Chemin D'éducation : Sur Les Traces De Jeanne De Lestonnac

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Chemin D'éducation : Sur Les Traces De Jeanne De Lestonnac CHEMIN D'ÉDUCATION sur les traces de Jeanne de Lestonnac 1556-1640 C.L.D 42, av. des Platanes 37170 CHAMBRAY IMPRIMI POTEST Rome, le 21 novembre 1984 Maria Dolores Lasheras o.d.n. Françoise/SOURY-LAVERGNE CHEMIN D'ÉDUCATION sur les traces de Jeanne de Lestonnac 1556-1640 C.L.D ABREVIATIONS A.D.G. Archives Départementales de la Gironde A.N. Archives Nationales A.O.D.N. Archives de l'Ordre de la Compagnie de Marie Notre-Dame D.S. Dictionnaire de Spiritualité H.O. Histoire de l'Ordre des Religieuses Filles de Notre-Dame (Bouzonnie) O.D.N. Ordinis Dominae Nostrae (Sigle de l'Ordre de la Compagnie de Marie Notre-Dame) PRÉFACE Jeanne de Lestonnac (1556-1640), fille de Richard de Lestonnac, conseiller au Parlement de Bordeaux, et de Jeanne Eyquem de Montaigne, sœur de Michel, l'auteur des Essais, occupe une place exceptionnelle dans l'histoire de la France, dans l'histoire de l'Eglise et dans l'histoire universelle. Elle appartenait à ce milieu humaniste qui a donné à une société en recherche de son identité et de sa vocation, les bases intellectuelles et spirituelles sur lesquelles nous avons vécu jusqu'à nos jours, et qui sur bien des points subsisteront à travers les crises de notre temps. Educatrice, elle a ouvert de nouvelles voies à la formation des intelligences et des cœurs. Elle a contribué puissamment à découvrir les moyens de tirer l'éducation des femmes d'une confusion mentale trop longtemps prolongée. A cette fin, elle a recueilli les expériences tâtonnantes faites jusque là. Elle en a établi la synthèse et apporté sa contribution personnelle à la recherche pédagogique dont on commençait à constater l'affleurement dans toute l'Europe. En même temps, elle réintroduisait les femmes dans l'apostolat, conformément à la tradition de l'Eglise primitive que les bouleversements de l'histoire avaient effacée. Toutes ses réflexions, ses activités, ses initiatives étaient animées par une vie intérieure de très grande qualité. D'années en années, elle parvint à l'héroïsme des vertus et en mourant le 2 février 1640, au milieu du XVIIe siècle dont elle avait été une des initiatrices, elle laissait une réputation telle, que l'Eglise devait la sanctionner plus tard. Le 23 septembre 1900, Léon XIII la proclama bienheureuse, et le 15 mai 1949, Pie XII la mit au nombre des saints. Figure polyédrique, immense, attirante, vers laquelle de génération en génération on s'est tourné et sur laquelle on a pris modèle, Jeanne de Lestonnac n'a jamais été une inconnue ; son esprit a toujours animé ses filles spirituelles et formé d'innombrables chrétiennes ; son nom est toujours apparu en bonne place à côté de celui de Montaigne. On pourrait dans ces conditions légitimement croire, vu la notoriété du personnage, que les ouvrages consacrés à Jeanne de Lestonnac avaient été nom- breux ; qu'il suffisait de se rendre dans une bonne Bibliothèque pour les consulter sans difficultés. Or, constatation au premier abord assez déconcertante, il n'y a eu depuis deux siècles aucune étude de fond sur la sainte fondatrice. En effet, les seuls livres valables retraçant sa biographie s'échelonnent de 1645 à 1700. Du début du xvin' siècle à 1984, aucun écrit sérieux n'a vu le jour. Cependant, durant cette même période, les générations successives qui ont été amenées à vivre dans le sillage des Filles de Notre-Dame ont perçu son âme et senti vivement sa présence. Toutes l'ont considérée comme une mère attentive. Ce sentiment s'est manifesté nettement dans le miracle retenu pour la canonisation : Jeanne de Lestonnac y est clairement apparue sous les traits d'une mère. La présence de la fondatrice n'a cessé, comme on le voit, de s'affirmer, mais sa personnalité si riche de dons de la nature et de la grâce est demeurée enveloppée de brouillard. La canonisation n'a pas réussi à susciter la biographie dont on avait besoin pour mettre fin à des jugements un peu hâtifs, voire assez éloignés de la réalité objective. Mais, à l'heure où j'écris ces lignes, il n'en est plus ainsi : la thèse de Sœur Soury- Lavergne, soutenue le 23 juin devant l'Université de Lyon II, a bouleversé le cadre dans lequel on avait tendance à enfermer Jeanne de Lestonnac. En renouant les fils avec les premiers historiens de l'ordre, elle a retrouvé l'authenticité et donné le portrait en pied de la fondatrice depuis si longtemps attendu. Les recherches patientes, rendues très difficiles par l'état des sources et des documents, auxquelles elle s'est livrée lui ont permis d'accomplir un tour complet de la personnalité de Jeanne de Lestonnac et de son œuvre. Dans cette préface, je me bornerai à évoquer trois points de cette recherche qui m'ont paru particulièrement éclairants. En premier lieu, un point m'est apparu particulièrement saisissant dans cette étude : la liaison étroite qui s'est établie dès les origines de l'ordre de Notre- Dame entre la fondatrice bordelaise et le Saint-Siège. Encouragée par le cardinal François de Sourdis, archevêque de Bordeaux ; par les Pères de la Compagnie de Jésus, ses conseillers ; par des membres éminents du Clergé bordelais, Jeanne de Lestonnac dépêcha auprès du pape Paul V Borghèse (1605-1621) le curé de la paroisse Sainte-Colombe de Bordeaux, Pierre Moysset, pour recevoir du Saint-Siège l'approbation qui ferait de sa fondation une œuvre appartenant à l'Eglise romaine (1). La réponse de Paul V, qui prit l'avis des cardinaux saint Robert Bellarmin et Cesare Baronius, le disciple de saint Philippe Néri, fut donnée le 7 avril 1607 par le bref Salvatoris et Domini. Par ce document, le pontife reconnaissait le nouvel Institut et traçait les lignes essentielles de sa physionomie. Pour la première fois, après les Ursulines, le pontificat romain permettait à des femmes de s'adonner à l'éducation de la jeunesse féminine. Il ouvrait la porte aux initiatives de tous genres qui, sous l'influence de saint Vincent de Paul, allaient remettre les femmes au service de l'Eglise. Le chapitre que Sœur Françoise Soury-Lavergne consacre à cette décision pontificale est certainement un des plus neufs et des plus réussis de son vaste travail. Il montre bien que là se trouve vraiment la pierre angulaire de la fondation lestonnacienne. Ce souci de la romanité, qui révèle dans une âme un sens catholique parti- culièrement aigu, débouchait chez Jeanne de Lestonnac sur une vision d'univer- salité. Tout en elle et autour d'elle l'y portait. Bordeaux, depuis ses origines les plus lointaines, n'a jamais cessé d'être une ville largement ouverte sur le monde par son port, tourné vers les Amériques et le Nord de l'Europe, son souci de l'accueil, son goût de la culture et de la distinction : n'était-elle pas considérée comme la Florence des Gaules ? Sa famille versée dans le grand commerce était elle aussi tournée tout naturellement vers l'extérieur. Son oncle, Michel de Montaigne, l'a précédée dans les cheminements qu'elle devait suivre. Il a d'abord écrit ses Essais, pour ses parents, ses voisins, ses amis. La première édition de (1) Paul V, dont le nom est inséparable de l'histoire de l'ordre de Notre-Dame, a fait construire dans la Basilique patriarchale de Sainte-Marie-Majeure, la chapelle dite Pauline ou Borghèse, destinée à abriter la célèbre Madone Salus populi romani. Le pape repose dans cette chapelle. son chef-d'œuvre en 1580 a d'abord été écrite pour eux (2). Mais l'édition de 1588 n'est déjà plus la même : elle a subi de profondes transformations inté- rieures : elle vise un public plus diversifié. L'édition de 1595 réalisée par Mlle de Gournay, sa « fille d'alliance », s'adresse à l'universalité des lecteurs. Jeanne de Lestonnac de son côté a commencé à envisager la formation chrétienne des jeunes bordelaises, puis elle a regardé plus loin et, de décennies en décennies, l'Institut qu'elle avait suscité a élargi ses zones d'influence au point de couvrir la terre entière. Bordelaise de vieille souche, entée sur le terroir bordelais, Jeanne de Lestonnac est devenue, à l'exemple de son oncle, une personnalité de caractère universel. A la suite de Sœur Françoise Soury-Lavergne, ses futurs historiens ne pourront jamais oublier de lier les origines de l'Institut lestonnacien aux progrès de l'histoire bordelaise qui n'a pas fini de livrer ses secrets. Romanité et universalité entrent largement, on le voit, dans la complexe personnalité de Jeanne de Lestonnac, mais il faut y joindre la spiritualité comprise dans un sens large. Jusqu'ici, on connaissait, bien sûr, les axes principaux de la spiritualité lestonnacienne, mais on ne l'avait pas décrite en profondeur et cette description manquait cruellement. La thèse de Sœur Françoise Soury-Lavergne marque une nouvelle avance dans la connaissance de cette terre mal explorée. Jeanne de Lestonnac — et la soutenance de thèse l'a nettement montré — est d'abord une veuve. Elle appartient à ce groupe de grandes veuves fondatrices qui, après l'ouragan destructeur déclenché par les guerres de religion, ont rétabli des structures chrétiennes, ont sauvé le monde féminin, et par-delà assuré la perma- nence de la vie chrétienne : Mme Acarie (la bienheureuse Marie de l'Incarnation, introductrice en France du Carmel thérésien) ; sainte Louise de Marillac, la collaboratrice de saint Vincent de Paul ; sainte Jeanne de Chantal, la collaboratrice de saint François de Sales ; la bienheureuse Marie de l'Incarnation Martin, l'Ursuline du Canada ; la vénérable Marie Lumague, veuve de François de Pollalion, fondatrice avec saint Vincent de Paul de l'Union Chrétienne.
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