Her Fabulous Story!
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AVENTICUM HER FABULOUS STORY! 3rd floor Copyright © Site et Musée romains d’Avenches October 2019 Translation Natasha Hathaway www.archeo-access.ch Scenography www.wapico.ch Multimedia www.pointprod.ch Aventicum: a people, a territory The story of Aventicum begins a long time Amongst the inhabitants were members before the Roman conquest. In the middle of the imperial family, such as the father of the 2nd century BCE, it was already of Vespasian and his son Titus, prominent a major Gallic urban centre. The local families, lower class citizens, doctors, aristocracy minted coins and traded with traders, craftsmen, free men, freedmen Mediterranean regions. and slaves. In 15 BCE, the territory of the Helvetii, Economic and political troubles marked from Lake Geneva to Lake Constance, went the end of the 3rd century and large areas under Roman control. Avenches became the of the city were abandoned. However, capital of the Helvetii and the town quickly the city became and remained an episcopal expanded. During the 2nd century CE, there see until the end of the 6th century CE. It were approximately 20,000 people living in survived only as a small-sized settlement in Avenches, most of them indigenous. the following centuries. In the 13th century, the “new town” was built on the hilltop. 4 5 Gallic origins Until recently, it was assumed that the city of Aventicum had been created ex nihilo soon after 15 BCE, when the Helvetii territory was integrated into the Roman Empire. Over the past few years, discoveries of Celtic remains west and south of the hill of Avenches have brought to light that a large urban centre already existed in the second half of the 2nd century BCE. Residential, economic and religious quarters were built on both sides of a south-west/north-west axis: it will later become the main street of the Roman town (decumanus maximus). With the discovery of luxurious furniture, goods imported from the Mediterranean, as well as evidence of coin minting, the image of a major and prosperous centre emerges. 6 7 6 1 2 8 7 4 3 5 9 8 9 1 Lady wearing a torc 3 Wooden carding brush Limestone bust depicting a local woman found Semi-oval oak wood carding brush with handle. in a house located north of the town (insula 10 east). One to four plum tree thorns were inserted into each While her hairstyle is Roman, her thick coat and torc hole of the brush. are Gaulish. Only members of the elite wore torcs. This object was found in a channel fill from In ancient texts, it is described as an iconic Celtic the Latenian period, close to La Brocante. object. This sculpture was manufactured by a local workshop in the first half of the 1st century CE. It was probably placed in a niche. 4 Gaulish pit deposit In 2016, structures from the Gaulish period were discovered during the extension of the Sous-Ville 2 Set of pottery from Sur Fourches collège. Amongst the remains excavated, ten pits were This set of pottery comes from the Sur Fourches found filled with objects that had been deposited quarter, south-west of Avenches. Recent discoveries intentionally. Some of the objects were intact. These in that area have revealed the existence of many pits were possibly dug in an area enclosed by a fence. remains of the pre-Roman town. The deliberate burial of items is linked to religious The pottery set dates back to the La Tène D1 practices. period (150 – 80 BCE). It was found in a small semi- In one of the pits, archaeologists discovered basement used as a cellar. The room measured 6 m2 a painted ceramic bottle surrounded by metal objects and was fitted with a wooden floor. Approximately used for grooming, transport and cooking: a razor, twenty pottery vessels were left there. It is presumed a bronze bracelet fragment, a fibula, a terret ring, an that they were used to store food. This set includes iron cauldron handle, a coin, as well as various objects fine grey ware bottles and bowls as well as two made of iron and bronze. spool-shaped artefacts. The vessels were crushed These pits are dated to around 100 – 80 BCE, like during a fire that burnt down the house. the other remains discovered in the Sur Fourches area. 10 11 5 Bronze terret rings 6 Celtic coins Terret rings were used to secure and guide Over the last few years, a large number of Celtic the reins of horses pulling carts. They were attached coins have been brought to light in Avenches. More to the horse’s harness. The artefacts presented here than two hundred pieces were collected between 2014 belong to the fittings of two Celtic chariots. The first and 2019, multiplying their total number by five. set is composed of four pieces: the rings have an All seventeen coins presented here were discov- oval loop and a long rectangular bar used to affix ered between 2016 and 2017 in the Sur Fourches area. them to the harness. This type of ring is common. They consist mostly of silver quinarii and potin coins However, the second set, composed of four winged dated between the end of the 3rd century and the end terret rings is unique. The top button of the rings of the 1st century BCE. Unknown types of coinage is decorated with red enamel, of which only scarce as well as two Padane drachmas produced in northern traces remain. Italy (3rd century and 150 – 140 BCE) were found The eight terret rings were discovered in a small amongst them. pit in Sur Fourches and can be dated between the end of the 2nd and the beginning of the 1st century BCE. 12 13 7 Coin die 8 Coin flan This coin die was found close to the theatre and This silver coin flan (metal disk) would have used for the production of Celtic gold coins (staters). been struck between obverse and reverse dies Two dies were necessary to produce a coin: one ob- to stamp motifs on each side of the coin. Flans are verse and one reverse. The obverse die was fixed to an usually produced using flan trays (cf. 9). anvil, a heavy piece of wood or metal. The reverse Celtic silver coins (quinarii) were struck on this was held by hand and brought down on the flan under type of flan. It was found in the Sur Fourches area a heavy hammer. Both dies were engraved, thus trans- in a 1st century BCE pit, where a fragment of flan tray ferring motifs to each side of the coin. was also brought to light (cf. 9). However, the latter The die found in Avenches is made of iron while was not used to produce this particular silver flan. the motif is made of bronze. It was used to struck the obverse of a stater with a wheel design, in imitation of the Greek designs found on Philip II of Macedon’s 9 Flan tray staters. Wheel staters were produced in eastern Gaul Fragment of a flan tray used for the production between the end of the 2nd century and the beginning of metal flans (coins were struck on flans). The terra- of the 1st century BCE. This exceptional discovery cotta tray was dimpled with recesses of identical confirms that coins were minted in Avenches towards size and shape. As the value of a coin was measured the end of the Iron Age. by its weight, size, and metallurgical composition, each recess had to be exactly the same in order to produce identical flans. The mould was probably broken to extract the flans. This tray comes from a Latenian pit discovered in the Sur Fourches area in 2004. A silver flan was also found there (cf. 8). Both are exceptional testimonies of the production of Gaulish coins in Avenches. 14 15 The Roman period: childhood Artefacts related to childhood are often found in funerary contexts. In Antiquity, infant mortality was very high and half of the children would not reach the age of five years old. Baby bottles, statuettes and toys were often placed in the grave next to the child. A stela could mark the grave and bear an inscription expressing the parents’ grief and love. Other objects can recall the children’s daily life, such as statuettes or sculptures, game pieces (tokens, game boards, knucklebones), or even a footprint left by a small child running over a drying tile. 16 17 16 10 17 11 18 19 13 12 21 20 14 15 18 19 10 Marble head of a child (Amor) 12 Limestone head of a young girl Marble head of a small child. The sculpture Jura limestone sculpture, dated to the middle of probably depicts Amor, the son of Venus. His lovely the 1st century CE. This local production was inspired curly hair is braided into a bun. by the Luni marble head of a young girl (cf. 11). The girl This very fine sculpture, dated to the middle wears the same “melon” hairstyle and presents similar of the 1st century CE, was probably produced in facial features. Like the other marble head, this one an Italian workshop close to Rome. belonged to a life-size statue. 11 Marble head of a young girl 13 Terracotta tile Carrara (Luni) marble head of a young girl. with the footprint of a child She appears to be smiling and wears the so-called This square tile measures 20 cm on each side. It be- “melon” hairstyle. The absence of individual features longed to an underfloor heating system (hypocaust).