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Rom-Sau-Tigan-Pdf TÖBBSÉGI? KISEBBSÉGI? ROM SAU ŢIGAN Dilemele unui etnonim în spaţiul românesc 1 NYELVHASZNÁLAT, TAnnYELV ÉS KÉT(TÖBB)NYELVű LÉT 2 TÖBBSÉGI? KISEBBSÉGI? ROM SAU ŢIGAN Dilemele unui etnonim în spaţiul românesc Volum editat de István Horváth şi Lucian Nastasă EDITURA INSTITUTULUI PENTRU STUDIEREA PROBLEMELOR MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE Cluj, 2012 3 NYELVHASZNÁLAT, TAnnYELV ÉS KÉT(TÖBB)NYELVű LÉT EDITURA INSTITUTULUI PENTRU STUDIEREA PROBLEMELOR MINORITĂŢILOR NAŢIONALE Titlu: Rom sau ţigan. Dilemele unui etnonim în spaţiul românesc Editori: István Horváth şi Lucian Nastasă Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale Cluj-Napoca 2012 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Rom sau Ţigan : dilemele unui etnonim în spaţiul românesc / István Horváth, Lucian Nastasă (ed.) . - Cluj-Napoca : Editura Institutului pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităţilor Naţionale, 2012 Bibliogr. Index ISBN 978-606-8377-06-3 I. Horváth, István (ed.) II. Nastasă, Lucian (ed.) 323.1(=214.58)(498) Coordonator volum: Daniela Tarnovschi Coordonator serie: Bokor Zsuzsa, Horváth István Design şi copertă: Könczey Elemér, IDEA Plus Tehnoredactare: Sütő Ferenc Tipar: IDEA şi GLORIA Cluj-Napoca Fundaţia Soros România promovează modele pentru dezvoltarea unei societăţi bazate pe libertate, responsabilitate şi respect pentru diversitate. © 2012 Fundaţia Soros România (FSR) Toate drepturile sunt rezervate Fundaţiei Soros România. Nici publicaţia şi nici fragmente din ea nu pot fi reproduse fără permisiunea Fundaţiei Soros România. Fundaţia Soros România, Str. Căderea Bastiliei nr. 33, sector 1, Bucureşti Telefon: 021 212 11 01, fax: 021. 212 10 32, e-mail: [email protected], http://www.soros.ro Opiniile exprimate în textul de faţă aparţin autorilor şi ele nu reflectă în mod obligatoriu punctul de vedere al ISPMN şi al Guvernului României. 4 TÖBBSÉGI? KISEBBSÉGI? Cuprins Cuvânt înainte (István Horváth, Lucian Nastasă) 7 O temă în dezbatere 11 Petre Matei Romi sau ţigani? Etnonimele – istoria unei neînţelegeri 13 Martin Olivera Ţiganii României Istoria şi utilizarea unei reprezentări moderne 75 Repere istoriografice 89 Lucian Nastasă Convergenţe şi disparităţi în definirea unei identităţi etnoculturale Denominaţie şi imagistică în epoca emancipării (secolul XIX) 91 Marian Zăloagă Între imagistică, cercetarea istoriografică şi politică Tradiţii moderne şi paradigme postmoderne în enunţarea etnicităţii ţiganului/romului 109 Florin Manole Ţigan-rom Perspective istorice comparative 141 Discurs şi controverse 151 Dezideriu Gergely Romi sau ţigani? Controversa denominării 153 5 NYELVHASZNÁLAT, TAnnYELV ÉS KÉT(TÖBB)NYELVű LÉT István Horváth Etnonimul de rom ca instrument al politicii identitare 183 Iulius Rostaş Identitatea romani Discurs, organizare şi proiect politic 199 Perspective lingvistice 231 Marcel Courthiade Rromani – o limbă săracă şi goală? 233 Gelu Duminică Rom – ţigan Istorie, probitate şi proprietate terminologică 253 Gheorghe Sarău Planificarea lingvistică pentru limba rromani în România (1990-2011) 271 Sensurile unei identităţi 297 Identitatea romani între victimizare şi emancipare Nicolae Gheorghe în dialog cu Iulius Rostaş 299 Despre autori 337 Indice 342 6 CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE Cuvânt înainte Asistăm tot mai mult în ultima vreme la manifestarea unui sentiment de sfială atunci când în discursul public se face referire la un anumit grup etno- cultural. Acest grup în spaţiul românesc a fost cunoscut de-a lungul vremii sub diverse denumiri, din care (în diverse grafii sau pronunţii) două în mod cert au făcut carieră: ţigan şi rom. Stinghereala generată de problema opţiunii pentru un termen sau altul ţine doar parţial de ambivalenţa provocată de promovarea relativ recentă la nivelul moralei publice din România a normei corectitudinii politice. Credem că deruta are rădăcini mai profunde. Deşi prezenţa romilor în Europa are o istorie considerabilă (şi sub multe aspecte remarcabilă), ei au fost – iar din anumite perspective continuă să fie – în ochii multora la limita dintre natură şi civilizaţie, exotic şi comun, până la indecenţă (şi dihotomiile ar putea conti- nua). Aşadar, ambivalenţa istoric permanentizată marchează atât reprezentă- rile despre, cât şi raportarea faţă de romi. Cu alte cuvinte, dezbaterea ţigan sau rom a fost generată de politic, dar ambivalenţa cadrului intelectual-emoţional în care anumite aspecte sunt problematizate ţin de această situaţie. Este şi motivul pentru care aspectul ar merita mai multă reflecţie, teoreticienii şi „fi- losofii” istoriei putând afla în destinul acestui popor o nesfârşită varietate de provocări spre o reflecţie mult mai articulată şi nuanţată asupra evoluţiei civi- lizaţiei, a destinului diverselor grupuri etno-culturale care au evoluat în sinu- soidă, prezentul şi viitorul putând genera surprize, inversând când te aştepţi mai puţin ierarhiile „planetare” stabilite oarecum prin forţă până şi în această epocă (invocată oarecum aberant ca fiind) a „globalizării”. Cu toate că raportarea la romi comportă în mod indubitabil aceste valen- ţe mai ample ale specificului coexistenţei şi raportărilor istorice, dezbaterea rom sau ţigan este una specifică României ultimelor două decenii. Aceasta se întâmplă în contextul post-1989, când problema integrării romilor şi a nor- malizării statutului lor erau repuse pe tapet, dar într-un mod relativ inedit, cel puţin neîntâlnit până atunci de opinia publică şi sfera politică româneas- că. În primul rând, odată cu dispariţia monopolului ideologic asupra definiţiei unor probleme sociale, începe să se formeze o categorie de activişti pentru drepturile romilor, aceştia fiind cei care încep să descrie problemele cu care se confruntă diferitele comunităţi şi să puncteze cauzele acestora. Nici imaginea care se conturează în urma acestor discursuri (invariabil diferite de poziţia oficială) nu a fost una confortabilă. 7 ROM SAU ŢIGAN În al doilea rând, aceste opinii încep să aibă şi o audienţă internaţională, constituindu-se ca alternative ale unor puncte de vedere oficiale. Adminis- traţia centrală (pe atunci cu multe reflexe moştenite din totalitarism) a fost deranjată atât de viziunile, părerile, opţiunile alternative ale societăţii civile, cât şi de faptul că aceste poziţii încep să aibă audienţă internaţională. În acest context, începând cu 1991, la nivelul administraţiei centrale (cel mai adesea în cadrul Ministerului Afacerilor Externe) s-a problematizat posibila confuzie dintre denumirea nou promovată de rom şi cea de român (mai mulţi miniştri de externe fiind puşi în situaţia să ia poziţie în această problemă spinoasă). În timp, retorica ce argumenta inoportunitatea utilizării termenului de rom a devenit mai elaborată, înmulţindu-se şi categoriile sociale care s-au impli- cat în mod activ în această argumentare. În felul acesta, unii susţinători merg dincolo de a problematiza eventuala confuzie creată de omonimia celor două etnonime. Aceştia văd în promovarea termenului de rom un adevărat război sistematic de imagine, care, prin încercarea de asociere a romilor cu românii, urmăreşte compromiterea românilor ca naţiune şi a României ca stat. Pe de altă parte, dezbaterea a luat amploare în termeni de categorii sociale impli- cate. Deja în 2009 asistăm la o campanie acerbă prin intermediul unui organ de presă ce include în titulatura lui ideea de „naţional”, în vederea utilizării oficiale a termenului de ţigan, fapt ce ar fi trebuit statuat prin lege. Pentru ca toamna lui 2010 să cunoască şi o propunere legislativă în adoptarea oficială a denumirii de ţigan, în cele din urmă iniţiativa parlamentarului fiind respinsă în aprilie 2011, în faţa presiunilor venite din partea reacţiilor vehemente şi a argumentelor invocate de liderii acestei etnii, dar şi a societăţii civile. Ceea ce este semnificativ în acest episod a fost „academizarea” dezbaterii, antrenarea unei părţi a mediului academic, în legitimarea de către specialişti a inoportu- nităţii utilizării oficiale a termenului de rom. În fapt, iniţiativa editării volumului de faţă se constituie ca o reacţie la acest ultim episod. Pentru evitarea oricăror neînţelegeri, trebuie să afirmăm cât se poate de răspicat faptul că publicaţia de faţă nu se constituie într-o poziţio- nare faţă de polemicile ştiinţifice. Considerăm că instrumentalizarea politică a noţiunilor, a conceptelor sau denumirilor depăşeşte cadrele ştiinţificităţii, iar prin punerea lor în slujba politicului, a soluţiilor de moment (doar pentru a da satisfacţii parţiale unui anumit segment de populaţie), oferă efemeritate acestei întreprinderi. A dezavua ştiinţific o denumire prin care se încearcă pro- movarea demnităţii unei populaţii nu face altceva decât să ne readucă în me- morie măcar consecinţele tragice ale celui din urmă război mondial, prefaţat oarecum din perspectivă politică şi pseudo-ştiinţifică prin ample construcţii aşa-zis „academice” şi „universitare”. 8 CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE Dacă în perioada interbelică tendinţa de a-şi constitui în România propriile organizaţii de reprezentare şi de a fi cunoscuţi ca romi nu a provocat nici sur- prindere, dar nici iritare, altfel stau lucrurile acum în ceea ce priveşte contro- versa etnonimelor. Faptul că mereu România a părut defazată de la evoluţiile general europene, s-ar putea pune cu simplitate pe seama evoluţiei istorice. A genera însă dezbateri în această direcţie pornind de la situaţii de infracţio- nalitate, bunăoară de la faptul că un cetăţean român de etnie romă, Romulus Mailat, a fost autorul unei crime în Italia, iar că presa din peninsulă ar fi asimi- lat pe respectivul cu naţiunea română,
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