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Wghansa Report 2014 254 | ICES WGHANSA REPORT 2014 9 Blue Jack Mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) in the waters of Azores The T. picturatus is the only species of genus Trachurus that occurs in the Azores re- gion (northeastern Atlantic). It is a pelagic species found around the islands shelves, banks and seamounts up to 300 m depth. However, a different size structure was observed between islands shelf and offshore areas. The island shelf areas seems to function as nursery or growth zones, while the seamount/bank offshore areas as feed- ing zones where adults predominate (Menezes et al., 2006). In the Azores, the T. picturatus is exploited by different fleets and métiers. The main catches are those of the artisanal fleet that operates with several types of surface nets, the most important being the purse-seines, and bottom longline.Purse-seines are also used by the tuna bait boat fleet, which targets the T. picturatus to be used as live bait for tuna. The blue mackerel is also a very popular species among the recreational fisherman that fish along the coast of all islands. The T. picturatus landings were considerably high during the 1980’s, however chang- es in the local markets lead to a strong reduction in the catches afterwards. This re- duction was also accompanied by a sharp decrease in the fleet targeting small pelagic fish. Since this period, the catches maintained at a low level due to a voluntary auto regulation adopted by the fishermen associations. Despite this reduction in the land- ings, this fishery still has a strong impact on some fishermen communities, which directly depends on the income of this fishery. 9.1 General Blue Jack Mackerel in ICES areas The blue mackerel, Trachurus picturatus Bowdich, 1825 (Carangidae) has a broad geo- graphical distribution within the Eastern Atlantic waters and can be found from the southern Bay of Biscay to southern Morocco, including the Macaronesian archipela- gos, Tristan de Cunha and Gough Islands and also in the western part of the Mediter- ranean Sea and the Black Sea (Smith-Vaniz, 1986). It is a pelagic fish species which characteristic habitat includes the neritic zones of islands shelves, banks and sea- mounts (Smith-Vaniz, 1986). It has a schooling behaviour and prey mainly on crusta- ceans, being common in the islands of Madeira, Azores, and Canaries and Portuguese continental waters. No studies specifically addressing the existence of distinct populations in the distri- bution range of this species have been attempted so far. Some studies on growth and biological characteristics from Madeira, Azores and Canary islands (Isidro, 1990; Je- sus, 1992; Gouveia, 1993; Vasconcelos et al., 2006; Jurado-Ruzafa and Santamaría, 2012) indicated similar growth rates and reproductive season. However, biological differences on age at first maturity seem to exist between individuals from the Azores compared with those from the Madeira and Canary islands (Jesus, 1992; Jurado- Ruzafa and Santamaría, 2012). The morphometric studies carried out on T. picturatus from Azores archipelago (Isidro, 1990), western coast of Portugal (Mendes et al., 2004) and western Mediterranean (Merella et al., 1997) revealed similar population parame- ters for the estimated relationships. On the contrary, some variation was found be- tween different geographic areas in the number of soft spines from the second dorsal fin (Shaboneyev and Kotlyar 1979; Smith-Vaniz, 1986). However, meristic characters are heavily influenced by the environmental conditions experienced by the fish while ICES WGHANSA REPORT 2014 | 255 in the larval stages, therefore in the case of migratory oceanic species, such as T. pictu- ratus, are usually considered of reduced utility for the identification of stock units. A number of studies have successfully used parasites as biological markers. Gaevskaya and Kovaleva (1985) conducted a survey of the parasites of T. picturatus from the Azores and Western Sahara. Their study identified a number of protozoan and helminth parasites showing differences in prevalence. The myxosporean Kudoa nova was found in samples from the Western Sahara, but not from banks of the Azores archipelago. Similarly, some species of digeneans (Platyhelminths: Digenea) found in the banks of the Azores, were not observed in the samples from the Western Sahara and vice-versa. The apicomplexan, Goussia cruciata which is common in T. picturatus from the Mediterranean (Kalfa-Papaioannou and Athanassopoulou- Raptopoulou, 1984) and more recently from Madeira waters (Gonçalves, 1996), was not found in the Azores or from the Western Sahara. These variations in the occur- rence of parasites could be indicative of the existence of different populations of T. picturatus. Further studies concentrating the occurrence of helminth parasites indicate some differences in both species diversity and parasitic infections levels (Costa et al. 2000, 2003). The blue mackerel is an economically important resource, especially in the Macaro- nesian islands of Azores and Madeira, where is the main pelagic fish species being caught in the local fisheries. The landings of this species in the Portuguese mainland have suffered strong fluctuations, which may be related, at least partially to fluctua- tions in abundance or availability. From 2005 to 2007 the landings have tripled, being 2007 the year with the highest landings recorded. In the Azores archipelago the land- ings have also fluctuated, while in Madeira the average of the landings from 1986 to 1991 was three times higher than the average landings from 1992 to 2007. The hy- pothesis that the fluctuations in landings can be due to changes in availability or abundance, and not just by changes in fishing effort, is supported for the Portuguese mainland by the observation of fluctuations in the abundance indices obtained from research surveys. 9.2 ACOM Advice Applicable to 2014 The advice for this stock is biennial and so the 2012 advice is valid for 2013 and 2014 (see ICES, 2012): ICES advises on the basis of the approach for data limited stocks that catches should be no more than 1800 tonnes. 9.3 The fishery in 2013 Commercial catches for 2013 include landings, discards (estimated for 2013), tuna bait catches and recreational catches. For 2013, the discards observer programme didnot occur due to financial constraints, and so the longline discards (including bait con- sumption by this fleet) were estimated taking into account the results from the previ- ous years. In 2013, length frequencies and ages from landings sampling were collected and commercial abundance indices from the main fleets catching juveniles were also tak- ing into account (LPUE_Purse-seiners and cpue_BaitBoat). 256 | ICES WGHANSA REPORT 2014 9.3.1 Fishing Fleets in 2013 The blue mackerel is mostly landed by the artisanal fleet, using purse-seines. This fleet landings represents around 90% of the total landings and the catches about 60% of the total catches of blue mackerel, in Azores. The artisanal purse-seines fleet is composed by small open deck vessels, mostly with less than 12 meters of length overall. The composition of this fleet has remained quite stable in the recent years, with 120 vessels registered last year. The contribution of this fleet to the landings and the number of vessels of each size category, for the last 12 years is showed in Error! Reference source not found..1. 180 100 160 140 80 120 60 100 % 80 40 60 Number of vessels 40 20 20 0 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 VL0010 VL1012 VL1218 % of total Landings Figure 9.3.1.1 Contribution of purse-seine fleet to the landings of blue mackerel in Azores, be- tween 2002 and 2013, and the number of vessels of each size category. 9.3.2 Catches Commercial catches including landings, discards (estimated for 2013), tuna bait catches and recreational catches, for the period 1978 to 2013, are presented in Error! Reference source not found.. Total estimated catches of blue mackerel in the Azores, for the considered period in Error! Reference source not found..1 (2002-2013), are around 1650 tonnes; while landings, in same period,are in average 1100 tonnes. In the last three years, the aver- age catches and landings decreased to about 1330 and 750 tonnes, respectively. Table 9.3.2.1 – Estimated catches of blue jack mackerel (T. picturatus) by fishery, in the Azores from 1978 to 2013. Tuna Discards/Bait Discards Year bait Recreational (LL) (PS) PS LL+Hand Total 1978 115 129 15 0 2657 78 2995 1979 118 130 15 0 4114 61 4439 1980 210 132 22 0 2920 70 3354 1981 229 135 9 0 2104 39 2516 ICES WGHANSA REPORT 2014 | 257 Tuna Discards/Bait Discards Year bait Recreational (LL) (PS) PS LL+Hand Total 1982 239 142 10 0 2429 43 2862 1983 231 142 21 0 3711 67 4172 1984 295 135 17 0 3180 62 3689 1985 303 136 11 0 3442 60 3952 1986 433 135 9 0 3282 58 3918 1987 491 139 8 0 2974 53 3666 1988 586 143 8 0 3032 55 3824 1989 352 138 9 0 2824 50 3373 1990 345 117 11 27 2472 48 3021 1991 242 115 6 127 1247 33 1770 1992 249 121 6 126 1226 35 1762 1993 375 130 22 173 1684 70 2454 1994 264 125 18 179 1745 59 2390 1995 474 119 24 182 1769 79 2648 1996 351 110 38 173 1642 123 2437 1997 259 110 31 192 1849 72 2513 1998 308 111 52 151 1387 120 2129 1999 141 119 37 35 609 84 1024 2000 83 117 23 32 602 53 910 2001 59 121 24 110 1046 55 1415 2002 82 132 28 145 1387 63 1837 2003 140 128 21 150 1455 47 1941 2004 208 111 19 125 1148 98 1709 2005 124 120 236 123 1111 120 1834 2006 264 111 40 124 1145 96 1781 2007 370 115 58 115 1032 122 1812 2008 205 110 75 111 980 139 1620 2009 230 119 115 112 1023 98 1697 2010 313 114 75 116 1021 57 1696 2011 510 118 79 105 920 62 1794 2012 399 42 41 Not 467 94 1043 available 2013 237 147 54 Not 592 123 1153 available 258 | ICES WGHANSA REPORT 2014 2500 2000 1500 1000 Catch (ton) Catch 500 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 PS Discards (PS) LL+Hand Discards/Bait (LL) Tuna bait Recreational Figure 9.3.2.1 Estimated catches of blue mackerel (T.
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