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TGM-Enfants ISBN .Pages LES ENFANTS DE LA THERESA GOLD MINES par Jean-Louis Fortin Les 20 ans d’histoire de la mine Édition enrichie 2019 Longlac, Ontario 1934 -1954 !2 LES ENFANTS DE LA THERESA GOLD MINES Jean-Louis Fortin NOUVELLE ÉDITION (2019) Édition : JL Fortin & Associés inc. Photos: Les photos proviennent de diverses personnes ayant vécu à la Theresa Gold Mines dont notamment Judith Quirion, Denise Champagne (Ovila), Anita Bolduc (Carmelus), Marielle Kirzinger Caouette (Buster). D’autres aussi proviennent du site « What do you remember if you grew in Longlac», des archives de la BAnQ , des ouvrages de M. Simoneau, de Mme Rémillard et de M. Cadieux Illustration de la mine Christine Lizotte Site Internet: Patrick Sergerie, ing. Édition JL Fortin & Associés inc. © Dépôt légal: 2019 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec ISBN: 978-2-981800-9 © Tous droits réservés. Aucune partie de ce livre ne peut être reproduite sans l’autorisation écrite de l’auteur Site Internet: www.theresagoldmines.ca [email protected] Janvier 2019 !4 !5 Table des matières Présentation 9 Personnages principaux 14 Personnages historiques 15 Remerciements 16 Chapitre 1: Trois rêves convergent 18 Rêve #1. Piloter mon propre avion 18 Rêve #2. Peupler le Nord de l’Ontario 20 Rêve #3. Exploiter une mine d’or 23 La découverte ! 25 Le parleur de mine 26 Chapitre 2: Le contexte 27 Rencontres au sommet 32 Le « curé Labelle » du Nord de l’Ontario 41 La Guerre éclate 48 Chapitre 3: Pendant la Guerre 49 Hearst salue l’arrivée de Mgr Charbonneau 49 Il quitte la forêt pour se retrouver dans la jungle… 52 On continue l’exploration 55 Bisson plutôt que Livingston 57 Pendant ce temps, à la mine 59 Des échanges Ontario-Québec 60 Chapitre 4: Les premiers mineurs 69 « Longlac, c’est creux en maudit ! » 69 De la grande visite à St-Gédéon de Beauce 70 Ils traînent leu’femmes à la mine 76 Thérèse de Lisieux 97 Faits divers 99 Grande surprise pour son 25ième 126 Le « René Angélil » de l’époque 131 Beaucoup de politiciens aussi 133 Bilan Fin 1948 134 !6 ____ 135 Chapitre 5: Bien organisés 136 Un géant disparait 141 Bretton-Woods a la couenne dure 157 La grève de l’amiante 158 La Contirmation 159 La bonne nouvelle 162 Visite de notre voisin immédiat 165 Congédiement soudain et brutal ! 169 Une part à 1$ 173 Chapitre 6: Turbulence 176 La vie continue à la Theresa 180 Un centre culturel pour tinancer la mine 183 Pendant ce temps… 187 Alphonse lance un dernier appel 192 Jusqu’à ma dernière cenne ! 193 En 1953, dans une Gare non loin de là… 194 Peu de réponses suite à son appel 195 L’après Theresa Gold Mines 197 Épilogue 198 Note de l’auteur 203 Annexe 1: Bibliographie 207 Annexe 2: Principales dates 209 Annexe 3: Entrevues 212 Annexe 4: L’après Theresa 213 Annexe 5: Pour les ingénieurs 216 !7 Tous les dialogues dans ce livre sont basés sur de vraies rencontres et/ou des documents d’archives !8 Présentation Été 1934. Des indiens découvrent une pépite d’or à quelques pas de la rivière Making Ground, à 12 kilomètres d’une petite bourgade ontarienne appelée Longlac. Ils accourent chez le Père Joseph Couture, missionnaire jésuite en qui ils ont une totale contiance. S’ensuit une série de rencontres qui mènent à la création de la Theresa Gold Mines. C’est ainsi que de 1934 à 1954 plusieurs centaines de québécois y investissent près de 3 millions de $. Plusieurs puisent dans leurs économies, vendent leur ferme, leurs terres dans l’espoir de se sortir de la misère. Au Lac St-Jean où la mine est incorporée, on met sur pied un organisme de tinancement appelé Valbeaudin pour Roberval, Dolbeau et Normandin). En Beauce, près d’une cinquantaine de cultivateurs et ouvriers troquent la fourche pour le pic et vont s’installer à la Theresa. En Estrie, on crée les Clubs thérèsiens pour tinancer durablement la mine. Ailleurs au Québec et en Ontario, des hommes d’affaires, des notables, des membres du haut Clergé se concertent pour en faire la promotion. Mais qu’était donc ce projet de la Theresa Gold Mines ? Pourquoi cette soudaine tièvre de l’or ? Les beaucerons n’étaient-ils pas des champions dans la gestion de la roche ? Ne passaient-ils pas beaucoup de temps à enlever les roches que l’on retrouvait partout sur leurs terres sur le !9 bord de la rivière Chaudière ? Ou étaient-ils sollicités pour d’autres raisons ? De tout temps, l’or avait été propriété des dieux, pharaons, rois, nobles. Le roi Crésus n’était-il pas depuis toujours , le plus riche du monde avec ses tonnes du précieux métal ? Depuis la ruée en Californie au milieu du 18ième siècle, l’or était maintenant à la portée de tous. Aucune contrainte, aucun contrôle ! N’importe qui pouvait devenir riche du jour au lendemain. On racontait plein d’histoires souvent vraies où par exemple, en Californie, dans une seule journée, untel amassait en quelques heures et sans effort, l’équivalent de 4000$ soit une somme suftisante pour acheter 200 chevaux. Que dire des frères Poulain qui, en Beauce , ramassèrent en une seule journée, 70 onces, une valeur de plus de 100 000$ aujourd’hui ! Dans l’imaginaire des chercheurs d’or, de ces orpailleurs, il suftisait de baisser les yeux, de se pencher et de ramasser. Et avec, comme seul outil, une petite cuillère pour gratter le sol et en sortir une fortune. Au Canada, on avait connu quelques ruées vers l’or. La première en 1846 dans la rivière Touffe-de-Pins en Beauce, (un aftluent de la rivière Chaudière), suivie d’une autre dans la rivière Fraser, puis dans la rivière Klondike et entin, près du Lac Porcupine en Ontario. Des centaines et des centaines de millions de dollars dans les coffres…des particuliers. Les études supérieures étant à l’époque inaccessibles pour la majorité des gens, la découverte d’or constituait l’unique !10 façon de se sortir honorablement de la misère. Trouver de l’or, tout comme maîtriser un ballon de soccer au Brésil, c’était du coup la richesse instantanée. Les mines les plus prometteuses et les plus accessibles étaient celles où l’on pouvait observer des traces d’or en surface. La découverte donc d’une pépite comme celle trouvée au sol par des indiens au bord de la rivière Making Ground en 1934, indiquait précisément une telle veine. Quelle chance pour les orpailleurs ! Quel potentiel ! Cependant, on se rendit vite compte que la rivière Making Ground n’avait rien à voir avec les rivières Fraser, Klondike ou Touffe-de-Pins. L’or était en profondeur. Il fallait creuser. On n’avait pas besoin d’orpailleurs mais de mineurs. Une tout autre affaire ! Mais, pour le promoteur, de la Theresa Gold Mines, monsieur Alphonse Caouette, l’intérêt manifesté dès le départ par l’importante entreprise américaine Afton Mine et celle des Timmins déjà plusieurs fois millionnaires, rassurait et contirmait amplement l’importance de la découverte. Ces entreprises étaient habituées au creusage. N’y avait-il pas une mine d’or en Afrique, profonde de plus de 3 Km qui constituait une des mines d’or parmi les plus riches du monde ? C’est donc dans ce contexte que naissait un partenariat entre indiens Ojibwés, des membres du clergé et des hommes d’affaires du Québec et de l’Ontario. Un projet qui a duré 20 ans et mobilisé une centaine de mineurs appuyés par 2700 investisseurs, tous, ou à peu près, en provenance !11 du Québec. Un projet où se croisent des personnages historiques tels Mgr Joseph Charbonneau, chancelier de l’Université de Montréal, Louis Bisson, le Charles Lindbergh canadien, Charles-Émile Gadbois, le René Angélil de l’époque et même le mythique Père Gédéon dans le Roman de Roger Lemelin, Le crime d’Ovide Plouffe. Ce projet, c’est la Theresa Gold Mines. Un secret bien gardé. Du moins jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Voici les personnes qui ont bâti et soutenu la mine et qui ont écrit ce petit bout d’histoire de l’Ontario et du Québec. Le vieux Lorry britannique de la Theresa !12 !13 Personnages principaux Alphonse Caouette, président de la Theresa Gold Mines (TGM). C’est le grand patron de la mine. Il a un charisme hors de l’ordinaire. Il a le regard perçant et il est tellement persuasif qu’il peut convaincre une roche de chanter. Il est là du début de la Theresa en 1934 jusqu’à sa fermeture 20 ans plus tard. Marcel « Buster Caouette », directeur général. Fils d’Alphonse, il a abandonné sa carrière de pilote de la Royal Air Force pour assister son père comme directeur général de la mine. Annette Charbonneau: enseignante au niveau secondaire. Secrétaire de la Commission scolaire de la mine. Yves Cloutier, ingénieur. En tant que jeune diplômé, Cloutier vient donner un coup de main aux ingénieurs indiens de la mine. Il en devient l’ingénieur-chef et y dirige les travaux techniques. Alphonse Corriveau, aumônier. Il s’occupe des paroissiens de la mine. Il habite une petite chambre près de sa chapelle dans la grande Salle paroissiale qu’il appelle la Salle aux amusements. Rose-Anna Couture, cuisinière. Avec son mari Donat et sa Uille Gisèle, elle est responsable de la cookerie ainsi que de l’accueil des travailleurs et des visiteurs. Jeanne Duval, enseignante. Elle s’occupe des élèves de niveau primaire. Wilfrid Gilbert, notaire. Wilfrid appuie et conseille M. Caouette. il est un notable bien en vue à St-Évariste en Beauce.
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