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The Retirement Accommodation Needs of Immigrants From UNSW liBRARY 'lililiillllll~ SR PT02 Form 2 RETENTION THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES DECLARATION RELATING TO DISPOSITION OF PROJECT REPORT /THESIS This is to certify that I... .....r/.f!._qf. ... .......... b.f/!..~f~~...... .. .................. being a candidate for the degree oL .:Pe:.~~···· .1.. ..... ffJ..~.!.€)~ · ·· · ·· · ........am fully aware of the policy of the University relating to the retention and use of higher degree project reports and theses, namely that the University retains the copies submitted for examination and is free to allow them to be consulted or borrowed. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act, 1968, the University may issue a project report or thesis in whole or in part, in photostat or microfilm or other copying medium. In the light of these provisions I declare that I wish to retain my full privileges of copyright and request that neither the whole nor any portion of my project report/thesis be published by the University Librarian and that the Librarian may not authorize the publication of the whole or any part of it, and I further declare that this preservation ~ of my copyright privileges shall lapse from the ..... ! ... .. ... ... ....... .... .... .. ...... .. ... .. day oL ....... J?-!:.. ~. ..... ........ .... 19 .. ~f.... unless it shall previously have been extended or revoked in writing over my hand. I also authorize the publication by University Microfilms of a 350 word abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International (applicable to doctorates only). Signature ... Witness.· '---T-7-------cc-----____] ............................ Date ...... d·~ J~~ 1'}~6 THE RETIREMENT ACCOMMODATION NEEDS OF IMMIGRANTS FROM NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES VAROE LEGGE Diploma of Physiotherapy B.A.(Hon.) Sydney University M.A. Macquarie University A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of New South Wales November 1986 10 1Ul1~S7 I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis. ABSTRACT Aged people in Australia who were born in non-English speaking countries comprise a rapidly growing section of Australia's population in both absolute and proportional terms. Provisions for the aged, however, are basically designed to address the needs of the mainstream, or core society. This thesis examines the function of ethnically segregated retirement villages. Three major procedural techniques were used. First, the ethnic groups were located in the broader society, using demographic, economic, educational, occupational and linguistic competency data. These data were extracted from a wide variety of already published sources. Second, all the ethnically segregated retirement villages were visited and senior administrative staff interviewed. Finally, residents in the German and Greek villages were interviewed. Ethnically segregated villages service the needs of three types of populations. Research identified those who may be termed "culturally regressive"; those who were so traumatised by their pre-migration experiences that a supportive caring organization with staff, diet and atmosphere similar to the society from whence they came ( i) provided a specialist therapeutic atmosphere; and those who had remained enmeshed in their ethnic communities, and whose values and language were primarily those of the country from which they came. Interviews in the German and Greek villages revealed two very different populations. Germans were acculturated, had high levels of English language competence, were self­ determining and had friends within the core society. They nevertheless found an enhanced quality of life within their 11 .. experiential cohort • Greek retirement village residents were drawn from a community which had retained a distinct ethnic identity. Structural supports effectively maintained many pre-migration norms and values. This thesis argues that ethnic specific villages provide an improved quality of life for many aged people. The factors which proponents of mainstreaming advance are seen as inappropriate for the aged no matter how cogent they may be for the young and middle generations. The factors which contribute to the need for ethnic specific villages are incorporated in a model which was developed to provide a format for groups wishing to prepare submissions for government funding for the construction of retirement villages. (ii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my Supervisor, Professor Clive Kessler for his interest in, and advice throughout, the preparation of this thesis. Thanks are also owed to my colleagues Rosemary Cant and Mary Westbrook for the time they spent discussing issues and their unfailing encouragement. A particular debt of gratitude is owed to Doctor Louis Bryson. Without her analytical advice the final stage of the thesis preparation would have been far more difficult. The thesis would never have been possible but for the generous co-operation of the staff of the various retirement vi 11 ages and for the way in which they were prepared to discuss any issue, no matter how sensitive the area. To the residents within the German and Greek villages thanks are also due, and most sincerely tendered. Finally I want to thank my husband and daughter for their help in proof reading and assembing the thesis. I recognize that I increased the burdens they were already experiencing in their own professional lives. (iii) Australia is, in theory, a democratic society and this implies that through social organization access is provided, on a basis of equality, to the goods and services the society provides to satisfy the needs of its people. Equality of access can only be guaranteed by the planning and provision of specific kinds of services designed to serve the needs of particular groups of people. Where society neglects the special needs of people a situation of social disadvantage will exist, a condition contrary to the premise of social justice, on which Australian society rests (Galvin, 1980: 34). (iv) TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables 1 List of Figures 3 INTRODUCTION 4 CHAPTER 1. Accomodation Needs for Aged Australians From Non-English Speaking Countries 13 Overview of the Characteristics of the Ethnic Aged 13 The Ethnic Aged and Government Policy 18 Current Retirement Facilities: An Overview 30 Factors Associated with Entry into Retirement Villages 33 Conclusion 36 CHAPTER 2. Class, Community and Ethnicity: An Overview of Some Theories, Definitions and Concepts 38 Class 38 Community 42 Ethnicity 44 Boundary Maintenance and Social Closure 46 Marginality 54 Ethnic Organizations, 11 Ethclass 11 and Social Structure 56 CHAPTER 3. Structural Considerations: Demographic, Economic and Educational 67 Patterns of Ageing 68 English Language Competence 81 English Language Ability and Its Effect Upon Women 90 Well Why Don't They Learn English 93 Economic and Educational Distribution 95 Geographic Dispersion 104 CHAPTER 4. Multiple Realities and Plural Identities 112 Relationship With Nature 114 Time Related Values 118 Urban Values and Ethnic Identity 121 CHAPTER 5. Gordon's Assimilation Paradigm and Australia's Migrant Population 133 Assimilation in the United States 134 Assimilation in Australia 139 Cultural and Structural Assimilation 146 Australian Immigration Patterns 148 CHAPTER 6. Cultural and Personal Value Interactions 154 Cultural Values and Individual Responses: An Overview 155 Cultural Values and Individual Responses: Garman-Australians 160 Cultural Values and Individual Responses: Greek-Australians 164 CHAPTER 7. Sydney's Ethnically Segregated Aged People's Homes 171 Village Background and Rationale 173 Waiting Lists and Criteria for Entry 178 Village Leisure Activities 183 Friendship Patterns within the Village 185 Family and Friends 187 Children: Integration and Education 189 Attitues Towards Responsibility for the Aged 191 Discussion 195 CHAPTER 8. Retirement Villages for the Ethnic Aged: Greek-Australians 203 Residents' Characteristics 220 Discussion 231 CHAPTER 9. Retirement Villages for the Ethnic Aged: Garman-Australians 234 German Retirement Village Residents 236 Why Then Had They Chosen A German Village? 237 Details and Attitudes of Village Residents 240 Life in the Village 245 Desired Changes 248 Images of Australia 250 Theoretical Implications 258 Conclusion 266 CHAPTER 10. Ethnically Segregated Accommodation 277 Summary CHAPTER 11. Conclusion 287 Considerations Mediating the Need for Ethnically Segregated Retirement Villages 293 BIBLIOGRAPHY 305 APPENDIX 1 Cumberland College of Health Sciences: Research Project 327 APPENDIX 2 Expectations of Community and Family Involvement in Caring for the Aged 332 APPENDIX 3 Ethnically Segregated Retirement Villages 362 APPENDIX 4 Interview Schedule: Admitting Officers Ethnically Segregated Retirement Accommodation 366 - 1 - LIST OF TABLES 1. Projections of Overseas-born Population of Australia 1978-2001. 69 2. The Aged (60 years and over) by selected Birthplace Estimates and medium projection 1991-2001. 70 3. The Ageing of the Aged~ Aged Groups by Selected Birthplaces, 1981 and 2001. 72 4. Sex Ratios: Number of Males per 100 Females by age group and selected Birthplaces, 1981. 80 5. Population Change of Persons Aged 60+ 1981-2001. 80 6. English
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