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HYMENOPTERA) DE LA REGIÓNNEOTROPICAL Biota Colombiana, Junio, Año/Vol Biota Colombiana Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt [email protected] ISSN (Versión impresa): 0124-5376 COLOMBIA 2003 Tania M. Arias Penna LISTA DE LOS GÉNEROS Y ESPECIES DE LA SUPERFAMILIAPROCTOTRUPOIDEA (HYMENOPTERA) DE LA REGIÓNNEOTROPICAL Biota Colombiana, junio, año/vol. 4, número 001 Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Bogotá, Colombia pp. 3- 32 Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México http://redalyc.uaemex.mx Biota Colombiana 4 (1) 3 - 32, 2003 Lista de los géneros y especies de la superfamilia Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera) de la región Neotropical Tania M. Arias-Penna Instituto Humboldt, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. [email protected] Palabras Clave: Parasitoideos, Diapriidae, Heloridae, Monomachidae, Pelecinidae, Proctotrupidae, Vanhorniidae, Neotrópico Hymenoptera es uno de los cuatro órdenes descrito 235 géneros y 1976 especies en todo el Mundo hiperdiversos de insectos y casi excede en número de es- (Masner & García 2002; Johnson 1992), para la región pecies tanto a Lepidoptera (mariposas y polillas) como a Neotropical 92 géneros y 375 especies y para Colombia se Diptera (moscas) incluidos; y rivaliza con Coleoptera (es- reportan 35 géneros. Las familias restantes: Austroniidae y carabajos) (Gauld & Hanson 1995). Dentro de Hymenoptera Peradeniidae se encuentran restringidas a Australia, mien- se destacan los parasitoideos («Parasitica»), pues muchas tras que Roproniidae y Renyxidae se localizan en la región de sus especies juegan un papel fundamental tanto en el Holártica (Masner 1995). control de especies plaga para la agricultura, como en el mantenimiento de la diversidad de las comunidades natura- Las familias Diapriidae y Proctotrupidae son cosmopolitas les (Godfray 1994; Quicke 1997). y ricas en especies, mientras que las demás familias son pequeñas y sus géneros son grupos morfológicamente ais- Proctotrupoidea es una de las superfamilias de los lados. himenópteros parasitoideos y se define por la siguiente com- binación de atributos: antena insertada por arriba de la mar- La superfamilia Proctotrupoidea tradicionalmente fue un gen anterior del clípeo; en la hembra la clava antenal carece de grupo que contenía todos los pequeños Apocrita menos sensilas basicónicas; ala anterior generalmente con celda cos- Chalcidoidea. La clasificación dentro de la superfamilia aún tal cerrada; tergo y esterno del primer segmento metasomal presenta problemas a pesar de que algunos de sus miem- fusionados; séptimo segmento metasomal normalmente pre- bros fueron separados y transferidos a otras superfamilias. sente; metasoma con espiráculos; ovipositor interno o exter- Por ejemplo, Ceraphronidae y Megaspilidae fueron removi- no pero protegido herméticamente por vainas fuertemente dos y ubicados en la superfamilia Ceraphronoidea (Masner esclerotizadas (Masner 1995). Es altamente probable que & Dessart 1967), Loboscelidiidae fue transferida a “Proctotrupoidea” sea un ensamblaje artificial, pero no hay Chrysididae (Day 1978), y, Platygastridae y Scelionidae estudios apropiados que muestren las relaciones internas en el grupo así como en el contexto del orden. conforman actualmente la superfamilia Platygastroidea (Masner 1995). Los miembros de Proctotrupoidea principalmente son parasitoideos de saprófagos, micófagos o insectos carní- Estudios filogenéticos establecen que Pelecinidae y voros que se desarrollan en la hojarasca, en los hongos y Proctotrupidae probablemente estén cercanamente relacio- en materia en descomposición. Atacan larvas o pupas de nados (Gibson 1985; Rasnitsyn 1988), pero sus afinidades Diptera y larvas de Coleoptera (muy pocos atacan con los restantes proctotrupoideos aún no son claras. Las Neuroptera). Todas las especies se desarrollan como familias Monomachidae y Diapriidae no presentan apomorfías cenobiontes (Masner 1995). consolidadas, ya que éstas se encuentran presentes en otros proctotrupoideos (Gibson 1985). Sin embargo, se ha sugeri- En el Neotrópico Proctotrupoidea comprende seis familias: do que Diapriidae es el grupo hermano de Cynipoidea Diapriidae, Heloridae, Monomachidae, Pelecinidae, (Rasnitsyn 1988). Igualmente las relaciones filogenéticas de Proctotrupidae y Vanhorniidae. Para estas familias se han Proctotrupoidea con otras superfamilias se encuentran sin 4- Proctotrupoidea de la región neotropical Arias-P. T. resolver (Gibson 1985, 1999); Proctotrupoidea y La familia se reconoce por la siguiente combinación de atri- Platygastroidea comparten ciertas características con butos: longitud alrededor de 5.0 mm; antena filiforme, esca- Pelecinidae + Proctotrupidae + Vanhorniidae. Rasnitsyn po corto con 15 segmentos más un anillo basal; mandíbula (1988) y otros autores (Whitfield 1992; Masner 1993; Quicke larga en forma de hoz y entrecruzada en forma de tijera; ala 1997) sugieren a Platygastroidea como grupo hermano de anterior con cinco celdas cerradas incluyendo una celda Mymarommatoidea + Chalcidoidea. discal subtriangular; uñas tarsales pectinadas; metasoma corto, con tergo I peciolado y tergos II, III y IV fusionados Este trabajo tiene como objetivo listar los géneros y espe- y generalmente segmentos V-VIII cortos y visibles poste- cies de la superfamilia Proctotrupoidea para la región riormente; esternos II, III, IV y V fusionados; ovipositor Neotropical basados en literatura. Además ofrece un lista- interno (Masner 1995). do preliminar de los géneros de esta superfamilia presen- tes en Colombia con su respectiva distribución geográfica Todas las especies de Helorus son endoparasitoideos y altitudinal. El material revisado de esta superfamilia se cenobiontes solitarios de Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). encuentra depositado en el Instituto de Investigación de Townes (1977) revisó la familia. Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH) sede Villa de Leyva (Boyacá, Colombia). Pelecinidae Monomachidae La familia Pelecinidae está representada por un género, Pelecinus; sus especies se encuentran distribuidas en el Monomachidae es una familia pequeña restringida a Aus- hemisferio occidental (Canadá hasta Argentina) (Johnson tralia, América Central y Suramérica. Contiene dos géneros. & Mussetti 1999). Monomachus y Tetraconus. Sin embargo, este último no se puede distinguir de Monomachus (Naumann 1985). Los Pelecinidae son los proctotrúpidos más grandes; mi- den entre 20 a 70 mm de largo, su longitud corporal varía La familia presenta la siguiente combinación de caracteres: mucho, quizás depende del tamaño del hospedero. Cuerpo longitud entre 10 a 18 mm; cuerpo largo, delgado, liso y liso, glabro y coloración negra; en ambos sexos antena con glabro, coloración varía entre marrón, marrón-amarillento y 14 segmentos, filiforme y con escapo corto; ala anterior verdoso, antena filiforme en la hembra con 15 segmentos y ahumada, con celda costal cerrada, y un pterostigma estre- en el macho 14; mandíbula grande con varios dientes pe- cho, celda marginal abierta y vena Rs bifurcada distalmente; queños; pronoto en forma de cuello y capaz de deslizarse tibia engrosada en la hembra, en ambos sexos tarso poste- sobre el margen anterior del mesoescuto; propodeo en for- rior con el segmento I más corto que el II; dimorfismo sexual ma de cono; metasoma con un marcado dimorfismo sexual, extremo en el metasoma, en la hembra muy alargado, tubular en la hembra alargado y en forma de hoz y en vista dorsal y flexible, sostenido en posición arqueada durante el vuelo, muy delgado, en el macho delgado pero engrosado en la en el macho alargado y engrosado en la parte posterior punta; ovipositor muy corto y oculto (Masner 1995). (Masner 1995). Algunas especies de monomáquidos prefieren el clima frío y las condiciones húmedas (Naumann 1985) y en el nuevo La biología de este género es poco conocida, a pesar de mundo algunas especies de Monomachus se encuentran presentar un tamaño conspicuo. Especies de Pelecinidae alrededor de los 1000 m. Una especie Australiana ha sido se han criado en larvas de Melolonthinae (Coleoptera, criada a partir de larvas maduras y pupas de Stratiomyiidae Scarabaeidae), especialmente en especies de Phyllophaga (Diptera) y de una especie de Boreoides perteneciente a la (Hammond 1944; Lim et al. 1980), y al parecer P. polyturator subfamilia Chiromyzinae (Diptera) (Riek 1970). Los adultos es endoparasitoideo cenobionte solitario de Phyllophaga de Monomachidae son atraídos por la luz y rara vez son anxia, P. inversa, P. drakey, P. rugosa. (Melolonthinae) y capturados por barridas diurnas (Naumann 1985), usual- ha sido criado de Podischnus agenor (Coleoptera, mente los individuos son capturados en trampas malaise. Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Mason (1984) describe la es- Schulz (1911) revisó las especies del Mundo y Naumann tructura y los movimientos del metasoma en la hembra de (1985) las especies de Australia. Pelecinus polyturator. Johnson y Mussetti (1999) revisa- ron el género Pelecinus y reconocen tres especies. Heloridae Proctotrupidae Heloridae es una familia pequeña con un género, Helorus, cuyas especies se encuentran distribuidas en todo el mun- La clasificación supragenérica de éste grupo no está com- do, pero se encuentran aparentemente ausentes en los tró- pletamente resuelta y varios autores han disputado las ca- picos de tierras bajas (Masner 1995). tegorías de diferentes grupos. Se reconocen 27 géneros Biota Colombiana 4 (1), 2003 Arias-P. T. Proctotrupoidea from the neotropical region -5 clasificados en 2 subfamilias: Austroserphinae
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