A~ wc- ·~.1· ) ... til • _~, DhananJayarao Gadgd LlbrllJ}' t 111I1II1I1111mlllllllllllllllll~1111 ,r GlPE-PUNE-069112 i ,- S!2;~UC · ¥L--t'K;~?~-- n~:{;r0a/ in t:-:e Er'\ ~j~tJ ! :~ "':'~C ·.1~~l
F' r l~f ~d C!} ·';'. I ·~"-,a Ra.'"te. .·~ec~-iC1)
THE PASSING OF.THE EMPIRES
850 B.C ~ TO 3S0 B.C.
BY G. MASPERO
HON. D.C.L. A~D PELLOW OF QUEEN'S COLLEG~, ,OXFORD lIulBER OF THE INSTITUTE. AND PROFESSOR AT THE COLLEGE OF FR."NCE '
EDITED BY A. H. SAyeE '
PROFESSOR OF ASSYRIOLOGY, OXFORl>
TRANSLATED BY :M:. L. McCLURE MEMBER OF THE CO)fllIITTEE OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND
IfITH MAl'S, THREE OOLOURED PLATES, .AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS
LONDO~ SOCIETY FOR PROM,oTING ' CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NORTHU1\IBERLANDAVENUE, W.O. 1900 V17l,Cb jo <09 \ \2-
(PUBr:ISHED UNDER THI<, DIRECTION OF THE GENERAL LITJ<..'RA'l URE CO:MMITTEF~] THE RUINS OF ,THE APADANA OF X ERXES AT P}; I!SEPOLIS.
EDITOR'S PREFACE.
10.
WITH this third volume Professor Maspero concludes his monumental work on the history of the ancient East. The overthrow of the Persian empire bt the Greek soldiers of Alexander marks the beginning of a new era. Euro~ at laSt 'enters UPOll the stage of history, and becomes the heir of the culture and ciVilisation of the Orient. The culture which had grown up and developed on the banks of the Euphrates and Nile passes to the West, and there assumes new features and is inspired with a new spirit. The East petishes of age and decrep~tude; its strength is outworn, its power ~o initiate is' past. The long ages through which it had toiled to build up the fabric of civilisation are at an end; fresh races are needed to carryon the work which It had aQhieved. Greece appears upon the scene, and beh~nd Greece looms the cOlossal 'figure of the Roman empire. Since the first volume of Professor Maspero's work was published, excava tion has gone on apace in Egypt and Baby Ionia, and discoveries of a startling and unexpected nature have followed in the .wake of excavat.ion. Many pages of the volume will have to be rewritten in the light of them; such is always the fate of the historian ~f the past in this age of'rapid and persistent research. Ages that seemed prehistoric 'step sudde~ly forth into the- day-dawn of hiStory; personages whom a sceptical' criticism had consigned to the land of myth or fable ,are clothed once more with flesh and blood, and events which 'had been long forgotten demand to be' recorded and described. In ~a.byloniaJ ,for example, the excavations at Nitrer and Tello have shown that Sargon of Akkad, so far from being a creature of romance, was as much an historical monarch as .Nebuchadrezzar himself; monuments of his reign have been discovered; and b VI EDITOB'S PREFAOE. we learn from them that the empire he is said to have founded had a very real existence. Contracts have been found dated in tho years when he was occupied in conquering Syria and Palestine, and a cadastral survey that was made for the purposes of taxation mentions a Canaanite who had been appointed "governor of the land of the Amorites." Even a postal service had already been established along the high-roads which knit the several parts of the empire together, and some of the clay seals which franked the letters are now in the Museum of the Louvre. At Susa, M. de Morgan, the late director of the Service of Antiquities iii Egypt, has been excayating below the remains of the Achremeniall period, among the ruins of the ancient Elamite capital. Here he has found number less historical insc~i,Ptions, besides a text in hieroglyphics which may cast light on the origin of the cuneiform characters. But the most interesting of his discoveries are two Babylonian monuments that wel'e carried off by Elamite conquerors from the cities of Babylonia. One of them is a long inscription of about 1200 lines belonging to Manistusu, one of the earl] Babylonian kings, whose name has been met with at Nitrer; the other is a 'monument of Naram-Sin, the son of Sargon of Akkad, which it seems was brought as booty to Susa by Simti-silkhak, the grandfather, perhaps, of Eriaku or Arioch. 'In Armenia also equally important inscriptions have been found by Belck and Lehmann. More than two hundred new ones have been added to the list of Vannie texts. It has been discovered from them that the kingdom of Biainas or Van was founded by Ispuinis and Menuas, who rebuilt Van itself and the other cities which they had previously sacked and destroyed. The oldet: name Of the country was Kumussu, and it may be that the language spoken in it was allied to that of the Hittites, since a tablet in hieroglyphics of the Hittite type has been unearthed at Toprak Kaleh. One of the newly-found inscriptions of Sarduris III. shows that the name of the Assyrian god, hitherto read Ramman or Rimmon, was really pronounced Hadad. It describes a war of the Vannie king against Assur-nirari, son of Hadad-nirari (A-da-di-ni-ra.ri) of Assyria, thus revealing not only the true form of th~ Assyrian name, but also the parentage of the last king of the older Assyrian dynasty. From another-inscription, belonging to Rusas II., the son of Argistis, we learn that CJlompaigns. were carried on against the Hittites and the Moschi in the latter years of Sennacherib~ reign, and therefore only just before the irruption of the Kimmerians into the nortp.em regions of Western Asia. The two German explorers have also discovered the site and even the ruins of Muzazir, called Ardinis Iiy the people of Van. Ther lie on the hill of Shkenna, near Topsana, on thEf road between Kelishin and Sidek. In the immediate neighbourhood the travellers succeeded in deciphering a monu ment of Rusas I., partly in Vannic, partly in Assyrian, from which it appears that the Vannie king did not, after all, commit suicide when the news of the 'fall of Muzazir was brought to him, as is stated by Sargon, but -that, on the contrary, he" marched against the mountains of Assyria" and restored the EDITOR'S PREFAOE. Vll faUen city itself. ~ Urzana, the King of l\Iuzazir, had fled to him for shelter, and after the departure of the Assyrian ariIi'y'he was sent back by Rusas to his ancestral dom.ains. The whole of the distI'ict in which Muzazir was situated was termed Lulu, and was regarded as the southern province of Ararat. In it was Mount Nizir, on whose summit the ark of the Chaldrean Noah rested, and which is therefore rightly described in the Book of Genesis as one of " the mountains of Ararat," It was probably the Rowandiz of to-day. The discoveries made by Drs. BeIck and Lehmann, however, have not been confined to Vannie texts. At the sources of the Tigris Dr. Lehmann has found two Assyrian inscriptions of the Assyrian king, Shalmaneser II., one dated in his fifteenth and the other in his thirty-first year, and relating to his campaigns against Aram of Ararat. He has further found that the two inscriptions previously known to exist at the same spot, and believed to belong to Tiglath-Ninip and Assur-nazir-pal, are really those of Shalmaneser 11., and refer to the war of his seventh year. But it is from Egypt that the most revolutionary revelations have-' come. At Abydos and Kom el.A.hmar, opposite EI-Kab, monuments have been disinterred of the kings of the first and second dynasties, if not of even earlier princes; while at Negada, north of Thebes, M. de Morgan has found a tomb which seems to have been that of Menes himself. A new world of art has been opened out before us; even the hieroglyphic system of writing is as yet immature and strange. But the art is already advanced in many respects; hard stone was cut into vases and bowls, and even into statuary of considerable artistic excellence; glazed porcelain was already made, and bronze, or rather copper, was fashioned into weapons and tools. ~he writing material,' as in Babylonia, was often clay, over which seal-cylinders of a Babylonian pattern were rolled. Equally Babylonian are the strange and composite animals engraved on some of the objects of this early age, as well as the structure of the tombs, which were built, not of stone, but of crude brick, with their external walls panelled and pilastered. Professor Hommel's theory, which brings Egyptian civilisation from Babylonia along with the ancestors of the historical Egyptians, has thus been largely verified. . But the historical Egyptians were not the first inhabitants of the valley of the Nile. Not only have palreolithic implements been' found on the plateau of the desert; the relics of neolithic man have turned up in extraordinary Ilbundance. 'Vhen the historical Egyptians arrived with their copper weapons and their system of writing, the land was aIr,eady occupied by a pastoral people, who had attained a 11igh level of neolithic culture. Their implements of flint are the-- most beautiful and delicately finished that have ever 'been discovered; they were able to carve vases Df great artistic excellence out of the hardest of stone, and their pottery was of no mean quality. Long after the country had come into the possession of the historical dynllsties, and had even been united into a single monarchy, their settlementS continued to exist on the outskirts of the desert, and the n-eolithie culture that distinguished them passed only gradually away. By degrees, however, they intermingled with Vlll ElJITOR'S PREFAOE. their conquerors from Asia, and thus formed the Egyptian race of a later day. But they had already mad.e Egypt what it has been throughout the historical period. Under the direction of the Asiatic immigrants and of the engineering science whose first home had been in. the alluvial plain of Babylonia, they accomplished those great works of irrigation which confined the Nile to its present channel, which cleared away the jangle and the swamp that had formerly bordered the desert, and turned them into fertile fields. Theirs were the hands which carried out the plans of their more intelligent masters, and cultivated the valley when once it had been reclaimed. The Egypt of history was the creation of a twofold race: the Egyptians of the monuments supplied the controlling and directing power; the Egyptians of the neolithic grares bestowed upon it their labour and their skill. The period treated of by P.rofessor Maspero in his present volume is one for which there is an abundance of materials such as do not exist for the earlier portions of his history. The evidence of the monuments is supplemented by that of the Hebrew and classical writers. But on this very account it is in some respects more difficult to deal with, and the conclusions arrived at by the historian are more open to question and dispute. In some cases conflicting. accounts are given of an event which seem to rest on equally good authority; in pther cases, there is a sudden failure of materials just where the thread of the story becomes most complicated. Of this the decline and fall of the Assyrian empire is a prominent example; for our knowledge of it, we have still to depend chiefly on th~ untrustworthy legends of the Greeks. Our views mnst be coloured more or less by our estimate of Herodotos; those who, like myself, place little or no confidence in what he tells us about Oriental affairs wil) naturally form a very different idea of the deatb-struggle of Assyria (rom that formed by Wl!iters who still see in him the Father of Oriental History. Even 'where the Dative J;llonu~en:ts have come to our aid, they have not unfrequently introduced difficulties and dotibts where Doner seemed to exist before, and have made the task of the critical historian harder than ever. Cyrus and his forefathers, for instance, turn out to have been kings of AnzaD, and not of Per$ia, thus explaining why it is that the Neo-Susian language appears by' the side of the Persian and the Babylonian as one of the three official languages of the Persian empire; but we still have to learn what was the relation of Anzan to Persia on the 'one hand, and to Susa on the other, and when it was thlrb Cyrus of .A.nzan became also King of Persia. In the Annalistic Ta.blet, he is called" King of Persia" for the first time in the ninth year of N a.bonidos ... Similar questions arise as to the position and nationa1ity of Astyages. He is called in the inscriptions, not a Mede, but a Manda--a name which, as I showed many years ago, meant for the Babylonian a S' barbarian" of Kurdi&tan. I have myself little doubt that the Manda over whom Astyages ruled were the Scythians of -classical traditi9n, who, as may be gathere? from a text published by Mr. Strong, had oC9upied the ancient kingdom of Ellipi. It id even possible that in the Madyes of Herodotos, we have a reminiscence of the TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. IX lIanda of the cuneiform inscriptions. That the Greek writers should have confounded the lIada or lIedes with the Manda or Barbarians is not sur prising; we nnd even Berossos describing one of the early dynasties of Babylonia as "Median" where Manda, and not Maua., must plainly be meant. These and similar problems, however, will doubtless be cleared up by the progress of excavation and research. Perhaps U. de Morgan's excavations at Susa may throw some light on them, but it is to the work of the German expedition, which has just begun the systematic exploration of the site of Babylon, that we must chiefly look for help. - The Babylon of Nabopolassar and Nebuchadrezzar rose on the ruins of Nineveh, and tbe story of the downfall of the Assyrian empire must still be lying buried under its mounds.
A. H. SA. YCE.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
IN giving to the public the translation of the third and last volume of Pro fessor Maspero's work, it is necessary to say a word on the want of uniformity, which will doubtless be remarked by the reader, in the orthography of the geographical and personal names which occur in these pages. Professor lIaspero, to whom I have referred more thruf on~ 'on the subject, is apparently at greater pains to give to the student the variolIs forms' under which a town or province was known at different periods: than. to preserve a uniform ortho graphy of the name throughout his present work. He himself writes: "Sou vent apres avoir donne au debut la forme authentique, j'ai employe dans la suite la. forme usuelle." This lack of uniformity will be evident chiefly in the place-names in Palestine and Asia. lIinor, which of necessity "aried, in the case of the former with the Egyptian, Assyrian, and Persian occupation, in that of the latter under its Assyrian, Lydian, Cimmerian, Phrygian, and Greek rulers. One of these many variants, and that often with an incorrect orthography, may be familiar to the English reader', and therefore must be mentioned in the translation, though the forms used in the French may be subsequently employed throughout the' book withoufagain·i~entif'ying them with the popular one. I have, however, endeavoured to collect the various readings and place them in the index undet; one heading. In rendering the passages from Holy Scripture cited by Professor J\Iaspero in the course of his work, I have followed the Revised Version, but in the two or three instances where Professor Maspero's reading of the Hebrew original do not agree with that of the Revised Version, I have given a literal trans lation of his French, and have placed the Revised Version of the passage in x TR.ANSLATOR'S PREF.AOE.
a Translator's footnote. The forms of proper names occurring in Professor Maspero's quotations from the Bible, it may be well to note, are not in many cases those adopted by the Editors of our revised Text. No change, however slight, has been made without the Author's written 'Permission, and such alterations as have been introduced are almost entirely confined to the cor rection of the errors of the French printers, and not one of them has any bearing on Biblical criticism. The English title chQsen by the Editor has met with Professor Maspero" entire approbation.
M. L. MCCLURE.
Novem1)e r... 20, 1899 .•
NOTE OF THE ' GENERAL LITERATURE COMMITTEE OF "THE S.P.C.K.
" ~N bri~ging to a completion their undertaking to produce in English ,1;',tofessor Maspero's "History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East," the.Gommittee wish it to be understood that they do not take upon themselves to pronounce on conclusions in the field of Biblical criticism deduced by the author" from the- events and document~ discussed. 'Vhile the great value of the materials embodied an~ their vivid presentment in Professor Maspero's books have seemed to the Committ~e to justify the publication of these volumes by the S.P.C.K., the author mus"t be held " responsible for the opinions which his study of these zpaterials has led him to form. ONE OF THE GATES 01" TIlE TElll'LE 01" ZEUS IX THE OASIS OF A.llllON.
CONTENTS.
II
CHAPTER I.
THE ASSYRIAN REVIVAL AN D THE STRUGGLE FOR SYRIA.
..AssUR-NA.ZlB-PAL · (885-860) AND SRAT,)fANESER ilL (860-825)-THE KINGDOM 01' U RARTU AND ITS CoNQUERING PRINCES: ME...~ AS L"'ID ARGISTIS 3 j
CHAPTER II.
TIGLATH-PILESER III. AND THE ORGANISATION OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE FROM 745 TO 722 B.C.
F AlLURK OF URARTU AND RE-CONQUEST OF SYRIA-EGyPT ~AIN UNITED UNDER ETHIOPl.L.'i AUSPICES-PIONKHI-THE DOWNFALL OF DAllASCUS, OF BABYLON, .A}o""]) OF TsR.lJ:!- ... 117
CHAPTER ID.
SARGON OF ASSYRIA AND SENNACHERIB~ (722-681 B.C.).
BARooN AS A WARRIOR AND AS A BUILDER-THK SnUGGLE OF SENNACllERIB WITH J UD..EA L"'ID EGYPT-DES1'Bu CHAPTER' IY. THE POWER OF ASSYRIA AT ITS ZENITH. ESARHADDON AND ASSUR-BANI-PAL. THE MEDES AND CIMMERIANS: LYDIA-THE CONQUEST OF EGyPT, OF ARABIA, AND OF ELAM 323 ," CHAPTER V. THE MEDES AND THE SECOND CHALDJEAN EMPIRE. THE FALL OF NINEVEH AND THE RISE OF THE CkALDEAN UD YEnlU EMPIRES-THE XXVltb EGYPTrAN DYNASTY: CYAX.UtES, ALYATTES, AND N EBUCHADREZZAR 445 CHAPTER VI. THE I RANIA N bONQUEST. ,THE IRANIAN . RELIGIONS-ClRUS IN LYDIA AND AT BABYLON; CUBY8ES IN EGYPT~DARIUS ' AND THE ORGANISATlO~ . OF THE EMPIRE .•. 571 . . CHAPTER' VII., TH E LAST DAYS OF THE OLD EASTERN WORLD. THE MEDIAN 'wARS- THE LAST NATIVE DYNASTIES OF EGYPT-THE EASTERN WORLD O~ THE EVE OF THE l\fACEDONI:A.N. CONQUEST •• , 699 • I , 'f INDEX 815 INDEX II A Alyattes, 524, 525, 602, 603 Arabia, submission of, tit Assur --, Tumulus of, 60'1: bani-pal, 431 Abdimilkot, 351, 352 Amad~ .Q\Jadd). See ]',jedes Arabians, 460 A'bu-Simbel, graffito at, 538 Ain'anos. See Amanus "- Aramman inseriptions on coins, --, temple of, 539 Amanua (or Amanos), 78, 79,86, 777 Abydos,6U 109,207 --language, 640 Achmmenes, 455 Amas~,55G.557,640,645,650,659 --sheikhs, 398 Achmmenia.n empire crushed by --adoring the Apis, 642 - tribes, 196, 785 Alexander, 813 --, buildings of, 6il Arammans, the, 43, 140, 153, 197, --king, 742, 745 --, naos of, 643 200, 217, 2M, 306, 310, 776, --ruins, 735 - shows favour to the Greeks, 778,783 --tombs, 737 643 Aramaic inscription on seal, 785 Achmmenians, the, 776 Amaziab, 122, 123, 157 --language, the, 784 Achmmenides, 519 ~m aridis Amooris),251 Aram~ (King of Bit-Agusi), 70, Adaush,14 enertas, queen, 0, 503,504: 75,78,90 V- Adrammelech (Adarmalik), 346 Amesha-8penta8, the, 580, 581, 584 --(King of N airi), 62, 66, 67 t-- Adyattes. SetJ Meles Amika (of Zamru), 24, 25, 26 Ararat, mount, vii., 53 lEolians, the, 338, 704 Ammibaal(PrinceoIBit-Zamani), Arashtua, 23, 24 Alrica, Egyptian tleet sails round, 21,27,31 Araziash, 99 532,533 Ammon (or Ammonites), 69,71, Arbela, 94, ] 94, 406, 412 • Agusi SetJ Bit-Agusi. 101, 190, 213, 542 --, battle of, 813 Ahab, 69, 71, 75, 76, 77, 83, 218 Ammon, oasis of, 552, 664 Ardys, 341, 388 Ahaz, 157, 189, 214, 215, 236, 284 Amon (of Judah), 474, 475, 477 Argist~ I. (81l8 also Urartn), 107, --appeals to Assyria, 185, 186 Amon, priests of, 166, 171, 210, 108, 110,117,154: Ahaziah (ofIsrael), 78, 80, 82 211 Argistis II, 249, 270, 369 --(of Judah), 83,84 -'-, priestesses of, 4OO Aribua, 43 Ahara-mazd!,450, 574,577,et 8eq_, Amorites, tbe, 41 Addi, 62, 63 593,594 Amos (the prophet), 136, 137 Aristagoras, 703, 704, 705 --, bas-reliefs of, 577, 579, 681 Amyrtmus, 751, 763 v Arman, 73 --, map of the lands created Andaria, 369, 403 Armenia, 99, 348 by, 451 Angr3-mainyus, 583, 587, 594 Arpad, 34, 99, 111, 120, 145, 148,' Akhiababa, 18 AnshA.n,or Anzan(868 also Persia), 198, 233, 294, 779 Akhuni, 32, 63, 64, 66, 68 vili,226,227,459 --, Assyrian campaign around, Akkadians, 196 • pries (Uaphres), 542, 544, 548, 147 Alexander L of Macedon, 707,723 790 Arrapkha, 94, 112 Alexander the Great, 808, 809, --, head of a sphinx of, 443 Arses, 807 810,812 '---, sphinx of, 542 - Artaxerxes 1.,729,732,734,741, -- from a bust in the LoUvre, --, vase in form of helmed 744,746 697 head of, 444 . Artaxerxes II.(Arsaces), 746, 750, .Alexandria; founda.tion of, 812 Arabs (8ee 0.180 Arammans), 358, 757, 761, 762, 786 Allabria., 241, 242, 250 367, 371, 431 -- on a coin of Straton I, kiII.g Altaku (Eltekeh), 288, 289, 293 --, submission of, to Esarhad of Sidon, 814 Alum, Egyptian, 646 don,359 Artaxerxes III. See Qchus 816 INDEX. Arvad, 41, 70, 71, 85, 368,384,387 Aesyria, state of under Assur- Babylon, revolt of. under Mero Aryans, the, 45.0 nazir-pal, 21 dach-baladan, 275 Arzashkun, 67 Assyrian attack on a fortress, 117 -- taken by Darius, 679 Ashdod, 252, 253, 505 -- battering-ram, 10, 11 Babyl~nia (lee al.o Kardoniash Asherah, the, 133 --besieging engines, 9, 10 and the Kaldl), 781 Asia !Iinor, 120, 194, 389, 521, --cavalry, 7, 9, 189 Babylonian army, 198 750,758,759,764,774,778,779 ----, raid, 315 -- bas-relief, M4: --, map of, 329 -- carrying an inflated skin, -- Canon. the, 4: Asianic steppes, 120, 121 221 -- empire, 196 Asmakh 500 -- finance, 203 Bactriana} 625, 681 AssUr(the Cit;), 94, 112, 482 --, head of aD, ivory, 114 Bactrians, the, 622 - (the god), 74, 94, 154 - helmet, 400 Balawlt, bronze gates or, 61, 62, --, fighting for the king, 1 --king, 546 63, 68, 95, 204 ---r- (Assyria), Limmu of, 194 -- lion-hunts, 401, 402 Baqlni,74 Assur-bani-pal (Kalldalanu), 378, -- militia, 203 Bartutua, 354, 355, 472 380, ~81, 382, 387, 393, 420, -- provincial administrators, Bau-akhiddin (King of Babylon), 428, 441, 459, 464, l8l, 491 201 98 -- and his queen, 413 -- soldier, crossing a river, 2 Bavian, bas-reliefs at, 312 --, bas-relief of, 461 -- soldiers, raid by, 297 --, Iltele at, 313 --captures Babylon, 423 -- states, 779 Blzi, 4, 5 -, head of, 395 --triangle (map of), 468 BedAwin, the, 244, 786 --, library of, 463 -- war-chariot, 37 Behistun, rocks of, 683 --, submission of Arabia to, 431 Assyrians carrying away cap Bel, Chaldrean statuette of, 696 Assur-dain-pal, 94, 95, 97 tives, 547 "Bel, ~akiDg the hands of," 12, Assurdll.n II , 3 Astyages (Ishtuvigu), 529, 559, 192,222,228,257,382,423,636 Assurdiin II!., 112 598 Bel-hanAn-beluzur, stele 01, 208 4-ssur-etililll.ni, 481, 482, 483 Athaliah, 76, 100, 128 Belibni (King of Babylon), 275. Assurirba, 3, 32 Athenian campaign in Egypt, 296 Assur-nadinakM II., 3 731 Bel-marduk, 308, 601, 634 Assur-nadin-shumu, 296 Athens, 717, 724, 733, 748, 750, -, temple of, at Babylon, 382, Assur-nazir-pal, Frontispiece, 6, 760 383, 415, 565 13,21 Athribis, 373, 386 Bel-Merodach, or Marduk, statue --, campaign on the Euphrates, Atlila (or Dur-Assur), 26 of,227 29 Atyadre, the, 336, 337 Bel-nadiushumu, 227 --, character of, 50, et seq. Avesta, 575, 576 Benhadad I., 70, 76, 217 --~ extent of his empire, 42, et Azariah (Uzziah) of Judah,123, Benhadad II. (Adadidri or Hada- seq. 151, 183 dezer), 69,77-79,82, (death of) --, flotilla'of, 30 Azriyahu, 150, 152 83,217,279 --, Mediterranean reached by, Benhadad UI. (see Mari), 102,122 41 Bethel,137 -- obelisk of, 3 B Biainas (or Biaina), vi, 61, 105, --, stele of, 45 249 --, winged bulls of, 46 Baal (god), 476 Bit-Adini (in Bit-Dakkuri), 78, Assur-nirari III., 112, 120 Baal I., King of Tyre, 368, 369, 74,306 Assyria (or Assur), 108, 231 375,387 -- (in Mesopotamia), 30, 32, -, art of, 47, 263, 314 Baal II. (King of Tyre), 601 33,63,67-69,78,79,194 ----, Egyptian illfluence on, Baalirasi, stele at, 86 Bit-Agnsi (Iakhanu), 34, 66, 70, 377,461 Babylon, 93, "97,98,222,227,560, 78. 111, 120, 146, 149, 233 --, cities of, 94 567,622,627,686,717,736,781, Bit-AmukkH.ni, 73, 74, 191, 192, -- conquers Elam, 413 782,813 306,416 --, Ezekiel's description of, 320 --, capture of, by Assur-bani- Bit-Bagaia. town of, 244 --, first encounter of with pal, 423 Bit-BakhiAni, 31, 32 Egypt, 235 --, capture of, by Cyrus, 635 Bit-Dakkuri (or Bit-Dakuri),73, --, Hebrew ideas of, 144 --, conquest of, by Sargon, 257 256, 367, 416 --, her losses in Syria, 110 --, decadence of,783 Bit-Dayaukku, the, 327 --, limits of, 118 --, destruction of, by Sen- Bit-Imbi, 483, 434, 439 -, Limmi in, 194 nacherib, 309 Bit-Khalupi, 17, 18 --, map of, 195 --, fortifications of, 561, 563 Bit-Shalani, 73 --, prisoners of, 545, 547 --, kings of, 296, 637 . Bit-Shalli, 73 --, revolt of Egypt against, --, lion of. 567 Bit-Yakin,73, 74, 198,223, 224, 379 --, rebuilding of, 357 270, 295, 310, 483 INDEX. 817 Bit-Zamani, 27, 43, 91. See also 465, 470, 480, 484:, 516, 521, i Dur-Ladinu, 256, 257 Ammibaal 525,598 Dur-papsnkal,97 Black obelisk, the, 62, 63, 61, 69, Cyaxares attacks Nineveh, 467 /1 Dur-Sharmkin, 261, 263, 267, et 71, 86, 87,89, 92, 93, 125 --drives back the ScythiaIlP, uq, 310, 482 Bocchorsi (Bukunirinif), 210, 481 ' --, palace at, 264. 265 2H, et.eq. Cypriot chariot, 705 --, plan of, 266 Bohbait, lion of, 550 Cyprus, 368, 376, 614, 705, 753- Dnr-Yakin, 224:, 225, 258, 259 Dorsippa, 98 755, 764 Dush, fortress of, 712 --, canal of, 257 --submits to Sargon, 259 Bubastis, 278 Cyrene, 551, 554, 645. 64:6, 663, --, festival hall at, 161 684,711 E --, temple of, 159 ---, ruins of, 553 Burramman, 27 Cyrus, 596-599, 616, 622, 624, Ea.mukin-shumu, 4, 5 ButO,794 633,651 Easteru World, map of the, 420, BybloB,87, 150 --, bas-relief of, 652 487 --, tomb of, 653 Ecbatana (Agbatana), (s~ also --the younger. 749, 763 Ramadan), 325, 598, 599, GOO, 614,622, 681,686,736,791, 813 • C - (in Syria), 669, 671 D --, kingdom of, 325, 356 Calah, 112, 194, 222, 260, 264, Edom (ue also Idumea), 101, 151, 377, 482, 780 Dagara, 22, 23 190, 253, 542 --, palace of, 44:, 45, 49, 50, Damascus. 41, 69,71,75, 79, 83, Edomites, the, 123 376 85,93, 110, 122, 123, 124, 125, Egypt, an Assyrian province, 373, Cambyses, 655,656, 662, 667, 669, 187,198,217,233,375 387 794 --, fall of kingdom of, 187 --, an Assyrian province second Cappadocia, 240, 251 --, list of kings of, 188 time, 385 Carchemish, 33, 39, 63, 64, 66, --, map of kingdom of, 185 --, Athenian campaign in, 731 121, 148, 368, 514, 779 Damdamusa, 19, 20, 43, 50 --, brook of (Wady-el-Arish), --, baUle of, 517 Damunu,119 122,236,351 --, an Assyrian prefecture, 239 Daphnre, 497, 498, 548, 711 --conquered by Alexander, 812 Carla, 623, 706, 778 --, fortress of, 496 --, Darius in, 685 Carian inscription, 497 Darius r., 673, 677, 699, 703, 706 --, decadence of, 620 --mercenaries, 389, 498 --, army of, 693-695 --, Esarbaddon's invasion of, Carians, the, 389, 390, 489, 491, --, daric of, 691 371 496, 792, 796. --, bead of, 673 --, first encounter of, wYth Carthage (Qart-hadshat), 280, --in Egypt, 685 Assyria, 235 663, 684:. --invades Scythia, 701 --, Greater, the end of, 495 Chaldrea, 263, 446, 781. See also --receives rebels, 681 --, Greek travellers in, 791 ,--~r~sh ~:nfu1~ 't, --, stele of, 711 --, Isaiah's prophecy against, -ChaIarean~e new, 516, --takes Babylon, 679- 254 eI 'eq. --, tomb of, 736 --, middle, map of, 172 Chalybes, 120, 338 Darius II., 746, 747, 748 -- reconquered by Tanuata- Cllicia, 6t, 89, 73.240, 251, 260, Darius IlL, coin of, 801 manu,397 351,387 Darius Codomanos, 808 --, revolt of, against Assyria, Cilician empire, 33 Dascylus (Daskylos), 341, 388 379 Cimmerians, the, 250, 342, 313, Daskylos. See Dascy!us --revolts against Persia, 751 34:7,350,352,472 Datames ill., coin of, 759 --, the Ethiopians .withdraw --, the, attacked by Gyges, 391, Dayaini, 107V from, 491 392 1)a}&n-~ur,90, 91,92 Egyptian alliance with Greece, --, the, batUe against the Deiokes, 324, 325, 416 756 Greeks,429 Delphi, 611, 612, 616 -- altar, 131 -, the, in Syria, 479 Delta, the, 166, 167, 619,791,793, -alum.646 CooJe-8yria, III 795 -- army, 531 Colophon, 426 Demavend (Bikni), H2 -- dynasties, last, 768 Comana,332 --, peaks of, 143 --fleet, 531 Cossreans, the, 4, 196,227,277 Dhibon (Dibon), 80, 81, 124 _ --sails round Africa, 532, CroosuB, 603, 608, 610, 611, 615, Dhusp8s.106. See Van 533 616, 621, 662 Dido (Elissa), 280 -- bead,·Saite period, x., 321 --on his pyre, 619 Dirrreans, the, 27 -- influenco on Assyrian art, Cyanres (Huvakshatara), 447, Dorllo,232 377; 461 3 G 818 INDEX. Egyptian ivory from Nineveh. G Harrh, 94, 9:1, 602 116, 219 Harsiisit, 166 --navy, G5G GambuIA. (Of' Gambnlo), the, 119, HaU\&n, the, 85 --stel00, 712 230.255,256, S06, 404 HazaeI. 82, 83, 100,101, 122, 218 - tordO at Turin, 445 Gananata, 72, 112 Hazor, 288 -- vessel, 530 Garparuda, 70 Hebrew literature, 129 Ekron, 285, 288, 289 Gatb, 10,1 - merchants, 126 Elam. 225, 227, 231,242, 258, 26f' Gaza, 218, 233, 234, 658, 812 Hebrews, dress of, 127 486,777 i GebeI-Barkal, 168 -, industry and commeroo -- disabled by discord, 419 I --, hemispeos of, 364, 365 of, 125 --, final rnin of, 410, HI ~ Gilead, JOO, 198 --, the, 125, 217, 78-1: -- fir~t subject to Assyria, 413 \1 Gilzln, 14,25, G3, 93, 103 --, the, political organisation -; revolutions in, 433 --, trIbute from, 67, GS, 69 of, 127 --, Sennacherib's expeditIon Gizilbunda, 9G, 99 --, trade of, ]26 against, 299, 304: ; Gord)lelUl 1ll0unto.Ws, 53, 62, 92, Heliopolis, 160 Elamt~B, 19G ! 103 - Heracleopolis, 166, 176 Elealeh,124 Gozln,99 lleraclidm, the, 336, S37, 3U, Elephll.nts in war, 805, 806 Gmnicus, battle of, 810, 812 . 388,390 -- as tribute, 89 Greece, Egyptian allIance wi~ 'tie~()n, ,Mount, l@7 Elephantine, 802,803 756 Hermopolis,166 Eleusis, bay of, map, ;20 --,relations with Persia, 695 -. temple of, 175 Elijah,82 Gleek, Egyptian, 497 IIeshbon, 124 • Elisha, 82, 84, ]22, 13G -- mercenaries, 781, 806 Hezekiah, 275,286,288, 289,294, Elissa. See Dido I ----in Egypt, 752 368 EllIpi, 241, 2.30, 270, 30G, 327 -- Bt ttlements in Egypt, 649 --. retorms of, 285 .Elulai, 284, 288, 368 --struggles with Persia, 753, Hiram II., 281 ' . Ephesus, 425, 426, 429, 610 754: Hittite, 21 -, ruins of, 609 --trireme, 717 -- empire, lld. Eponym Canon, 6 -- travellers in Egypt, 791, --states, the, '1,108 Esarhaddon (Assur-akhe-iddin), 801 -- syllahar1,3~8 323, et 8eq., 34.3, et 8eq., 380 , G reeks, battle of the Cimnlerio.ns Hittites, the, 56, 217. See allO -- liS King of Egypt, 375 against the, 429 KhA.ti and Patina --takes Memphis, 373, 376 Gurgum, 34, 63, 70, 12~, UG, 148, --, the, 8ubmission of, :~9 Esarbnddon's campaigns against 252 HoplUes, Greek, 536;806 ~c Kalda, 349 Gyge8, 342, 389, 390, 393, 424, --;-: in action, 489- --invasion of Egypt, 371 427, 492, 608 llorses as tribute, 204, 205, 387 Eth-baul (of Sidon), 279, 288 --, Iranian sacrifice ot, 592 Ethiopia, 168, 25-1, 362, 663, 665 Hosea (the prophet), 139, 151 Ethioplan empire in Egypt, 181 H IIoshea, King of Israel, 189, 213, -- group, 665 214 --kings, the, 169, et 8eq. Habakkuk (the prop~et, 536 Hnldah, the prophelel!s, 507 - types, 171 Habardip, 227, 228 ,'1 Ethiopians, tbe, 167 Habit, temple of, 713 I --, the, witbdraW""from Egypt, Hadad, the goo, vL, 88 491 Hadadezer (or Adadidri). See lanzu, the, 79 Etius (Etiaus), 110, 120, 249, 520 Benhadad II. lasbuki, 64: Eulbllr-shakinshumi, 4, 5 Hadrach (Katarib). ]00,110, et Illubldi of lIamath, b3, 236 Euphrates, the, 28, 22::Jt uq., 123, et uq., 150 -- flayed alive, 233 --, na.vigation of, 30 Haggai (the prophet), 785 laudi,IJl Evagoras II., coin of,764 lIakoris, 753,754,75:5 Idumea, 70. See allO Edom Ez;iJel (the prophet), 540, 558, lIalebiyeh, gorge of, 28. SO Idumreans, 789 Halys, banks of, 837 lIauiu, '2-1,25 Er.ekiel's description of Assyria, --, battle or the, 527 ~ Imgnr-Del (Balawf.t), 50 320 --, eaves on the banks of, S45 Indabigash, 432, 433 Ezion-geber, 80, 126 HamndA.n (see aUo Ecbatana), 3 6 India, 69!,7i-l: Ezra, 787, 789 --, view of, 327 -, conquest or, 695 Hamath, 41, 69, 71, 78, 85, 12-1, Indiau coin, 570 F 232; et .eq., 2-13, 214 Ionia, revolt of, 703 --, captive from, 100 Ionian mercenaries, 498 Fariua (or Paripa), 66 Hannon of Gaza, 233, 234 lonians, the, 338. 491, 496, 5.iO Fayum, fisheries in, 711 HartIu, the, 119 Iran. 452 • INDEX. 81~ Iranian altars, 591, 592,593 Jerusalem, Nebemiah at, 787 Khaldi, the, of Urartu, 55 --architecture. 741 -. siege of, by Nebuchad- Khaldis (the Urartian god), 59. ----and sculpture, 738 nezzar, 536 60, 106 --art, 737 --, --, by SennMherib, 293 Kballudusb, 227, 299, 304, 436 --conquest, the, 5il, el Beq. I --, temple of, 284, 511, 539, I -- invades Karduniash, 303 --genii, 585, 587 785 • Khalule, battle of, 307 -- geni~, an, 518 Jewish captivity, the, !l27, 629, Kl,alybes, the, .36 -- huntmg-party, 597 637 . Khalzidipkba, 19 -- religion, 573, 576 --ConceptI! of God, 131, 132 Khamanu, 28 --religious customs, 588 --histories, 130· Kharkbar, 243,328, 356, 357 --soldiers, 475 --priestbood, 133 Kbaru (see Israel, Judah, Am- --.tableland,324 -- prophets,136 mon, and Moab), 159 Iranzu,237 -- State, the l;lew, 785 Khatarika,100. See Hadrach Irba-rammfi.n, 3 Jews, return of, to Jerusalem,! KhA.ti, the, 32, 33, 56, 63, 64,75, Irkanata (Arqanatu), 70 639 ! 79, 104, 120, 121, 237,2390, 240, Isaiah, the prophet, 183, et .~., -- submit to Sennachenb, 291 368, 375, 376, 779 ~ee also 214, 215, 236, 253, 284, 28f;, Jezebel,84 Hlttites 475,477 , 'Jezreel,83 -. chariot of, 36 ls&iah'~ prophecy against F~n~l "".1oash (of Judah), 100, 101, 122 --, twelve kings of, 70, 83 254 t.. Joppa,288 Khindfi.nu, 18,29. 30 Isbpuinis (Ush~ina), 1O~,. 105, Joram (of Israel), 76, 78, 80, 82, I Khindaro, 119 106, 154 85 : Khirki 15 lahtar (of Arbela), 404,405 Josiah, 506, 507, 512. 513, 514 : Khm~u, 161 Israel, 69,77,101 Josiah's religious reforms, 511 I -- submission or 175 -, kingdom of, 100, 375 Jotham (of Judah), 151, 157, 183 : Khniusu(Heracleo~o1is-Ahnas), --, --,faIl of, 216 Judrea; 812 I 161 --paystributeto~hl'1maneser, --, map of, 286 IKhninsu, 162,167,168 S7' Judah, kingdom of, 76, 77, 100, , --, temple at, 163 hraelite captives, 100 101, 236, 279, 475, 506 Khsbatrita, 677, 678, 679, 681, Israelites, the, ?J2 --, kin,. Marathon, battle or, 709 l[ermnadlll, the, 341,388. 523 --, map of, 708 Merodach-baladan, or Marduk- Labdudu,119 Mardonius, 715, 722, 723 abalidinna (King' of Babylon), Lachish (Tell-el Hesy), 126, 290, ~Iarduk (Bee alBO Bel-marduk),74 216, 225, 2M, 258, 274, 296, 292 Marduk-abal-uzur, 93 299, 303 Lalati (or Lulati), 64 l\Iarduk-balatsu-ikbi (King of l\Iesha (King of Moab), 80, 81 Laqt, 18, 28, 80 Babylon), 97, 98 --, stele of, 81, 129 Libnab,82 Marduk-belusUe, 72, 73 lIesopotamia, map of, 29 Libya (Lubim), 400 ~Iarduk-mudammiq of Namri, 79 Messogis, mountaina of, 522 --, Greeks in, 551 Marduk-nadin-shumu, '72. 73, 74 Me-Tumat (or MeturnM), 72, 97 --, map of, 55i ~Iarduk-usbezib, 296 Midas, 330, 332, 336 Ljmir-patesi-assur, 386 Mari (see also Benhadad III.),1.02, --, monument of, 331 ~immi, the, 194 122 ~mesians, fort of the, 497 Litau,119 ~Iarjru, 20 • l\liletus, 426 Liyan,226 l\lashauasha, the (l\Iaxyes), 161, --, site of, 623 Lubarlh, 34, 38, 39 ..40 489, 552, 555 l\Iiliddu, 251, 252 Lubarua II., 91 --,flight of the, 499 l\Iisi (or Mieu), 96, 99 Lubdi, 369,403 :r.Iatiate, 26 Misianda in the NOl,'th (see also Lullume.22 Mausolus, statue of, 778 . !!isu),238 Lycia,62t Mazlllos, coin of the Satrap, 698 Mitt (of l\Iushki), 243, 259, 2iO -- submits to Cyprus, 623 --, figure of, xii. ~Iitannj, 368 Lycian city, 625 Medes_ See alBo Iranians MitAtti, 237, 238, 240, 2H, 242, --coin-, 779 --, the, 112, 238, 324, 327, 328, 24:7 -- sarcophagus, 77'J 403, 4H, 482, 518, 5G2, 595, Moab, BO, 124. 190. 213, 253, 542 --tomb,778 596,708,722' --, delivered from Israel, 81 Lycians. the, 428, 778 --, the, attacked by Senna- Moabite stone, 81, 129 . Lydia, 330, 428, 446, 602, 618 cherib, 277 ~Iontumiha.lt, 885, 396, 491, 492, --.' kingdom of, 337, 339, 388, --, tLe, defeat of, by Sargon, 493, 504 391 243 --, head of, 386 Lydian coins, 607, 608 ~Iedia, 99,142,153,194,263,446 MugalIu (oCMilid), 370 --funerary couch, 605 --, flora and fauna, 453 lIusbezib-marduk, 304, 305, 300. --horsemen, 391 --, map of, 141 307, 308 --jewellery, 605 --, wall 0/, 562 --, the, submit to Sargon, 259 . --ornament in the Louvre, 568 l\Iedian Empire, the, 530, 571 lUushku (or l\Iusbki), the, Hi, fiG, _.- ornaments: 604, 606 ---, fall of, 593 258, 25!\ 520 Lydfans, 530 -- town, 250 Mutton L, 280 Medic horseman, j67 Mufton IL (or Mattan), 188, 189, ~IediteLTanean, 385 281 ' M -- reached by Assur-nazir-pal, ~Iuzazir, vi., 59, 92, 103,248 41 lIuzri, 90, 93 Macedonia, 707 --vessels, SOO Madyes, viii., 471,/474, 480,525 -,tribute or, 89 Megabyzos, 731,732, 733, 734,73j Mycale, 723 Magan, 300 Megiddo, 84, 514 Mail: the fersian, 586, 589, 593, --, battle oC, 514, 515 594, 595, 783 Meles,341 N Magnesia (of Sipylos), 426 Melitene, 70, 104, 146 Malamir, bas-relief of, 229 Melukhkha, 300 Naaman,82 -, princes of, 229 , ~Iemphis, 161, 235,278,378,396, Nabo-bel-shumi, 434 Manasseh (of Judah), 368, 47t, 491, 548,773, 795, 798, 643, 731, Nabonazir (or Nabunazir), King 754,4'17 732,733 of Babylon, 141, 190 --, hie captivity, 369 --; captured by Pionkhi, 177 Nabonidus, 566, 567, 600, 601, l\!anda, the, viii., 250 --, monuments at, 800 602, 616, 621, 626 . Mannai, the (the Minni), 55, 61, --taken by Cambyses, 661 --, unpopularity oC, 633 92,99,103,106, 110, 237, 210, -- taken by Esarhaddon, 373, Nabopolassar (Nabu-bal-uzur), 241, 243, 810,353, 39i, 40J, 403 376 483, 486, 516, 561, 56a --, the, incursions of,' under --. temples at, 797 Naboshumishkun, 5 Esarhaddon, 353 Memphite bas-relief, 504: Nabu-baliddin, 5, 42, 72, HI Mansuati (or Mansuate), 100, 125 Menahem, 128,152, 156, 182 NagUu, 303 MantumibUt (8e6 ~Iontumi!J&.it), --, homage of, 151 Nahr-eI-Kelb,3U 378 Menuas, vi., l03, 117, 154 -, mouth or, 373 Marathon, 709 --, conquests of, 104, et .eq_ -, stele or, ~74 INDEX. 821 Nahum, the prophet, 400, 470 Nile, view on the, 801 Persepolis, 686, 736 , 471 Nineveh, 91, 3.9i, 222; 260, 300, --, necropolis of, 591 Natrt, 6, 21, 22, 42, 66, 6~ 78 481, 686, 780 --, propylma of, 740 --(Assar - nazit - pal's First --, attacked by Cyaxares, 467 -, ruins of, 739 Campaign in), IS ~-, destruction of, 485 --, staircase at, 741 -- (Assur-nazir-pal's Second --, fosse at, 469 Persia, 456, 613, 750 . Campaign in), 19 --, map of, 468 --, relations with Greece, 695 -- (the Third Campaign of --, mounds of, 310 --, scene in, 457 Asslll'-nazir-pal in), 21 Ninip (patron of Calab), 45 Persian, a, 459. Se6 also Iranian --(ASSUl ~ nazir - pal's Fourth Ninip-kudurusur, 5 -- a, from a sarcophagus at Campaign in), 27 Nirbu, 20, 21, 43, 108 Sidon, 569 --, the Ianzu of, 243 ~iSlean horses~ 454. --archer, 458 ---=-, map of, 15 Nisaya, 450 -- court etiquette, 742,743 ' Namri,79, 89, 92, 99, 109, 110: Nishpi,23 -- empire, decline of, 805 112,142 Nisibis,95 ----, map of the, 775 Namr3ti, 162, 164,168, 173, 174, Nomes, the seven, 166 ----,reconstructioA of, under 179,180 Nubians, the (Put), 400 Ochus,773 N ana., image of, 436 Nummi (or Nimmi), 14 --financial system, 691 ---, statue of, 416, 434 Nurramma.n (sheikh of Dagara), - foot-soldiers, 466 Naophoros, statue of, 663 22,23.26 --government, 690 Napata., 168, 396, 398, 667 -- Gulf, the, 223, 296 -, ruins Dr, 187 ----, :fleets on, 299 --, temple of Amon Jlot, 169, o --intaglio, 322 170 ".. . Obelisk (Black). S66 Black --king, 621 Nappigi, 67 ; . Obelisks at Rome, 541, 551 --main roads, 689 Nar-marratum, the, 224 V Ochus (or Artaxerxes ill.), 763, --realm, map of tbe, 455 ----, map of, 300 \/ 764. 766,772,781, 807, 80S' -- sculpture, 741 --, the :fleet of Senna.cherib on, --, conquest of Egypt by, 767 Per~ans,the,455,708,776 301 . Omri, 83, 129 Petubastis, KIng, 165. 166 N aram-sin, vi. - (fall ofthe house of), 85 Pharuabazus, 756, 757 --, bas-relief of, 228 Orontes,35 --, coin of, 756 Naucratis, 497, 647,648,649,790 Odilis (recumbent),641 Philm, 769 --, plan of, 647 Osorkon L, 160,162 --, island of, 641 Nebuchadrezzar (Nebucbad- --, statuette of, 158 PhIlip of MaCfdon, 807 nezzar), 516, 530, 541, 5i4, Osorkon II., 160, 162,164 Philistines, the, 101, 181, lSjl, 190. 558,567 Osorkon IIL, 166, 180 212,217,252,253,310,542,789 --and Media, 519 Oxyrrhynchos, ruins of, 173, 174 Phoonicia, 70, 99, 376 -,qesieges JeruSalem, 536 --, cities of, 35, 41, 150, 186 --, stele of, 543 --, northern, 233 '. Nebuchadrezzar IlL, 676, 677 P --, revolt of, under Ochus, 765 680 . Phoonician alphabet, }29 Necho, 379, B80, 396,' 530, 534, Pakruru, 491 -- bowl with Egyptian decora- 537 Palestine, 263 tion,115 . N echo n, 512, 515 Panopolis, games at, 802 --fieet, 727 ~vades Syria, 513 Pari po. (or Farina), 66 --'galley, 707 --, scarab of, 515 Parsua (parsuash), 89, 92,99, 108, --intaglio, belonging to M. de' Neetanebo L (Nakht·b,ar-habit), 242 • Rouge,220 ' 755, 757, 770, 771 Pasargadm, the, 455, 591,736\ 749 --language, '784 --, head of, 761 --(city), 459 Phoonicians, the, 875, 439, 514, --, temple of, 769 Patinii., the, 34, 35; 63, 64,66,70, 796 Nectanebo II., 761, 767, 769, 771, 78,91,93,110 • Phraones (Fravartish), 446.10.454, 772 --, the, gods of, 37 459, 464, 465 --, naos of, 770, 772 -, the, in capt~vity, 100 Phrygian gods, 332-335 --, revolt of, 761 --, submission of, 39 Phrygians, 120, 331, 338 Negub (tunnel of), 49 --, the, tribute from, 71 Pionkhi, 172, 210 N ehemiab, 786 Pefzii.ii.bastit, 167, 176, 180 --captures Memphis, 177 -- at Jernsalem, 787 Pekah,156,158,18~ 186 --invades MIddle Egypt, 173 Nephorites, 751,753, 770 Pelusium, 659 Pltru (pethor), 67 Nergal-sbaruzur,601 --, battle of, 661 Platllla, 551, 723, 725 Nergal-ushezib,304 --, Sennacherlb's disaster at, --, map of, 724 --, in battle: 305 29:1: Polycrates, 695 822 LVDEX. Polycrates, fleet of, 656, 657 Sacae. See Sakre Sennacl,J,erib's expedition against Priene, site of, 523 Sadyattes, 388, 389, 390 Elam, 299 Psammetichus I., 386, 387, 488, Saia, 378, 790 Sephafvaim (or Sib.ratm~ 212, 294: 492, 495, 498 --. ruins of, 505 Shabaka. See Sabaco ---, bUIldmgs of, 501 Sakre, the, 622, 626,.708, 722,774 Shabaku. See Sabaco --, revolt of, 425 Salamis, 719, 720, 721 SbaoaraiD. See Sepharvaim -- statue of, 425 Samalla, 34, 63,64, 66, 70, 111, Shabitoku, 279, 288, 3GO --, ~yrian policy of, 505 121, 147, 150 Shadlkanni, 16, 17 Psammetichus II., 537, 539,541, --, gods of, 38 Shalmaneser III. (known also as 790 Samaria, 77, 82, 1al, 214, 233,812 Shalmaneset II.), 51, 52, 61 Psammetichus III., 661 --, Egyptian/action in, 182 68,194,218 - • --, head of, 659 --, fall of, 216 • --buil Sparta, 717,723,724 Tanuatamnllu reconquers Egypt, . Ullusunu; ~4J, 243. 248 , Spartans, 752 391 ' , Umman-mio!inu, 305. 306, 307 Sukhi, ~, 30, 44, 93 " Tarshish, ship of," 80 Unki, 38, 111, 121, 149, 156, -~, country of, 93 Tartan, the, 90 : of 2 Kings 198 Sumerians, 196 xviii. 17,292; of Isaiah xx. 1, Urartian empire, close of, 249' Suru',18 ,253: uu~er Esarha.dd~n, 384:, --siele, 109' • ~usa, vi., 226, 519, 761, 781, 813 385 Urartu, or Kingdom df Ya~ --, Apada.na.of, 743 Teiria,338 (Armenia), 52, 54:, 61, ~6, 79, --, -capital from, 738 Teisbas (Ur.a.rtian god), 60 90, 91, 93, 96, 112, 149, 153, --i destruction 01,435 Tela or TUa (In Nirbu), 15, 20' 237, 263, 369, a94, 521, 777 -, gods carried off (rom, 435 Tentramu, 166 --, Assyrian conquest of, 155 '-, 16ngs of, 227 'liheban que~n, statue of a, 491 --, --invasion of, 144 -~, tumulus of, 437 Thebes; 137,168,235,641,802,803 --, ciVllisation of, 57 Syria, 6, 34, 99. 209.. 263, 384, --pIllaged by the Assyrian~,400 --, .expansion of, 121 486 -, principality of, 163 --, growth of, 103 -T-, coalition aga.inst, 417 Thermopylre,719 --in Syria, 143 --, conquest of, by Alexander, Thracia (or l'hraee),707 --, map of, 55 • 811 Thracians, the, 328 --, Shalmaneser III. in" 61 .-'- invaded by Necho II., 513 Tigla~h-pileser II., 3 --, Shalmaneser IV., ecan\- --, invasion of, ;under Tachos, Tiglath-pileser Ill, (or Pull, 112, paigns io, 109 759 117, et Beq.: 128, 193, 197, ~03 -, town in, 248 --, map of, 33 --, ~ampaigns in Karduniash --, view of, 145 --(Northern), 41,121,149, 19t, and Media, 141 Urtaku, 399, 408 • 240. -,-., campaigne agahlst Ukim'1r, Urumiah, Lake (Lower Sea of • -'-, revolt of, 233 19~ Nain), 54, 55,69,96,1(13, 108 --, Tig\ath-pileser Ill.'s cam~ '--ill> his Qhariot, 152 109 ' . paigus in, 188 -"- in Syria, 188 Urzana, 248 Synan armies, 37 --takes Babylon, 192 Usanata,71 .-- arts, 37 Tila. See Tela. • Us4anat (U'znu), 70 -- religions, 37 Tilluli,43 Uzzia.h (see AZanah), 183 ~ shipwrights, 300 Tirhakah. See TBjharqa ~ states, 779 Tiumman, 404.405,408, 409,410, --___ and civilisation, 35 412, 413, 433 V Syrians, the white, 338, 342, 344, Topra.h-Kaleh, 57, 5S 388,61ft Treres, the, 343, 344 Van, Lake (Upper Sea of :i.lah'i). Tukulti-ninip, 19 54, 55, 67 Tukulti'ninip II., 6 d f. 65 T l 'b . 72 ----,go so, u -.l1. m,. ( 't 1 f Bit Ad .) , Van (0 r Dhuspas, ) 57, 106,1, 07 T T u1 - B arslp capt a 0 - Inl, 369 31, 66, 67, 70, 75, 300 --, citadel of, 155 trabal, the, 56, 88,120,237,239, Tulgarimm@, 251; 252 251, 263, 271, 870, as7, 392: --, view of, 153 Tulliz, 406 'Vatican, lion of the, 773 473,520 --, battle of~ 407, 409, 41], TachOs, 758, 759, 760, 761, 762, 415 • 769 Turat, quarries of, 88 Tafnakhti, 172, 179, 210 Tushkh)n,.20, 27, 43, 94, 95 x Tafnakhti's offerings, 18~ 'l'yre, 86, 87, 279, 368, 54:2, 543, Taharqa (Tirhakah), 360, 361, 549, 601, 812 Xerxes I. (Khshayarsha), 715, 368,372,375,380,396,490 --, map of, 283 '{16, 727, 744, 782 ~, propylrea of, 741 -- and his queen. 361 --:ruin of it~ kingdom, 289 --, buildings' of, in Ethiopia, -'-, the present, 811 Xerxes II., 746: 747 365 --, trade of, 281 -- bronze statuette of, 323 TYl'seni, the, 336, 338 _-, column of, at Kamak. 363 z ~--, head 'of~ 366 • --. second defeat of, 385 U Zab, the lesser (Zab Shupalu), 25, Takeloti It., 164:, 165 119 Tammaritu, 412:420, 434 Uate, 439, 440 -, the greater (Zabu llu), 12, --invades Karduniash, 399 Uklozir, 190.},92 ,13,48 ' Tanuatamanu, 362, 396, 491 --, Tiglath-pileser II!., cam-I Za.mru~ See'Amika. --, bas-reUer'or, 397 paigos against, 1n Zamua. 221 25, 26 t 824 I.N~X•• ~m1t3, j11ap of, 23 Zikartu, 238, 239, '242. 2:17' I'Zin,jirlj (01' SiDjirli). 8k:le lit, 372 Zecha.riah (the proybet)(,785 Z1nj:irli (Of' Sinj:irli), 34, 129 I 374,375 Zedekiah (~nttanid.h) oof Juaah, -'-, oolullln at, 207 Zion, 7j4 . . 537, 539, 544, 545 --, gates of, U7 Zirtu (I,zirtn), 9% Zen'd-Avesta..· See ~vesta ' --, plan of, 14'1 f Zoroaster (Zarathuatra), fl72, 573, Z~eph~niah (the prophet), 478 ...... --, portico at, 206 I 574, 575, t2S Zeull Labraundos (on coin). 340 -, Royal C~tle of, ] 49 I THE. END.