earth atmosphere Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

EARLINET – European Aerosol Research European Active optical remote sensing, LIDAR Lidar NETwork (http://www.earlinet.org/) network

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) EPFL ENAC EFLUM A0 434 Station 2 CH 1015 Lausanne SOGE (System for Observations of European Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at Halogenated Greenhouse Gases in Europe) network Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Uberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland E-GVAP II (EUMETNET GPS Water Vapor European Automated GPS Network Switzerland Programme) network (AGNES)

Bundesamt für Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

European FP7 Project Real-Time Database for European Neutron monitors - Study of solar and High Resolution Neutron Monitor network galactic cosmic rays Measurements (NMDB): http://www.nmbd.eu Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

201 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Collaboration with European FTIR and UV- European Atmospheric physics and chemistry Vis teams and modeling teams in the frame of network the EU project GEOMon; Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3

B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Collaboration with Univ. Liège and Univ. European Atmospheric physics and chemistry Libre de Bruxelles in the frame of the network PRODEX projects SECPEA (Space-based Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Exploration of the Chemistry and Physics of Ringlaan 3 the Earth Atmosphere), and A3C B-1180 Brussels (Atmospheric Composition, Chemistry and Belgium Climate)

IMECC - Infrastructure for Measurements of European Continuous measurement of stable CO2 the European Carbon Cycle network isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

14 ICOS Integrated Carbon Observation System European Long-term observations of CO2 at (http://www.icos-infrastructure.eu) network Jungfraujoch

Institut für Umweltphysik Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 229 D-69120 Heidelberg

IMECC Infrastructure for Measurements of European Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch the European Carbon Cycle partners network http://imecc.ipsl.jussieu.fr/ Centre for Isotope Research (CIO) Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen / The Netherlands

IMECC partners European Flask comparison on Jungfraujoch IMECC Infrastructure for Measurements of network the European Carbon Cycle partners Max-Planck Institut für Biogeochemie http://imecc.ipsl.jussieu.fr/ Hans Knöll Str. 10 DE-007745 Jena

European Space Agency European Long-Term Medical Survey System (LTMS- organisation 3)

University Hospital Lausanne, Department of Internal Medicine CSEM Neuchâtel Prof. M. Kulmala, Department of Physics, Finland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Program at the Jungfraujoch

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

202 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Dr. Cindy Morris France Towards understanding the importance of INRA biological ice nucleators in rising air 147 rue de l'université 75338 Paris Cedex 07 Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften FRANCE Universität Basel Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel

Dr. F. Goutail/Dr. A. Pazmino France Atmospheric physics and chemistry LATMOS - CNRS, UVSQ Verrières le Buisson Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy FRANCE Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Astrophysics Division of CEA Grenoble, France KOSMA Kölner Observatorium für Submm- France Astronomie http://irfu.cea.fr/en/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/Ast 1. Physikalisches Institut Universität zu /ast_visu.php?id_ast=552 Köln Zülpicher Str. 77 D-50937 Köln

Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 D-53121 Bonn

Observatoire de Bordeaux, France France KOSMA Kölner Observatorium für Submm- http://www.obs.u-bordeaux1.fr/ Astronomie 1. Physikalisches Institut Universität zu Köln Zülpicher Str. 77 D-50937 Köln

Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 D-53121 Bonn

Dr. K. Sellegri, Laboratoire de météorologie France The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol physique, Université Blaise Pascal, 63170 Program at the Jungfraujoch Aubiere, France Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry

Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Dr. P. Laj, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et France The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Géophysique de l'Environnement CNRS - Program at the Jungfraujoch Université J. Fourier, Grenoble, St Martin Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry d'Hères Cedex, France Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)

CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Max Planck Institut Für Meteorologie Germany Cosmogenic radionuclides in precipitation Bundesstr. 55 D-20146 Hamburg Eawag Überlandstr. 133 CH-8600 Dübendorf

203 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Prof. Reto Gieré Germany Sampling and analyzing of aerosol particles Institut für Geowissenschaften from different Saharan dust events. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Albertstrasse 23b Département de Géosciences DE-79104 Freiburg Université de Fribourg Ch. du Musée 6 CH-1700 Fribourg

Trinational Network: Airborne particles and Germany Single particle analysis of aerosols from their health effects Saharan dust events http://www.pm.uni-freiburg.de/ Departement für Geowissenschaften

Universität Fribourg Chemin du Musée 6 CH-1700 Fribourg

Satellite experiment: IMK Germany High resolution, solar infrared Fourier (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe) / Transform spectrometry. Application to the satellite experiments: IASI (Infrared study of the Earth atmosphere Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Prof. S. Weinbruch, Universität Darmstadt, Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Institut für Mineralogie, Darmstadt, Germany Program at the Jungfraujoch

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Dr. U. Pöschl, Biogeochemistry Department, Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Program at the Jungfraujoch Germany Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry

Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Dr. J. Schneider and Prof. S. Borrmann, Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol University of Mainz, Particle Chemistry Program at the Jungfraujoch Department, Mainz, Germany Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry

Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Prof. J. Curtius, Institut für Atmosphäre und Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Umwelt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Program at the Jungfraujoch Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry

Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

204 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Dr. A. Petzold, Institute of Atmospheric Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Physics, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany Program at the Jungfraujoch

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Prof. A. Wiedensohler, Institut für Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Troposphärenforschung, Leipzig, Germany Program at the Jungfraujoch

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Dr. Martin Schnaiter, Institute of Meteorology Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Program at the Jungfraujoch Technology (KIT) Germany Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry

Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Prof. Dr. J. Fischer and Dr. T. Ruhtz, Freie Germany The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Universität Berlin Program at the Jungfraujoch

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

MPI für Radioastronomie Bonn Germany KOSMA Kölner Observatorium für Submm- http://www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/ Astronomie 1. Physikalisches Institut Universität zu Köln Zülpicher Str. 77 D-50937 Köln

Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 D-53121 Bonn

International Council of the Scientific Union's International Neutron monitors - Study of solar and (ICSU) Scientific Committee on Solar- network galactic cosmic rays Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

World Data Centers A (Boulder), B International Neutron monitors - Study of solar and (Moscow), C (Japan), International GLE network galactic cosmic rays database Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

205 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Collaborations with University of Liège and International Atmospheric physics and chemistry NDACC partners network Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Both the UV-Vis and FTIR observations International Atmospheric physics and chemistry contribute to the international Network for the network Detection of Atmospheric Composition Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Changes (NDACC, or the former NDSC). Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) International Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth network PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf

NDACC (Network for the Detection of International High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Atmospheric Composition Change, previously network Transform spectrometry. Application to the NDSC; http://www.ndacc.org/) / study of the Earth atmosphere

Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

NASA Langley Research Center International High resolution, solar infrared Fourier http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/home/ind network Transform spectrometry. Application to the ex.html / study of the Earth atmosphere

Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique) ACE-FTS science team International High resolution, solar infrared Fourier http://www.ace.uwaterloo.ca/participants.html network Transform spectrometry. Application to the / study of the Earth atmosphere Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Satellite experiment: ACE-FTS International High resolution, solar infrared Fourier network Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

206 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Satellite experiment: ENVISAT International High resolution, solar infrared Fourier (http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMWYN2VQUD network Transform spectrometry. Application to the _index_0_m.html) / … study of the Earth atmosphere Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) International Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at network Jungfraujoch Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Uberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric International Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at Gases Experiment) network Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Uberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland Radiation data submitted to the World International Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation Radiation Data Centre (WRDC, St. network Measurements Petersburg, Russian Federation) within the Office fédéral de météorologie et de framework of the Global Atmosphere Watch. climatologie MétéoSuisse

Station Aérologique ch. de l’Aérologie CH-1530 Payerne

Collaboration with the GOME, ENVISAT, International Atmospheric physics and chemistry ACE and MetOp GOME-2 and IASI satellite networks communities. Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Prof. Y. Matsubara, Dr. T. Sako, Dr. S. Japan SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the Masuda, Solar Terrestrial Environment identification and the study of high-energy Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464- neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at 8601, Japan the Sun

Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Prof. Y Muraki, Konan University, Nada-ku, Japan SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the Kobe 657-0000, Japan identification and the study of high-energy neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at

the Sun

Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

207 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: T. Sakai; Physical Science Lab., College of Japan SONTEL - Solar Neutron Telescope for the Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 2- identification and the study of high-energy 11-1 Shinei, Narashino-shi, Chiba 275-0005, neutrons produced in energetic eruptions at Japan the Sun

Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) Korea Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at http://www.kopri.re.kr/index_eng.jsp Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Uberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland Collaboration with Karin Kreher and Paul V. New Atmospheric physics and chemistry Johnston of NIWA, New-Zeland Zealand Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy NIWA National Institute of Water and Ringlaan 3 Atmospheric Research B-1180 Brussels 41 Market Place Belgium Viaduct Harbour

Auckland Central 1010 Private Bag 99940 Newmarket, Auckland 1149 New Zealand ph: +64 9 375 2050 Dr. Ulla Heikkilä Norway Cosmogenic radionuclides in precipitation Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research Eawag Allégaten 55 Überlandstr. 133 NO-5007 Bergen CH-8600 Dübendorf

University of Oslo Norway High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Institute of Atmospheric Optics – Tomsk, Russia Active optical remote sensing, LIDAR Russia (http://www.nsc.ru/cooper4.htm) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

(EPFL) EPFL ENAC EFLUM A0 434 Station 2 CH 1015 Lausanne

208 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Matthew MacLeod Sweden Quantitative characterisaion of the impact of 2011 Department of Applied Environmental environmental factors on the performance of Science, Stockholm University | Svante passive air samplers for semi-volatile Arrhenius väg 8, organic compounds SE-11418 Sweden Institut für Chemie- und http://www.itm.su.se/page.php?pid=536&id=2 Bioingenieurwissenschaften 77 ETH Zürich Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10 8093 Zürich

Dr. Frank Wienhold Switzerland Calibration of Sun and aureole spectrometer ETH Zürich systems within the Cloud and Aerosol Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Characterization Experiment (CLACE) Universitätsstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10 12165 Berlin / Germany

Office fédéral de météorologie et de Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol climatologie MétéoSuisse Program at the Jungfraujoch Station Aérologique Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry ch. de l’Aérologie Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-1530 Payerne CH-5232 Villigen

Switzerland Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol (IACETH) Program at the Jungfraujoch Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Universitätstrasse 16 Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-8092 Zürich CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Empa Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Program at the Jungfraujoch Technology Überlandstrasse 129 Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-8600 Dübendorf Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Departement für Geowissenschaften Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Universität Fribourg Program at the Jungfraujoch Chemin du Musée 6 Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry CH-1700 Fribourg Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Dr. Julian Gröbner, Physikalisch- Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, Program at the Jungfraujoch World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC), Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Davos Switzerland Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

209 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010

Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend Switzerland Global Atmosphere Watch Radiation assimiliation over Switzerland (LIRAS) Measurements Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth Office fédéral de météorologie et de climatologie MétéoSuisse PMOD/WRC Station Aérologique Dorfstrasse 33 ch. de l’Aérologie CH-7260 Davos Dorf CH-1530 Payerne

Office fédéral de météorologie et de Switzerland Calibration of Sun and aureole spectrometer climatologie MétéoSuisse systems within the Cloud and Aerosol Station Aérologique Characterization Experiment (CLACE) ch. de l’Aérologie CH-1530 Payerne Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10 12165 Berlin

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Switzerland Calibration of Sun and aureole spectrometer Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) systems within the Cloud and Aerosol CH-5232 Villigen Characterization Experiment (CLACE) Switzerland Institut für Weltraumwissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10 12165 Berlin

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Switzerland Field measurements of atmospheric ice Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) nuclei and properties of mixed phase clouds CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Zurich Universitätsstrasse 16, CHN O16.3 CH-8092 Zürich MeteoSwiss Switzerland Active optical remote sensing, LIDAR École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) EPFL ENAC EFLUM A0 434 Station 2 CH 1015 Lausanne

MeteoSwiss Switzerland Remote sensing of aerosol optical depth PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Switzerland Single particle analysis of aerosols from Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) Saharan dust events CH-5232 Villigen Departement für Geowissenschaften Switzerland Universität Fribourg Chemin du Musée 6 CH-1700 Fribourg

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Office fédéral de météorologie et de Switzerland Single particle analysis of aerosols from climatologie MétéoSuisse Saharan dust events Station Aérologique Departement für Geowissenschaften ch. de l’Aérologie Universität Fribourg CH-1530 Payerne Chemin du Musée 6

CH-1700 Fribourg

Climate and Environmental Physics Switzerland Continuous measurement of stable CO2 Physikalisches Institut isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 Empa CH-3012 Bern Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Switzerland Atmospheric physics and chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Switzerland Ringlaan 3 B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Empa Switzerland Atmospheric physics and chemistry Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy Ueberlandstrasse 129 Ringlaan 3 CH-8600 Dübendorf B-1180 Brussels Belgium

Climate and Environmental Physics Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Network Physikalisches Institut (NABEL) Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 Empa CH-3012 Bern Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Climate and Environmental Physics Switzerland 85Kr Activity Determination in Tropospheric Physikalisches Institut Air Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz CH-3012 Bern Rosastrasse 9 D-79098 Freiburg

MeteoSwiss, Zurich and Payerne Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Network Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) (NABEL) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Switzerland Automated GPS Network Switzerland ETH Zürich (AGNES)

Bundesamt für Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), University Switzerland Automated GPS Network Switzerland of Bern (AGNES)

Bundesamt für Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

MeteoSwiss, Zurich and Payerne Switzerland Automated GPS Network Switzerland (AGNES)

Bundesamt für Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network, Federal Switzerland Glaciological investigations on the Grosser Office for the Environment (BAFU) Aletschgletscher

Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW), ETH Zürich Dr. Dominik Brunner Empa Dübendorf Switzerland Towards understanding the importance of Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental biological ice nucleators in rising air Technology CH-8600 Dübendorf Institut für Umweltgeowissenschaften Universität Basel Bernoullistrasse 30 CH-4056 Basel

Dr. Michael Zemp Switzerland Linking micro-physical properties to macro Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics features in ice sheets with geophysical and Geochronology techniques (LIMPICS) Physical Geography Division Department of Geography AWI, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and University of Zurich - Irchel Marine Research Winterthurerstr. 190 Postfach 120161 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Prof. Martin Hoelzle Switzerland Linking micro-physical properties to macro Department of Geosciences features in ice sheets with geophysical University of Fribourg techniques (LIMPICS) CH-1700 Fribourg AWI, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Postfach 120161 27515 Bremerhaven, Germany

Empa Dübendorf Switzerland NOy at the interface of planetary boundary Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental layer and the free troposphere from Technology measurements at Jungfraujoch (trace gas CH-8600 Dübendorf measurements at Jungfraujoch)

Prof. Johannes Stähelin Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IACETH) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich Universitätstrasse 16 CH-8092 Zürich

Prof. Christian Schlüchter Switzerland Altitude dependence of production rates of Institut für Geologie der Universität Bern cosmogenic nuclides in artificial quartz Baltzerstrasse 1+3 targets. CH-3012 Bern Geologisches Institut Departement Erdwissenschaften ETH Zürich Sonneggstrasse 5 8092 Zürich Schweiz

Swiss Glacier Monitoring Network, Federal Switzerland Glaciological investigations on the Grosser Office for the Environment (BAFU) Aletschgletscher

ETH Zürich Versuchsanstalt für Wasserbau, Hydrologie und Glaziologie (VAW) Gloriastrasse 37/39 CH-8092 Zürich

Astronomical Institute (AIUB), University of Switzerland Automated GPS Network Switzerland Bern (AGNES)

Bundesamt für Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

Institute of Applied Physics (IAP), University Switzerland Automated GPS Network Switzerland of Bern (AGNES)Bundesamt für

Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Switzerland Automated GPS Network Switzerland ETH Zürich (AGNES)Bundesamt für E-GVAP II (EUMETNET GPS Water Vapor Programme) Landestopografie (swisstopo) Seftigenstrasse 264 CH-3084 Wabern

Prof. Jérôme Faist Switzerland Continuous measurement of stable CO2 Quantum Optoelectronics isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland Physics ETH Zürich Empa Wolfgang Pauli str. 16 Laboratory for Air Pollution & 8093 Zürich Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Alpes Lasers SA Switzerland Continuous measurement of stable CO2 1-3 Max.-de-Meuron isotopes at Jungfraujoch, Switzerland C.P. 1766 CH-2001 Neuchâtel Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution & Environmental Technology Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Univ. Bern - Institute of Applied Physics Switzerland Longwave Infrared radiative forcing trend (IAP) assimiliation over Switzerland (LIRAS) Cloud Climatology and Surface Radiative Forcing over Switzerland (CLASS) PMOD/WRC Dorfstrasse 33 7260 Davos Dorf

Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland Switzerland PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring (www.permos.ch) permafrost in Alpine rock walls

Department of Geography University of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland

National Center of Competence in Research Switzerland PERMASENSE & PERMOS: Measuring on Mobile Information and Communication permafrost in Alpine rock walls Systems NCCR-MICS (www.mics.org) Department of Geography University of Zurich Winterthurerstr. 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland Switzerland Geophysical monitoring of the evolution of (www.permos.ch) permafrost on Stockhorn

University of Fribourg Department of Geosciences - Geography Unit Chemin du Musée 4 CH-1700 Fribourg

Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Network (NABEL)

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU)/ Federal Switzerland National Air Pollution Monitoring Network Office for the Environment (FOEN) (NABEL)

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology Ueberlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf

CarbonEurope IP partners, http://www.bgc- Switzerland High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen jena.mpg.de/bgc-processes/ceip/ measurements

Climate and Environmental Physics Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

IMECC Infrastructure for Measurements of Switzerland High precision carbon dioxide and oxygen the European Carbon Cycle partners measurements http://imecc.ipsl.jussieu.fr/ Climate and Environmental Physics Physikalisches Institut Universität Bern Sidlerstrasse 5 CH-3012 Bern

Institut für angewandte Physik, Universität Switzerland KOSMA Kölner Observatorium für Submm- Bern http://www.iap.unibe.ch/ Astronomie 1. Physikalisches Institut Universität zu Köln Zülpicher Str. 77 D-50937 Köln

Radioastronomisches Institut der Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 D-53121 Bonn

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: PERMOS (Permafrost Monitoring Switzerland Permafrost monitoring at high Alpine sites Switzerland) WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche http://www.permos.ch/ Research SLF http://www.permos.ch/partner.html Flüelastrasse 11 CH-7260 Davos Dorf

Dr. Christian Bogdal, Prof. K. Hungerbühler Switzerland Accelerated release of persistent organic Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH pollutants (POPs) from Alpine glaciers Zurich Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Institute for Chemical and Bioingeneering, Environmental Chemistry, ICB Paul Scherrer Institut Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 CH-8093 Zürich

Dr. Peter Schmid Switzerland Accelerated release of persistent organic Empa pollutants (POPs) from Alpine glaciers Analytische Chemie Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Überlandstrasse 129 Environmental Chemistry, CH-8600 Dübendorf Paul Scherrer Institut Prof. Dr. Flavio Anselmetti Switzerland Accelerated release of persistent organic Oberflächengewässer pollutants (POPs) from Alpine glaciers Eawag Laboratory of Radiochemistry and Überlandstrasse 133 Environmental Chemistry, Postfach 611 Paul Scherrer Institut 8600 Dübendorf Schweiz Dr. Martin Lüthi, Switzerland Accelerated release of persistent organic Prof. Dr. Martin Funk pollutants (POPs) from Alpine glaciers V. Wasserbau, Hydrologie u. Glaz. Laboratory of Radiochemistry and VAW D 20 Environmental Chemistry, Gloriastrasse 37/39 Paul Scherrer Institut 8092 Zürich Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) / Federal Switzerland Halogenated Greenhouse Gases at Office for the Environment (FOEN) Jungfraujoch

Empa Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology Uberlandstrasse 129 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland

Dr. W. Eugster, Institute of Plant, Animal and Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol Agroecosystem Sciences, ETH Zürich Program at the Jungfraujoch

Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

Prof. H. Burtscher and Dr. M. Fierz, Institut Switzerland The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol für Aerosol- und Sensortechnik, Program at the Jungfraujoch Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Windisch Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry

Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Prof. Dr. Haluk Denizli Turkey Measurement of cosmic rays at large zenith Department of Physics angle Experimental Nuclear and High Energy Group Abant Izzet Baysal University Dept. of Physics Bolu / Turkey University of Rome “La Sapienza” p.zz A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome

Dr. Mithat Kaya Turkey Measurement of cosmic rays at large zenith Kafkas Universitesi angle Fen Edebiyat Fakultesi Fizik Bolumu Dept. of Physics 36000 Kars / Turkey University of Rome “La Sapienza” p.zz A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome

Dr. P. Vermeesch United Altitude dependence of production rates of Birkbeck College Kingdom cosmogenic nuclides in artificial quartz University of London targets. Malet Street, London SC1E 7HX Geologisches Institut Departement Erdwissenschaften ETH Zürich Sonneggstrasse 5 8092 Zürich Schweiz

Collaboration with Martin Chipperfield of United Atmospheric physics and chemistry Univ. Leeds. Kingdom School of Earth and Environment Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy The University of Leeds Ringlaan 3 Leeds. LS2 9JT B-1180 Brussels United Kingdom Belgium http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/m.chipperfi eld

Collaboration with Martin Chipperfield of United High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Univ. Leeds. Kingdom Transform spectrometry. Application to the School of Earth and Environment study of the Earth atmosphere The University of Leeds Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Leeds. LS2 9JT Université de Liège United Kingdom allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/people/m.chipperfi B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique) eld The aim of the collaboration is to compare our measurements with the results from SLIMCAT, a three-dimensional atmospheric chemical transport model that Chipperfield developed.

Prof. H. Coe and Prof. T. Choularton, School United The Global Atmosphere Watch Aerosol of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Kingdom Program at the Jungfraujoch Sciences (SEAES), University of Manchester, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Manchester, England Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)

CH-5232 Villigen Switzerland

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Institution / network Country Collaborating with project: Prof. James Russ USA Measurement of cosmic rays at large zenith Dept. of Physics angle Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Dept. of Physics Pittsburgh, PA 15213 University of Rome “La Sapienza” p.zz A. Moro 5 I-00185 Rome

NASA JPL USA High resolution, solar infrared Fourier Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

Satellite experiment: AURA USA High resolution, solar infrared Fourier (http://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/) Transform spectrometry. Application to the study of the Earth atmosphere Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique - Université de Liège allée du VI août, 17 - Bâtiment B5a B-4000 Sart Tilman (Liège, Belgique)

218 International Foundation HFSJG Activity Report 2010 Picture Gallery 2010 from http://www.hfsjg.ch

January: View of the Jungfrau through a frosty window at the research station.

February: The poles for measuring snow depth were lengthened in January by 5 meters in preparation for the coming winter months. This system allows the custodians read the snow depth with binoculars from the safety of the research station Jungfraujoch.

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March: Dr. Ginette Roland of the Migeotte Group, Université de Liège, Belgium, during a radio interview at Jungfraujoch on March 4, 2010. Madame Roland is a prominent representative of the scientists working at Jungfraujoch and is frequently inter- viewed by the press, television and radio.

April: Installation of the new 1Gb/second internet connection Jungfraujoch-Bern on the network SWITCHlan that connects universities and research institutions all over Switzerland. Felix Kugler, SWITCH, and Stefan Berger, Informatikdienste Uni Bern, are shown here getting the job done.

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May: Dr. Martin Vollmer, Empa, during the installation of a new calibration tank for continuous measurements of halogenated greenhouse gases at Jungfraujoch.

June: On June 2, 2010, a successful 25 year era came to an end: The 3m KOSMA radio telescope was removed from Observatory Gornergrat South and began its long journey to Yang/Lhasa/Tibet. Photos: Dr. Martin Miller, Universität zu Köln.

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July: Master student Emanuel Hammer working on the sonic anemometer (left, measurement of the windfield and turbulence) and fog monitor (right, cloud droplet size distribution). These measurements are being conducted this summer within an international campaign (CLACE) where the interaction of aerosol particles with cloud droplets is being investigated.

August: A circumhorizon arc – a very large halo parallel to the horizon. Although rarely seen in much of Europe, this circumhorizon arc was photographed this summer by a researcher at Jungfraujoch.

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September: Late summer sunset: the view from Jungfraujoch.

October: On 12 September 2010 a team from Paul Scherrer Institut finished ice core drilling at 57 m depth on Ewigschneefeld near Jungfraujoch. Ewigschneefeld is a temperate glacier, containing a water table at about 21 m depth. The ice core is being analysed in the frame of the SNF-Project "Accelerated release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from Alpine glaciers" in order to investigate the transport of POPs within temperate ice and quantify their release by melting.

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November: Special research guests from Greece: Prof. Alkiviadis Bais and Dr. Natalia Kouremeti of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki with their differential optical absorption spectroscopy instrument (DOAS). They performed spectral direct sun and sky radiance measurements from zenith to about 0° elevation angles for one week in October at the Sphinx.

December: The Sphinx laboratory at Jungfraujoch with special lighting effects by photographer Jeroen Seyffer (Bern)

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge financial support and support in kind from

Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), Bern Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique FNRS, Bruxelles Max-Planck Gesellschaft, München The Royal Society, London Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien Schweizerische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (scnat), Bern Jungfraubahn AG, Interlaken Gornergrat Bahn AG, Brig Burgergemeinde Zermatt, Zermatt Canton of Bern University of Bern Mammut Sports Group AG, Seon SWITCH, Zürich

And our thanks to all the researchers who worked at Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat in 2010, continuing the renown of these stations in scientific research.

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