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Genetic Evaluation of Carcass Traits in Simmental Cattle by Bruce Cameron

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Genetic Evaluation of Carcass Traits in Simmental Cattle by Bruce Cameron Genetic evaluation of carcass traits in Simmental cattle by Bruce Cameron Shanks A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science Montana State University © Copyright by Bruce Cameron Shanks (1999) Abstract: Carcass records for this study were provided by the sire evaluation program of the American Simmental Association, and included bulls, heifers, and steers slaughtered from 1971 through August, 1998. To utilize the maximum amount of information available, carcass data were divided into three subgroups: 1) 9,604 measures of hot carcass weight (CW) and percent retail cuts (PRC) representing 696 sires, 2) 6,429 measures of CW, PRC, and marbling score (MS) representing 620 sires, and 3) 1,780 measures of CW, PRC, MS, ribeye area (REA), and fat thickness (FT) representing 354 sires. Weaning weights (WW) from contemporaries of animals with carcass data were included in the analysis. Carcass traits and WW were analyzed jointly with a multiple-trait animal model and REML procedures to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values at an age-, weight-, marbling-, or FT-constant basis. The statistical model for carcass traits included the fixed effect of contemporary group and covariates for the fractional contribution of breed group (10), heterozygosity, and slaughter end-point. Random effects for carcass traits included additive direct genetic (animal) and residual. Weaning weight was preadjusted for founder effects (breed of calf, breed of dam, and year), direct and maternal heterosis, age of dam, and age of calf. The model for WW included the fixed effect of contemporary group and random effects of additive direct genetic (animal), maternal genetic (dam), maternal permanent environment, and residual. Heritability estimates at an age-constant basis were: CW, .34; PRC, .25; MS, .36; REA, .26; and FT, .10. Heritability estimates at a weight- and marbling-constant basis were similar to those estimated at an age-constant basis. Estimates were .25 for PRC, .34 for MS, .22 for REA, and .14 for FT at a weight-constant basis and .33, .25, .28, and .10, for CW, PRC, REA, and FT, respectively at a marbling end-point. Finally, heritabilities estimated at a FT-constant basis were similar for CW (.33) and REA (.29) but were lower for PRC (.17) and MS (.13). Genetic and phenotypic correlations differed in magnitude and sign among trait combinations at different end-points. In general, parameter estimates were within the range of those previously reported in the literature. Pearson product-moment correlations and Spearman rank correlations were calculated to determine the influence of slaughter end-point on carcass trait breeding values and to evaluate the impact of slaughter end-point on ranking of sires. Adjushnent of traits to various end-points resulted in some changes in carcass trait breeding values and some re-ranking of sires depending on the end-point and trait being considered. Results from this study establish that selection for carcass traits should generally be effective in Simmental cattle and indicate that it is possible to select for desirable levels of growth or lean yield without sacrificing carcass quality. Finally, these findings suggest that some consideration should be given to slaughter end-point prior to designing breeding and management plans. (KEY WORDS: beef cattle, carcass traits, genetic parameters, Simmental) GENETIC EVALUATION OF CARCASS TRAITS IN SIMMENTAL CATTLE by Bruce Cameron Shanlcs A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science ■ in Animal Science MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY-BOZEMAN Bozeman, Montana November, 1999 I © COPYRIGHT by Bruce Cameron Shanks 1999 All Rights Reserved APPROVAL SM5to of a thesis submitted by Bruce Cameron Shanks This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency and is ready for submission to the College ofLGraduate Studies. Dr. Michael W. Tess I — (Signature) I Date Approved for the Department of Animal and Range Sciences Dr. Peter J. Burfening j / ^ t_f / _ (Signature) Date Approved for the College of Graduate Studies Dr. Bruce McLeod (Signature) Date Ill STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University-B ozeman, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Signature D ate___ 'I/*? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my parents, Connie and Joseph Shanks, for their support and guidance through all my academic endeavors. Without you, I could never have gotten this far. To my brother, Calvin, and his wife Sarah, thank you and good luck. I would also like to thank Dr. Michael Tess, for taking me on as his graduate student and for his patience, honesty, and wisdom as my advisor. Thanlcs also to my graduate committee members Dr. Don Kress, Dr. Bruce Cunningham, and Dr. Peter Burfening. K.C., thank you very much. Without your computer and statistical assistance this project would not have been possible. A large thanks goes out to the American Simmental Association and staff for the resources and financial support they have provided. All my friends and fellow graduate students thanks for making school a lot more enjoyable. Dr. Butter and other faculty at SMSU thank you for your guidance and support. Finally, I want to thank my wife. Sunshine, and son, Paul, for their sacrifice and love in allowing me to pursue graduate school in Montana. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TA B LE S.................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIG U R E S................................................................................................................. xii A BSTRACT............................................................................................................. xiii. 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................I 2. LITERATURE R E V IE W ....................................... 3 Introduction..................................................................................................•................ 3 Carcass and associated growth tr a its ............................................................................3 Yield grade factors............................................................................................. 3 Quality grade factors .........................................................................................4 Consumer acceptance factors............................................................................7 Associated growth traits........................................................................A . 8 Slaughter end-points ......................................................................................................8 Genetic and phenotypic param eters............................................................................10 Heritabilities................................................................. 10 Genetic and phenotypic correlations ............................................................ 24 U ltrasound.....................................................................................................................41 Technology ......................................................................................................42 Applications......................................................................................................43 Accuracy ..........................................................................................................46 Breed comparisons........................................................................................................48 Simulation studies ................................................................................ 57 National cattle'evaluation ...........................................................................................59 General procedures .........................................................................................59 Carcass procedures...........................................................................................61 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................63 Description of data ................................ 63 Carcass data ......................................... 1................................................... .. 63 Weaning data ................................ 69 Contemporary groups....................................................................................................70 TABLE OF CONTENTS--Contmued Page Pre-adjustment and grouping of traits ....................................... 71 Carcass traits ............................................................................................. .71 Weaning w eig h t.................................................................................. 73 Statistical
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