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Durham E-Theses The faunal phases and palaeoecology of ostracod-mussel bands in the coal measures of the north and England Pollard, John Ernest How to cite: Pollard, John Ernest (1962) The faunal phases and palaeoecology of ostracod-mussel bands in the coal measures of the north and England, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9222/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE FAUNAL PHASES AND PALAEOEGOLOGY OF QSTRACOD-MUSSEL' BANDS IN THE COAL MEASURES OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. by John Ernest Pollard, M.A., F.G.S. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science in the University of Durham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. December 1962. VOLUME I - TEXT. Mi HAY kdm SECTION OBRAtO ABSTFACT. The stratigraphy of three ostracod-mussel bands occurring respectively in the Lower Modiolaris, Upper Communis and Upper Similis-Pulchra Zones of the Northumberland and Durham Coal Measures is described. The Hopkins' Band in the Lower Modiolaris Zone is compared with similar bands at an equivalent stratigraphical horizon in the Midgeholme and Cumberland coalfields. The dominant non-marine lamellibranchs in this band resemble, or are related to, Anthracosia regularis and Carbonicola oslancis. The Three Quarter ostracod-mussel band from the Communis Zone contains Ourvirimula and Carbonicola declevis, while the Claxheugh Shell Bed from the Upper Sirailis-Fulchra Zone contains Haiadites and forms resembling Anthraconauta phillipsi. The ostracod, annelid, plant and fish remains in these bands are also described. The validity and distinction of the ostracod genera Jonesina and Geisina are established and the species J. fastigiata, G. arcuata and G. subarcuata are described in detail. The ostracod species Carbonita cf. evelinae, C. cf. rankiniana, C. humilis, C. pungens. C. inflata, C. secans and C. concava sp. nov. are described from the Hopkins' Band and the presence of moults and dimorphic forms of these species is shown in the ostracod populations of the bands. The synonomay, morphology and stratigraphical ranges of the above species of ostracods from the British Coal Measures are reviewed and discussed. The true generic assignment and growth forms of the worm Microconchus (Spirorbis) pusillus are discussed. Vertical sequences of six "faunal phases" for the Hopkins' Band and three for the Three Quarter Band are deduced from a study of the respective faunas at several localities. These faunal phases are subsequently related to changing ecological conditions. The conditions under which the sediments of the Hopkins' Band were laid down are deduced from a study of the petrology of the sediments and their chemical composition. The orientation and associations of fossils in the sediments are recorded and the published information on palaeoecology and comparative ecology of living mussels and ostracods is reviewed. It is concluded that the Hopkins' Band was deposited in a brackish lagoonal environment at the beginning of a typical Coal Measurescyclothem. At first the richly carbonaceous bottom sediment of this lagoon prohibited the establishment of a benthonic fauna, but a change in the source and type of sediment and increase in turbulence enabled a mussel fauna to thrive with a reduction of the previously abundant pseudo-planktonic ostracod fauna. Increased sedimentation eliminated this fauna and the conditions became more deltaic. Similar environmental conditions are deduced for the Three Quarter Band, but the Claxheugh Shell Bed is believed to have formed in a small isolated brackish or fresh water lake within the main delta or swamp. LIST OF CONTENTS - VOLUME I ABSTRACT. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. Section A s The stratigraphy, palaeontology and faunal phases of the ostracod- Mussel bands. CHAPTER I % STRATIGRAPHY» Par:.Q Introduction »« • • .. o» • o © • ©« •. • o oo «o* ^ Previous work .. .. .. .. .. ^ 1. The Hopkins4 Band. a) Northumberland and Durham i) Description ii) Geographical distribution .. .. .. 5 iii) Stratigraphy and thickness variation .... 6 b) Cumberland - Eighteen Inch Band 8 Little Main Band 11 c) Midgeholme 1 2 d) Conclusion 1/t 2. The Three Quarter Seam ostracod-mussel Band .. ... i4 3. The Claxheugh Shell Bed .. .© .. «. 16 CHAPTER II ; PALAEONTOLOGY OF THE NON-MARINE LAMELLIBRANCHS Introduction .. 19 1. The Hopkins' Band. a) Variation in the non-marine lamellibranchs .. .. 2) i) Carbonicola 21 ii) Anthracosia 23 iii) Natadltes „ 25 iv) /\^\1\±^tOT\aAa., .. „ „. „ . 2 6 v) Curvirimula .<> .. „ 2 7 b) Vertical and lateral changes in mussel faunas .. 27 2o The Three Quarter Band ,. .„ „. 30 3. The Claxheugh Shell Bed .. .. 0. 32 CHAPTER III : PALAEONTOLOGY OF THE 03TRAC0DS. Introduction and previous work .<> „. »0 3^ lo Systematic Description .. .0 <,„ .. <> 0. 37 a) Geisina group. Classification 37 The generic assignment of G.arcuata Bean .... ?H i) Historical .. 3<> ii) Evidence from this study .. „ ho iii) Conclusions .. .. .0 kh Geisina arcuata Bean kd Geisina subarcuata Jones .. .. .. ? 5 Geisina robusta Kummerow 59 b) Carbonita group. Generic diagnosis, revised and discussed .. .. 61 Carbonita cf. evelinae Jones .. 66 Carbonita cf. rankiniana Jones and Kirkby .. .. 69 Carbonita humilis Jones and Kirkby .„ 73 Carbonita pungens Jones and Kirkby 7 b1 Carbonita inflata Jones and Kirkby ^3 Sarbonita secans Jones and Kirkby 00 Carbonita concava Vangerovi, nom.nov 92 2. Ostracod Populations. Introduction. a) Hopkins1 Band - Vertical variation ... .. „ 95 Lateral variation .. .. 97 b) Three Quarter Band .. 99 c) Glaxheugh Shell Bed. .. .. .0 .. 100 CHAPTER IV : SERPULIDS, FISH AND PLANTS. 1. Serpulidso Introduction .. .. .0 .. »o 103 a) Systematic description of Microconchus "Spirorbis" pusillus 104 b) Generic assignment of M.pusillus. Evidence from Hopkins' Band specimens .. lob1 i) Vail structure . 1 c>8 ii) Internal features . 10 H iii) Habitat differences 109 iv) Conclusions .. .. 109 c) Variations in the growth form of M.pusillis in the Hopkins' Band 110 2. Fish. Fish remains in Hopkins' Band, Three Quarter Band and Claxheugh Shell Bed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113 Environment of Coal Measure fish .. .. ll^i 3. Plants. Plant remains in the Hopkins1 Band .. 115 CHAPTER V ; FAUNAL PHASES. Introduction and previous work ..117 1. Faunal phases of the Hopkins' Band a) Vertical range of genera and species .. .. b) Detailed faunal phases . „ -^21 c) Changes in the faunal phases .. <, 12 4 2. Faunal. phases of the Three Quarter Band a) Vertical range of genera and species 128 b) Detailed faunal phases „. .» .0 .0 .. \J>\ 3. Conclusions' on the Fainal phases -^Zj. Section B : The evidence for the palaeoecology of the Hopkins' Band. CHAPTER VI : PETROLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Introduction, previous work and difficulties 1. The Sediments of the Hopkins' Band .. .. i) Mudstone conglomerate i^f, ii) Black shale 136 iii) Geisina Band 139 iv) Grey .shale and mudstone .. 1^1 v) Grey siliceous mudstone .. 142 vi) Laminated silty mudstone and siltstone .. -^3 vii) Sandstone »• o. .0 ikh 2» ix) Plant rich siltstones .. .0 .. 144 2. Features of Palaeocological Significance in sediments at Bearpark 1^(5 a) Texture .. .. b) Detrital constituents .. i. ihQ c) Matrix constituents .. .. 1^9 d) Sediment-fossil relationships 150 CHAPTER VII : GEOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE. Introduction and previous work .. .. <». .. ... 159 1. X-ray diffraction results .. 152 2. Geochemical analysis. Sodium, Potassium and alkali ratios 155 ^•otai Iron .. •• o* .. 00 15t; Car oon dioxide «. 00 o. .0 »© «o 00 o. o« 159 Sulphur .0 .0 .» o. o. 00 .* .0 o. 1.39 Phosphate 00 o. .o «o o. o. o. 13 S' Correlation total Fe, COg* sulphur and P£0^ 160 Organic carbon .. .. 162 Boron .. 16 3 3. Conclusions • •• 16 h CHAPTER VIII : FAUNAL EVIDENCE. Introduction .. 166 1. Non-marine lamellibranchs. a) Orientation in the Hopkins' Band .. .. 166 b) Deduced ecology of Coal Measures mussels 169 2. Ostracods. a) From Hopkins' Band .. .. .. .. 171 b) Palaeoecology in literature .. .. 172 c) Comparative ecology of living ostracods 173 i) Controlling factors .. «° 1.73 ii) Comparable biofacies 175 d) Conclusions on the ecology of Geisina and Carbonita .. 176 Section C : A reconstruction of the, _d_epositional and ecological history of the oatracod-mussel bands. CHAPTER IX : RECONSTRUCTION OF PALAEOECOLOGT. Introduction .. 17 ft 1. The Hopkins' Band. a) Depositional and ecological history at Bearpark Ot 00 ea 00 00 00 a* 00 00 J_ ^ 0 b) The lithofacies and sedimentary environments c) Comparison with Midgeholrae and Cumberland .0 iftf, 2. The Three Quarter Band 108 3. 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  • 08-Schneider Et Al. (Arthropleura).P65

    08-Schneider Et Al. (Arthropleura).P65

    Lucas et al., eds., 2010, Carb-Permian transition in Cañon del Cobre. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 49. 49 EURAMERICAN LATE PENNSYLVANIAN / EARLY PERMIAN ARTHROPLEURID/TETRAPOD ASSOCIATIONS – IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HABITAT AND PALEOBIOLOGY OF THE LARGEST TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPOD JÖRG W. SCHNEIDER1, SPENCER G. LUCAS2, RALF WERNEBURG3 AND RONNY RÖßLER4 1 TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Geologie, B.v.Cotta-Strasse 2, D-09596 Freiberg, Germany; 2 New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road N.W., Albuquerque, New Mexico 87104; 3 Naturhistorisches Museum Schloss Bertholdsburg, Burgstrasse 6, D-98553 Schleusingen, Germany; 4 Museum für Naturkunde, Moritzstrasse 20, D-09111 Chemnitz, Germany Abstract—The giant arthropod Arthropleura was a common member of the late Paleozoic continental biota of paleo-equatorial biomes for more than 35 million years, from the Early Carboniferous late Visean (FOD; Middle Mississippian, Asbian/Brigantian) up to the Early Permian lower Rotliegend (LOD = ?LAD; Asselian). In Upper Pennsylvanian red beds in Cañon del Cobre of northern New Mexico, trackways of Arthropleura are present in strata that also yield body fossils of the amphibian Eryops. We review the Arthropleura tracksite from Cañon del Cobre, New Mexico, as well as other tracksites of this animal and arthropleurid/eryopid associations in order to better interpret the paleoenvironmental preference and the paleobiology of Arthropleura. This review supports the conclusion that Arthropleura was well adapted to alluvial environments of ever wet humid to seasonally dry and semihumid climates. Preferred habitats of semi-adult and adult Arthropleura were open, vegetated, river landscapes. They co-occurred in these habitats with semi-aquatic eryopid amphibians and terrestrial pelycosaurs.