Jean-Marc Doumenc

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Jean-Marc Doumenc L’ Jean-marc Doumenc University of Technology, Sydney Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Work submitted for a DCA by Research 2007 Supervisor: Professor Stephen Muecke i STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP: “The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree or diploma at any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Signed: Date: 20 April 2007 “ ii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr Stephen Muecke, for the freedom he let me enjoy while working on the project, and especially for reading my French! Many thanks to the group of friends, Rebecca, Elvan, David and Andrew, who provided me with a couple of lists of constraints at the beginning of my work. Thanks a lot to Jean- Philippe, who from Bruxelles and through email has always been keen to give ideas and references, and many thanks to Marguerite Scaife for helping out with the English in my dissertation. I will be for ever grateful for the scholarship which during more than two years allowed me to write full time. Thanks to the many people who have built online in only a few months a great tool of reference, Wikipedia, which I used a lot. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS: P.ii Statement of original authorship. P. iii Acknowledgements. P. iv Table of contents. P. v List of illustrations and tables. P. vi Keywords, Abstract. P. 1 L’€ (novel in French) P. 425 Oulipians are rats who build the labyrinth from which they will try to escape (Theory component in English) P. 486 Appendix, list of News Agencies news used in the novel. P. 493 Bibliography. iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES: Cover Euro symbol P. 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471 Tables v KEYWORDS: Euro € Europe Money Coin OuLiPo Literary constraints ABSTRACT: I thought a Euro coin would be a good main character for my story, the perfect medium to go everywhere and traverses social strata, gender and culture. The story and character are a pretext to visit different European countries, following the uncontrolled trip of the coin from one’s pocket to someone else’s wallet. Through the point of view of the coin, we are able to apprehend slices of daily life in Europe, of the actual state of the unity of the countries, at different levels, political, administrative and cultural. Through the coin’s experiences we see the reactions of ordinary people to the new currency: resentment of the way Europe is changing, indifference to whatever may occur, or the feeling that idealistic values are in danger when facing Kafkaesque bureaucratic decisions or the fact that 380 combinations are needed to translate every speech in every language of the Union. I chose a low-value coin rather than a banknote, because of its greater insignificance. A five cents coin comes and goes. The novel is also a reflection on money, its power, the triumph of capitalism in countries formerly communists or socialists and examine if this power is a “necessary evil” or a human weakness that needs to be reformed if possible. The novel is written using literary constraints, so the theoretical component of the thesis presents a short history of constraints as they have been explored, analysed and put in practice by OuLiPo (A Primer of Potential Literature) and authors like Georges Perec, Raymond Queneau or Christian Bök. Some of the constraints I used were unexpected like the use of daily News Agencies news (Reuters, AFP) dealing with Europe and the E.U. that I discovered and incorporated in the story while writing it. I believe that constraints can trigger creativity. The strategies I used while writing have been identified, analysed and categorized, as well as the solutions I found to sometimes overcome these constraints and keeping the novel readable and consistent. vi CHAPITRE 1 Je suis née des cendres du passé, probablement mélange d’autres pièces plus anciennes, mes ancêtres en quelque sorte, usées, mises au rebut. Quelque chose d’anthropophagique git donc en moi, dans mes entrailles. Je me suis repue de mes semblables, et peut-être même de ma parenté immédiate. Mais je suis aussi sûrement faite de minerai venu tout droit de quelque mine, et aussi de métaux recyclés, poutrelles, rails, armes, canons peut-être. Scientifiquement, je ne suis qu’un peu d’alliage, 3,9 grammes d’acier et de cuivre pour être exacte, mais je suis bien plus que ça, je suis la somme des désirs, le moyen d’échange universel, ce qui permet de tout faire, le bien, le mal, ce qui permet d’exaucer les désirs les plus fous. Les humains s’entretuent pour moi, me volent, me dérobent, m’échangent, se vendent, se prostituent pour m’avoir, vendent leur labeur, s’endettent, me convoitent. Enfin, quand je dis moi, j’exagère, je parle au niveau symbolique, parce que moi, petite individuelle, je ne vaux pas très cher. Au tout début, je n’étais qu’une part infime d’une bande d’acier roulée en bobine, en provenance directe d’une aciérie. Ma vie précédente je ne m’en souviens pas. La fusion dans cette usine a effacé hélas toute mémoire. Peut-être venais-je directement de la mine, minerai juste extrait, ou peut-être m’avait-on refondue, à partir de vieux objets de fer périmés, désuets, bons pour la décharge. Mais rien ne se perd, tout se transforme, alors me revoilà, guillerette. De l’aciérie, on m’a transportée par camion jusqu’à l’hôtel de la Monnaie, et là, ils ont commencé de découper ma bobine d’acier pour en faire des flans, des rondelles de métal. Et du coup on s’est retrouvé des centaines. Des milliers même, une vraie multiplication des pains, car il n’y avait pas qu’une bobine de métal, mais des dizaines d’après le peu que j’ai pu voir. Mais ça n’était que le commencement, il faut souffrir pour exister, ensuite j’ai du subir le cordonnage. Des machines, différentes, ont repoussé le métal en périphérie de la pauvre rondelle que je suis, donnant une bande lisse et saillante tout autour, le listel. Puis, on me repasse au four, c’est l’opération du recuit, comme si la fusion à haute température de la fonderie n’avait pas suffi… cette fois, c’est pour que je retrouve un peu de malléabilité. Ensuite on me passe au cuivrage, on me recouvre par électrolyse d’une couche de cuivre pur. On me polit, et l’on me sèche. Enfin, l’on nous trie, pour vérifier que l’une d’entre nous n’aurait pas quelque défaut, puis l’on nous compte. Ca commence à devenir sérieux, pas question d’égarer l’un d’entre nous, l’on a maintenant parait-il quelque valeur. Puis on est stockés dans l’entrepôt, pour un temps qui semble interminable. Des mois ont du passer. On est réveillés de notre torpeur que pour se faire frapper. Quelle honte ! Frapper de pauvres flancs sans défense. On y passe tous. Changement de sexe et de genre au passage aussi, de flancs masculins, nous devenons des pièces féminines. On nous coince entre une paire de coins, deux outils gravés avec la face et le revers, et on serre, on serre, on presse, dieu que l’on presse dans la presse, et voilà, je suis une pièce de monnaie, flambant neuve. Ma valeur ? Pas grand-chose, je dois l’avouer, cinq centimes seulement. Des centimes d’€. Et oui, car j’ai un nom, Euro. Quoique l’€, ce ne 1 soit pas vraiment moi, le vrai € c’est cette frimeuse de pièce d’un €, tout le monde fait tout le temps référence à elle. Elle vaut 40,3399 francs belges, 1,95583 mark allemand, 166,386 pesetas espagnoles, 6,55957 francs français, 1936,27 lires italiennes, 40,3399 francs luxembourgeois, 2,20371 guilders hollandais, 13,7603 schillings autrichiens, 200,482 escudos portugais, 5,94573 markkas finlandais et 340,750 drachmes grecques. Mais surtout, et c’est la référence que tout le monde utilise le plus par ici, la pièce d’un € vaut 0,787564 pound irlandaise. Car nous sommes en Irlande. Et nous allons être appelées à localement remplacer la vieille valeur pound et sa déclinaison de pièces. Quand à mon nom, il y a déjà longtemps qu’il m’a été donné. Il a été pensé, supputé, cogité, brainstormé. Mentalement malaxé. Ca n’a pas été une petite affaire, car il devait être acceptable dans une dizaine de langues. Tout d’abord on a pensé m’appeler ECU, European Currency Unit, nom donné en 1979 à l’unité de compte européenne de référence dans le Système monétaire européen. Moi personnellement ça me dérangeait pas, et puis ça sonne bien pour les francophones vu que c’est le nom de l’ancienne monnaie battue par les rois de France depuis le 14ème siècle. Par contre, pour les germanophones, cette appellation est grotesque, écu (prononcer ékou) résonne comme eine Kuhe, une vache ! En définitive, au Sommet de Madrid de 1995, le choix s’est porté sur le mot euro, un nom sans séduction particulière mais sans ambiguïté. Quoique c’est pas terrible pour les grecs à ce qu’il paraît, € chez eux ça sonne comme urine… mais bon, on a fait un effort pour les allemands, par contre les grecs ils auront qu’à s’adapter ! Non mais, on en finirait plus autrement… faut croire que mon tonton teuton a le bras plus long que mon tonton grec.
Recommended publications
  • ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: RESEARCH ON
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: RESEARCH ON MUSIC AND HEALING IN ETHNOMUSICOLOGY AND MUSIC THERAPY May May Chiang, Master of Arts, 2008 Directed By: Professor J. Lawrence Witzleben Department of Musicology and Ethnomusicology, Chair. This thesis examines current developments in the research and discourse on music and healing. Ethnomusicology has involved extensive work on documenting traditional music and healing traditions; however, ethnomusicologists have neglected to contribute their knowledge and effort to healthcare-oriented research. Music therapy, on the other hand, has been focusing on the benefit of the patient, but rarely relates its practices to traditional music and healing traditions or non-Western music. Despite the recent establishment of the Medical Ethnomusicology Special Interest Group in the Society for Ethnomusicology and increasing awareness of world music and cultural diversity in music therapy, scholars in the two fields have not yet collaborated with each other extensively. The motivations for this thesis are: to review previous developments in research on music and healing, to find out the reasons for the changes in the research trends of the past decade, and to see possible research directions in the future. RESEARCH ON MUSIC AND HEALING IN ETHNOMUSICOLOGY AND MUSIC THERAPY By May May Chiang Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2008 Advisory Committee: Professor J. Lawrence Witzleben, Chair Professor Robert Provine Professor Jonathan Dueck © Copyright by May May Chiang 2008 Acknowledgements I would like to show my appreciation to the ethnomusicologists and music therapists with whom I have communicated, especially to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Micronational Club Starter Packet
    2019 Blount County Micronational Club Calendar Have you ever dreamed of ruling over your own country? Here’s your chance! What will the laws, customs, and history be? You decide. What will the flag, coins, and postage stamps look like? You will create them. With a different project each week, you’ll build an empire! On December 21, you can present your creations at the Micronational Fair. Recommended for ages 8 to 18. Thursday Topic Project Brainstorm at Home 09-05 @ 4:00 (in What is a country? / Real Micronations / Brainstorming Name / Vexillology (your flag) Sept.) What makes a good flag? Sheet 09-12 Name / Vexillology Flag Geography (your map) 09-19 Geography Map Theme / Declaration of Independence / Symbols / Motto 09-26 Theme / Declaration of Independence / Seal Constitution / Laws Symbols / Motto 10-03 @ 4:30 Constitution / Laws Coins Economics (Oct-Dec) 10-10 Economics Currency Fashion 10-17 Fashion Sash Crowns / Sports / Awards 10-24 Sports Crown / Trophy / Folklore Medals 10-31 Folklore Monster Stamps / Customs 11-07 Infrastructure Stamps / Passports Language 11-14 Language Language Monument 11-21 Monuments Model Music ThanksGive no no no 12-05 Music Song Holidays 12-12 Holidays Calendar Multinational Fair 12-19 no no no Sat. 12-21 / @ Multinational Fair Multinational Fair Diplomacy 1:00 Other ideas: Micronational Olympics? Some of the projects and themes may change. This is your club. I want to hear your ideas! Contact: Clay Kriese Youth Services Specialist 865-273-1414 [email protected] Make Your Own Micronation Worksheet 2019 Blount County Micronational Club Use this sheet (and a pencil) to help you brainstorm ideas for your new country.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Governs the Internet? the Emerging Policies, Institutions, and Governance of Cyberspace
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2013 Who Governs the Internet? The Emerging Policies, Institutions, and Governance of Cyberspace Robert J. Domanski The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1481 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] i WHO GOVERNS THE INTERNET? THE EMERGING POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS, AND GOVERNANCE OF CYBERSPACE by ROBERT J. DOMANSKI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2013 ii © 2013 ROBERT J. DOMANSKI All Rights Reserved iii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Political Science in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Donna Kirchheimer 8/5/2013 Date Chair of Examining Committee Joe Rollins 8/5/2013 Date Executive Officer Stephen Brier Andrew Rich Charles Tien Sarah Zelikovitz Supervisory Committee THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv Abstract WHO GOVERNS THE INTERNET? THE EMERGING POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS, AND GOVERNANCE OF CYBERSPACE by Robert J. Domanski Sponsor: Professor Donna Kirchheimer There remains a widespread perception among both the public and elements of academia that the Internet is “ungovernable”. However, this idea, as well as the notion that the Internet has become some type of cyber-libertarian utopia, is wholly inaccurate.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Hommes Qui Voulaient Être Rois Principautés Et Nations Sur Internet
    Cybergeo : European Journal of Geography Espace, Société, Territoire ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Frédéric Lasserre Les hommes qui voulaient être rois Principautés et nations sur Internet ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Avertissement Le contenu de ce site relève de la législation française sur la propriété intellectuelle et est la propriété exclusive de l'éditeur. Les œuvres figurant sur ce site peuvent être consultées et reproduites sur un support papier ou numérique sous réserve qu'elles soient strictement réservées à un usage soit personnel, soit scientifique ou pédagogique excluant toute exploitation commerciale. La reproduction devra obligatoirement mentionner l'éditeur, le nom de la revue, l'auteur et la référence du document. Toute autre reproduction est interdite sauf accord préalable de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Revues.org est un portail de revues en sciences humaines et sociales développé par le Cléo, Centre pour l'édition électronique ouverte (CNRS, EHESS, UP, UAPV). ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Project Ataraxia
    Summary of project Ataraxia. By Karin Schou Music therapist, MA, teacher Background In 1997, a group of music therapy students at Aalborg University (AAU) investigated the effects of music on body and mind in traditional medicine and in an alternative treatment, in a music psychology project entitled “the Healing Power of Music”. The project included interviews with Dr. Lars Heslet, a specialist at Rigshospital, Copenhagen, and composer Niels Eje, who initiated a music environment project involving intensive care patients. On the basis of this project, and for practical (geographical) reasons, Aalborg Hospital (North) and the group of music therapy students began working together. In 1999, this cooperation resulted in the project, Ataraxia – between music and medicine, a project report about scientific theory. Ataraxia was a two-part project: The first part was a pilot project (described in the project report just mentioned), which had the aim of investigating how a mixed group of individuals from the humanities and scientific disciplines could work together. The project also involved the specific design and implementation of a patient and staff trial relating to the sound environment, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. This pilot project was viewed as quality assurance and was approved by the hospital’s ethical committee. The second part of the Ataraxia project involved a continuation of the trial relating to the sound environment in the recovery ward of Aalborg Hospital North, using the same design, until the number of participants had exceeded 100 and the collected data thus showed statistical significance (total number of patients: 200). In 2000, the project was extended to Western Denmark and involved post-operative wards at Skejby Hospital, Odense University Hospital (VITA and COPA) and Aalborg Hospital (South and North), and was continued under the name Musica Humana.
    [Show full text]
  • Small States & Territories, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019, Pp. 183-194 Oecusse And
    Small States & Territories, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019, pp. 183-194 Oecusse and the Sultanate of Occussi-Ambeno: Pranksterism, misrepresentation and micronationality Philip Hayward School of Communications University of Technology Sydney Australia [email protected] Abstract: Occussi-Ambeno, a fictional sultanate initially conceived by Aotearoan/New Zealander anarchist artist Bruce Grenville in 1968 and represented and developed by him and others over the last fifty years, is notable as both an early example of a virtual micronation (i.e. a type that does not attempt to enact itself within the physical territory it claims) and as an entity affixed to an entire pre-existent territory (in the case of the Sultanate of Occussi- Ambeno, that of Oecusse on the north-west coast of the island of Timor). The latter aspect is pertinent in that however imaginary the micronation is, its association with a region of a small state raises questions concerning the ethics of (mis)representation. This is particularly pertinent in the case of Oecusse, which was occupied by Indonesian forces in 1975 and had its distinct identity subsumed within the Indonesian state until Timor-Leste (and Oecusse as its exclave) successfully gained independence in 2002. Discussions in the article compare the anarcho- pranksterist impulse behind the creation of the Sultanate of Occussi-Ambeno and its manifestation in visual media – primarily through the design and production of ‘artistamps’ (faux postage stamps) – to related economic and socio-political contexts. Keywords: artistamps, Indonesia, micronation, misrepresentation, Occussi-Ambeno, Oecusse, Portugal, Timor, Timor Leste © 2019 – Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Malta.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Nation: the Micronationalist Challenge to Traditional Concepts of the Nation-State
    WHAT IS A NATION: THE MICRONATIONALIST CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF THE NATION-STATE A Thesis by Bennie Lee Ferguson Master of Arts, Wichita State University, 2009 Submitted to the Department of History and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 2009 © Copyright 2009 by Bennie Lee Ferguson All Rights Reserved WHAT IS A NATION: THE MICRONATIONALIST CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF THE NATION-STATE The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in History. _____________________________________ George Dehner, Committee Chair _____________________________________ Jay Price, Committee Member _____________________________________ Deborah Gordon, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To my son, David Lee Ferguson, my father, Basil Lee Ferguson, my mother, Alberta Zongker, my good friend Michael Cummans, and His Excellency President Kevin Baugh of the Republic of Molossia iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude to several members of the faculty of Wichita State University, including Dr. John Dreifort, Dr. Anthony Gythiel, and Dr. Craig Miner. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Jay Price, Dr. Deborah Gordon, and especially my thesis chair, Dr. George Dehner, for their guidance and counsel, not only in regard to this project, but
    [Show full text]
  • In the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
    Case 1:05-cr-00185 Document 3 Filed 05/19/2005 Page 1 of 24 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Holding a Criminal Term Grand Jury sworn in on September 30, 2004 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : CRIMINAL NO. : v. : GRAND JURY ORIGINAL : SEAN GARLAND, : VIOLATIONS: also known as “the Man with the Hat”, : CHRISTOPHER JOHN CORCORAN, : 18 U.S.C. § 371 also known as “Christie”, : (Conspiracy) DAVID LEVIN, : also known as David Batikovich Batikian, : 18 U.S.C. § 470 also known as Gediminas Gotautas, : (Counterfeit Acts Committed also known as “Russian Dave”, : Outside the United States) also known as “Doctor”, : TERENCE SILCOCK, : 18 U.S.C. § 473 also known as “Terry”, : (Dealing in Counterfeit HUGH TODD, : Obligations or Securities) also known as F. B. Rawing, : also known as Peter Keith Clark, : ALAN JONES, : and : MARK ADDERLEY, : : Defendants. : I N D I C T M E N T The Grand Jury charges: COUNT ONE (Conspiracy to Commit Counterfeit Acts Outside the United States) At all times material to this Indictment: Case 1:05-cr-00185 Document 3 Filed 05/19/2005 Page 2 of 24 INTRODUCTION Defendants and Associates 1. Defendant SEAN GARLAND was a citizen of the Republic of Ireland (“Ireland”) residing in the vicinity of Dublin, Ireland, and was Managing Director of an international business consulting company called GKG Communications International, Ltd. (“GKG Comms”), located in Dublin, Ireland. 2. Defendant CHRISTOPHER JOHN CORCORAN, also known as Christie, was a citizen of Ireland, residing in the vicinity of Dublin, Ireland, had long been associated with defendant SEAN GARLAND, and had established a business relationship with defendant TERENCE SILCOCK.
    [Show full text]
  • Professions in Finance
    PROFESSIONS IN FINANCE KUGENER Noah Tutrice: MOSSIAT Amélie Lycée Ermesinde Mersch Travail personnel 2019-2020 KUGENER Noah 2019/2020 Travail Personnel Tutrice : Amélie Mossiat Professions in finance Professions in Finance 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 1 2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Glossary ........................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Portfolio ........................................................................................................................................ 5 3.2 Securities ....................................................................................................................................... 5 3.3 Assets ............................................................................................................................................ 5 3.4 Transaction settlement ................................................................................................................. 5 3.5 Stock .............................................................................................................................................. 6 3.6 Market ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Paolo Barberi, Graziano Graziani Script
    CATEGORY: DOCUMENTARY SERIES DIRECTION: PAOLO BARBERI, GRAZIANO GRAZIANI SCRIPT: GRAZIANO GRAZIANI LENGTH: 52’ X 8 EPISODES FORMAT: 4K PRODUCTION: ESPLORARE LA METROPOLI LANGUAGE: ENGLISH BUDGET: IN DEVELOPMENT STATUS: IN DEVELOPMENT www.nacne.it www.esplorarelametropoli.it Phone: 0039 328 59.95.253 Phone: 0039 347 42.30.644 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] SUBJECT There are many reasons for founding a nation: idealism, goliardery, politics, even tax evasion. Here are the most strange and evocative cases of a much wider practice than one can imagine: to declare the indepen- dence of a microscopic part of a territory and to proclaim oneself a king or a president, even if only in your own home. Few people know, for example, that in addition to San Marino and the Vatican, there are in Italy a country and an island that have absolute sovereignty over their territories, based on rights acquired before the unification of Italy; or that a nation has been founded in Australia to protect the rights of homosexuals, while in Africa and South America some “non-existent states” have declared independence for the sole purpose of issuing counterfeit treasury bonds. This series of documentaries wants to be an atlas of stories and characters, a geography of places halfway between reality and imagination. Places that often dissolve themselves with the disappearance of their founder. Small epics that, for better or for worse, lead to paroxysm the irreducible desire for independence and autonomy of human beings. ATLAS OF MICRONATION is articulated as a series of 8 self-conclusive episodes, each dedicated to the story of a single micronation.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea and the Supernote Enigma
    North Korea and the Supernote Enigma Allegations that North Koreans are counterfeiting U.S. currency By Gregory Elich Region: Asia Global Research, May 07, 2008 Theme: Global Economy Korea Policy Institute 7 May 2008 In-depth Report: NORTH KOREA North Korea, it is often said, is a criminal state. One of the more persistent stories supporting that allegation is that the North Koreans are counterfeiting U.S. currency. Through repetition, the claim has taken on an aura of proven fact. This in turn has been cited as justification for everything from imposing punitive measures against North Korea to suggesting that the nation cannot be trusted as a partner in nuclear negotiations. The evidence against North Korea is widely regarded as convincing. “The North Koreans have denied that they are engaged in the distribution and manufacture of counterfeits,” says Daniel Glaser of the U.S. Treasury Department, “but the evidence is overwhelming that they are. There’s no question of North Korea’s involvement.”1 There is no denying that North Korean citizens have been caught passing counterfeit currency in Europe and Asia, and some defectors from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK — the formal name for North Korea) claim to have first-hand knowledge of state-run counterfeiting operations. In Western media reports the case is treated as proven. Yet the closer one examines the matter, the murkier the picture becomes. Counterfeit currency attributed to North Korea raises deep concern due to its extremely high quality. Dubbed supernotes, their production process closely matches that of the genuine article, and the engraving is so fine it rivals that of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberlandâ•Žs Claim of Statehood
    Chicago Journal of International Law Volume 17 Number 1 Article 10 7-1-2016 Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberland’s Claim of Statehood Gabriel Rossman Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil Recommended Citation Rossman, Gabriel (2016) "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberland’s Claim of Statehood," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 17: No. 1, Article 10. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol17/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberland’s Claim of Statehood Gabriel Rossman Abstract This Comment analyzes the statehood aspirations of Liberland, a self-proclaimed microstate nestled on a tract of disputed territory between Serbia and Croatia. Customary international law, the Montevideo Criteria, and alternative modalities of recognition are discussed as potential avenues for Liberland to gain recognition. The theoretical and practical merits of these theories are explored. Ultimately, Liberland has two potential avenues for obtaining recognition. First, Liberland could convince the international community that the land it claims is terra nullius and satisfies the Montevideo Criteria. Second, Liberland could obtain constitutive recognition by the international community. It is unlikely that Liberland will be able to obtain recognition through either of these avenues. Table of Contents I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 308 II. A Brief History of Liberland ..............................................................................
    [Show full text]