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Evaluation of Industrial Dyeing Wastewater Treatment with Coagulants and Polyelectrolyte As a Coagulant Aid *G

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Evaluation of Industrial Dyeing Wastewater Treatment with Coagulants and Polyelectrolyte As a Coagulant Aid *G Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2007, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 29-36 EVALUATION OF INDUSTRIAL DYEING WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH COAGULANTS AND POLYELECTROLYTE AS A COAGULANT AID *G. R. Nabi Bidhendi, A . Torabian, H . Ehsani, N . Razmkhah Faculty of The E nvironment, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran Received 18 January 2006 ; revised 10 March 2006 ; accepted 26 May 2006 ABSTRACT Textile industry is the major source of water consumption and wastewater pollution. There are various treatment techniques to remove textile wastewater pollution. Coagulation -flocculation is a wid ely used process to remove pollution due to suspended particles . In this research, different coagulants like Alum, Lime, FeCl 3, FeSO 4 and MgCl 2 were applied to select the suitable ones with optimum removal efficiency . Settling characteristics of flocs form ed in the coagulation process were studied in a laboratory scale settling column unit. Parameters such as color, COD, TSS, turbidity and settled sludge volume have been evaluated. The optimum coagulant dose and pH value were determined by comparing the eff ectiveness of these coagulants. Results showed other coagulants except lime could eliminate color and COD successfully. In this case, FeSO 4 was chosen as an optimum coagulant for color removal because of the lowest required coagulant dose, minimum settled sludge volume and maximum decolorization. Key words: Dye, color removal, coagulation, coagulants, textile wastewate r, alum, lime INTRODUCTION Wastewater is the major environmental issue of oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) the textile industries besides other minor issues removal, but they are largely ineffective for like solid waste, resource wastage and removing color from the wastewater occupational, health and safety. Textile and dyeing (McKay,1979; Taebi Harandi,1986) because dyes mills use many kinds of artificial composite dyes have slow biodegradation rate (Bennett and and discharge large amounts of highly colored Reeser,1988). Now, the treatment technologies wastewater. Pretreatment, coloration and after recommended meeting color removal requirements treatment of fibers, usually require large amounts are physicochemical treatment operations, of water and variety of chemicals. Variations in including adsorption (Ahmad and Ram,1992; the fabric quality and treatment process results McKay ,1979), ozonation (Lin’s, 1993), oxidation into large fluctuation in daily flow rates and (Boon and Tjoon, 2000), chemical precipitation pollutants concentrations. Textile wastewater (Dziubek and Kowal,1983), etc. Each has its merits pollutants are generally caustic soda, detergents, and limitations in applied decolorization treatment starch, wax, urea, ammonia, pigments and dyes operations. But Coagulation-flocculation is the that increase its BOD, COD, solids contents and most common chemical treatment method for toxicity. These wastes must be treated prior to decolorization (Beulker and Jekel,1993 ; Bennett discharge in order to comply with the and Reeser, 1988 ). environmental protection laws for the receiving Review of the studies on chemical treatment of waters. Biological treatment processes are textile industry and dyeing wastewater in Iran frequently used to treat textile effluents. These Shirazi and et al ., investigated textile factories processes are generally efficient for biochemical wastewater decolorization by ferric chloride in *Corresponding author- Email: [email protected] 1977 .They found it removes 51% COD and 68% Telefax: +98 21 8808 9195 dye. Torabian and et al ., investigated textile 29 G. R.Iran. Nabi J. Environ.Bidhendi, Health. et al., Sci. EVALUATION Eng., 2007, OF Vol. INDUSTRIAL 4, No. 1, pp. DYEING... 29-36 industry wastewater decolorization by magnesium synthetic polymers and natural polymers can also carbonate (Torabian, 1996). They reported be used for coagulation process (Beulker and magnesium carbonate is appropriate for some dyes Jekel , 1993). Polymers with initial monomers such such as khomi dyes and showed by adding 40 mg/L as carboxyl or amino are called poly electrolytes. magnesium carbonate; decolorization effectiveness Different types of poly electrolyte are used as of 250 mg/L lime could increase from 57% to coagulant aids recently. Poly electrolyte has huge 86.9%. All test results in Iran and other countries molecules with a high molecular weight which has show chemical treatment is effective enough to a high ionization power. It produces a large amount treat textile wastewater and decrease considerable of ions in water and shows the properties of both COD and dye (Yaghmaee, 1996). polymers and electrolytes. Polyamphotypes, Case study position anionic and cationic poly electrolytes are some Hengame Goya factory is located in Eshtehard types of poly electrolytes. The most practical industrial town. In this factory, sulfuric colorants benefit of poly electrolytes is the formation of and 522 black color made in Shanghai China massive flocs. These massive flocs speed up the commercially named sulfur black 522 BR 200% flocs settling velocity, reduce the expenses of are usually used for dyeing process. decolorization and also decrease settled sludge volume. However, the use of poly electrolytes may MATERIALS AND METHODS have some problems. Chemical coagulation Dyeing wastewater sampling and test conditions Both suspended and colloidal particles do not settle Factory wastewater samples were averagely under gravity so they can not be removed by taken weekly and then conveyed to the laboratory physical processes. Reason of this event is that of Environment Faculty in Tehran University per some suspended solid have trifle weight and the month. Parameters such as pH, COD, dye charges present on colloid surfaces result into concentration and TSS were determined. Then, repulsion and do not allow them to agglomerate COD and dye removal efficiencies were and form flocs. Coagulation process neutralizes calculated. Experimental conditions of all tests are: the charge present on the particles surfaces with the help of coagulants whereas flocculation makes - All tests have been performed in (25 ºC + 2). them to come close to each other to make flocs Because temperature is one of the effective by slow agitation. Settling follows coagulation and parameters on density, viscosity and thus flocculation to remove resultant flocs from the retained volume of coagulant. wastewater. Designing of coagulation, flocculation - The volume of studied wastewater was 500 cc. and settling tank requires study regarding optimum dose of coagulants at suitable pH to give maximum Physicochemical analysis removal and settling characteristics of resultant Method No.522 in Standard Method was used to flocs (Cooper, 1993; Jorgenson, 1974). determine COD (chemical oxygen demand). COD concentration of the samples was measured Coagulants by potassium dichromate method using A) Inorganic coagulants HACH spectrophotometer. Color was determined There are various inorganic coagulants which can by comparative methods using HACH be used as coagulants such as ferric sulfate II, spectrophotometer DR/2000. The color ferric chloride and sulfate III, lime and inorganic measurement unit is Pt/Co. TSS was determined polymer flocculers. In this research, different in conformity with Standard Method using HACH coagulants like Alum, Lime, FeCl 3, FeSO 4 and Spectrophotometer RD/2000. PH was measured MgCl 2 were applied to select the suitable ones using digital SCHOTT pH meter model CG824 with optimum removal efficiency. (accuracy pH ± 0.1) .Turbidity was determined B) Organic coagulants using ANNA turbidity meter and the measurement Organic coagulants including poly electrolytes, unit is NTU (Rinker and Starent, 1974). 30 Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 2007, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 29-36 Jar test RESULTS All experiments were conducted using the jar In this study, coagulation-flocculation processes testing method to determine the optimum pH value are used to decolorize and biodegradate textile and coagulant dose. Six beakers positioned on finishing industry effluents. The optimum coagulant magnetic stirrers were dosed with 0.5 L dye dose and pH value are determined by comparing solution and a specified dosage of coagulant. The the effectiveness of alum, FeSO 4, FeCl 3, lime, samples were stirred rapidly for 90 seconds, MgCl 2 for obtaining maximum color, TSS and followed by 20 minute slow stirring for flocculation. COD removal. For each case, the optimum pH is The generation of flocs can be watched during primarily determined for 400 mg/L coagulant this period. Flocs were allowed to settle for one concentration based on more color and COD hour before withdrawing samples for analysis. removal and also less settled sludge. Then the These procedures are performed for several times optimum effective dose of coagulant is calculated so that the optimum pH and dose of coagulant at the optimum pH. Finally at constant optimum can be calculated (Hosseinian, 1991; Metcalf and pH and coagulant dose, the effect of coagulant Eddy, 1979). In the next series of the experiment aids such as polyelectrolyte has been evaluated. the influence of polyelectrolyte on the effectiveness Following figures show the final results of all of dye removal was examined. The same test was experiments. Fig. 1 shows the percent removal of run but before precipitation stage, different color , COD and also TSS and turbidity of using polyelectrolyte concentration was added to the alum and Ferric Sulfate for different pHs. samples. )
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