Celebrities, Drinks, and Drugs: a Critical Discourse Analysis of Celebrity Substance Abuse As Portrayed in the New York Times
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California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations Office of aduateGr Studies 9-2014 CELEBRITIES, DRINKS, AND DRUGS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CELEBRITY SUBSTANCE ABUSE AS PORTRAYED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES Brent John Austin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd Part of the Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other Film and Media Studies Commons, and the Rhetoric and Composition Commons Recommended Citation Austin, Brent John, "CELEBRITIES, DRINKS, AND DRUGS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CELEBRITY SUBSTANCE ABUSE AS PORTRAYED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES" (2014). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 104. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/104 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of aduateGr Studies at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CELEBRITIES, DRINKS, AND DRUGS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CELEBRITY SUBSTANCE ABUSE AS PORTRAYED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Communication Studies by Brent John Austin September 2014 CELEBRITIES, DRINKS, AND DRUGS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CELEBRITY SUBSTANCE ABUSE AS PORTRAYED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Brent John Austin September 2014 Approved by: Heather Hundley, Committee Chair, Communication Studies Thomas Corrigan, Committee Member Jo Anna Grant, Committee Member © 2014 Brent John Austin ABSTRACT This study is an examination of the ideologies present in celebrity substance abuse news stories in The New York Times online from December 2012 to December 2013. I analyzed news stories by employing a critical discourse analysis to determine the dominant discourses in celebrity substance abuse news articles. Drawing from cultivation and framing theories, celebrity substance abuse stories in The New York Times are presented in a limited, individual fashion with relatively little effort when it comes to recovery. Rather than treating substance abuse as a serious social issue and a medical condition, it is presented as an individual, moral problem. Moreover, recovery from substance abuse is presented as a personal choice which involves very little to no assistance and is easy to acquire. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While this thesis is an accumulation of countless hours, there are many individuals outside of myself who deserve recognition and acknowledgement for their contributions. First being my committee chair, Dr. Heather Hundley. Her time, energy, and dedication to this thesis is unequivocal. From countless read- throughs, sharp criticisms, and grueling “track changes”, she has helped this thesis come to fruition. More than that, she has helped me discover who I am as an academic, and provided a mentorship from which I have experienced admiration and gratefulness while receiving direction and structure. Thank you for being such a great example of what an advisor can be. I would like to acknowledge my other committee members for taking the time to be involved in my education and to commit to this thesis. Dr. Jo Anna Grant, who has helped me keep the health implications of this research in the forefront of my mind. Furthermore, the opportunities that Dr. Grant has availed to me outside of this research have made a positive impact on the student I am and the teacher I hope to become. I would like to recognize Dr. Thomas Corrigan, who has enabled me to discover and define the meaning of discourse for myself, allowed me to realize the error in my ways with applying theory to this thesis, and through conversations helped me reevaluate implications regarding news. I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge and thank my parents for their continued support. They made the financial burden of going to college possible. More than that, their enduring love and encouragement towards my academic iv and career goals have allowed me to grow, continue to take opportunities which would not be presented otherwise, and maintain future goals. Thank you for all your love and support. Last, but not least, I would like to acknowledge my wife, Lindi. The time and energy put into this project was often at the sacrifice of our time together. Thank you for allowing me to stay focused when needed, pulling me away from the research when needed, and venting in between. I hope that you are ready for the next academic challenge, which is certain to contain more sacrifice. I am grateful for your support and understanding. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION: SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND CELEBRITY CULTURE ……………………………... 1 Literature Review .............................................................................. 4 Substance Abuse and Society ................................................ 6 Substance Abuse and Media .................................................. 7 Celebrity .................................................................................. 11 Celebrity and Substance Abuse ............................................. 16 CHAPTER TWO: CONDUCTING THE STUDY: METHODOLOGICAL AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES ............................. 19 Statement of Purpose ....................................................................... 19 Methodological Approach: Critical Discourse Analysis ...................... 21 Texts ...................................................................................... 30 Theoretical Perspectives: Cultivation and Framing Theory ............... 34 Cultivation Theory Literature .................................................. 37 Framing Theory ...................................................................... 40 Media Frames ........................................................................ 41 CHAPTER THREE: THE NEW YORK TIMES’ PORTRAYAL OF CELEBRITY SUBSTANCE ABUSE ............................ 45 Celebrities and Consequences ………………………………………… 46 Episodic and Thematic Frames .............................................. 47 vi It’s Not You, It’s Me: Taking Personal Acceptance ………. ..... 50 The Blame Game: Attributing External Fault .......................... 52 Are You Sober Now? Recovery and Relapse ........................ 55 Contradicting Headlines and Images ..................................... 61 Conclusion: Stardom Trumps Substance Abuse .............................. 65 CHAPTER FOUR: THE NEW YORK TIMES’ PORTRAYAL OF CELEBRITIES’ CONSEQUENCES FROM SUBSTANCE ABUSE .......……………………………..… 69 Health Consequences........................................................................ 71 Death ..................................................................................... 71 Rehabilitation and Treatment ................................................. 74 Physical Health ...................................................................... 78 Psychological Consequences ................................................ 79 Criminal Consequences .................................................................... 81 Financial Consequences ................................................................... 85 Material Consequences ......................................................... 85 Career Consequences ........................................................... 87 Conclusion: Substance Abuse has Physical, But Not Emotional Consequences ................................ 88 CHAPTER FIVE: MARGINALIZING THE DISCOURSE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MAGNIFYING THE ROLE OF CELEBRITY THROUGH INFOTAINMENT ............................................ 90 Ideological Implications ..................................................................... 92 Substance Abuse ................................................................... 93 Celebrities ………………………………………………………… 100 vii News Media ……………………………………………………… 107 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………….. 114 Limitations ………………………………………………………………. 116 Future Research ………………………………………………………… 117 APPENDIX A: TYPES OF CELEBRITIES PRESENTED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES …………………………………….... 119 APPENDIX B: TYPES OF SUBSTANCES IDENTIFIED IN THE NEW YORK TIMES ……………………………………… 121 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………….. 123 viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION: SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND CELEBRITY CULTURE A staggering number of Americans are substance abusers. The 2010 National Survey on Drug Use Health (NSDUH), for example, estimates that 22.6 million Americans used illicit drugs that year. This represents 8.9 percent of the population 12 years of age and older. Even greater percentages are noticed in regards to alcohol as 58.6 million people reported participating in binge drinking (NSDUH, 2010). With such a large percentage of the population defined as substance abusers, social consequences abound. In order to understand substance abuse, it is imperative to define what substances are abused and considered addictive. For example, in her study of addiction in the Finnish press, Hellman (2010) reported eight major categories findings: alcohol, drugs, substances, tobacco, eating, gambling, sexual behavior