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Greenhouse Gas Inventory Development in Asia CGER-REPORT ISSN 1341-4356 CGER-I067-2006 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Development in Asia - Experiences from Workshops on Greenhouse Gas Inventories in Asia - Edited by Chisa Umemiya Center for Global Environmental Research National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan Greenhouse Gas Inventory Development in Asia - Experiences from Workshops on Greenhouse Gas Inventories in Asia - Editor Chisa Umemiya Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan Fax: +81-29-858-2645 E-mail: [email protected] Copies available from: Center for Global Environmental Research (CGER) National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan Fax: +81-29-858-2645 E-mail: [email protected] http://www-cger.nies.go.jp Cover design: Keiko Nagayoshi, CGER/NIES Copyright 2006: NIES: National Institute for Environmental Studies All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electric or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information retrieval system, without permission in writing from NIES. All copies in PDF format are available from: http://www-cger.nies.go.jp/cger-e/e_report/r_index-e.html This book is printed on recycled paper. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations AD activity data ALGAS Asia Least-cost Greenhouse Gas Abatement Strategy C carbon CDM Clean Development Mechanism CH4 methane CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CO carbon monoxide CO2 carbon dioxide DOC degradable organic carbon EF emission factor EFDB Emission Factor Database eq equivalent GDP gross domestic product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG greenhouse gas GWP global warming potential HFC hydrofluorocarbon IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MSW municipal solid waste N nitrogen N2O nitrous oxide NC national communication NH3 ammonia NIES National Institute for Environmental Studies NMVOCs non-methane volatile organic compounds NOX nitrogen oxides PFC perfluorocarbon QA quality assurance QC quality control RF removal factor SF6 sulphur hexafluoride UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WGIA Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Inventories in Asia iii Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................................ⅰ Preface......................................................................................................................................ⅱ List of acronyms and abbreviation...........................................................................................ⅲ Contents....................................................................................................................................ⅳ Executive Summary .................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................................6 1.2 Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Inventories in Asia (WGIA)...............................................7 Chapter 2 Regional Characteristics 2.1 Identification of Regionally-Significant Source/Sink Categories in Asia .......................12 Chapter 3 Countries’ Status - Good Practices and Barriers 3.1 Cambodia ...........................................................................................................................20 3.2 India....................................................................................................................................25 3.3 Malaysia .............................................................................................................................36 3.4 Mongolia ............................................................................................................................39 Chapter 4 Energy Sector 4.1 Introduction of the Energy Working Group.......................................................................46 4.2 Good Practices 4.2.1 Summary...................................................................................................................46 4.2.2 Development of the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventory for the Energy Sector in Malaysia ...................................................................................................................48 4.3 Challenges and Possible Solutions.....................................................................................54 4.4 Other Points Discussed.......................................................................................................54 Chapter 5 Agriculture Sector 5.1 Introduction of the Agriculture Working Group................................................................56 5.2 Good Practices 5.2.1 Summary...................................................................................................................56 5.2.2 Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions in Hedgerow Systems in the Uplands of Southern Philippines ................................................................................................58 5.2.3 Better Evaluation System for N2O and CH4 Emission from Composting (and Waste Waster Purification) of Livestock Waste .................................................................78 5.3 Challenges and Possible Solutions.....................................................................................83 5.4 Other Points Discussed.......................................................................................................83 iv Chapter 6 Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) Sector 6.1 Introduction of the LULUCF Working Group...................................................................86 6.2 Good Practices 6.2.1 Summary...................................................................................................................86 6.2.2 Development and Issues on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories for the Land Use Change & Forestry (LUCF) Sector in Malaysia ......................................................88 6.2.3 Development of the LULUCF’s GHG Inventories of Cambodia ............................95 6.2.4 Experience Learned from Using IPCC’s GPG for LULUCF in Developing Japan’s Inventories..............................................................................................................104 6.3 Challenges and Possible Solutions...................................................................................110 6.4 Other Points Discussed.....................................................................................................110 Chapter 7 Waste Sector 7.1 Introduction of the Waste Working Group ......................................................................112 7.2 Good Practices 7.2.1 Summary.................................................................................................................112 7.2.2 The Estimate Model of MSW Production in China .............................................114 7.3 Challenges and Possible Solutions...................................................................................129 7.4 Other Points Discussed.....................................................................................................129 Chapter 8 Next Steps..............................................................................................................................131 Appendix 1: List of Contact Persons ................................................................................................. 135 Appendix 2: WGIA Leaflet.................................................................................................................. 137 v Greenhouse Gas Inventory Development in Asia CGER-I067-2006, CGER/NIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into force in March 1994 for nations all over the world to start considering how to deal with the serious challenges caused by climate change. As of June 2006, 189 nations have ratified the Convention. Under the Convention, all parties must develop and publish a national inventory of greenhouse gases (GHG) not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. GHG inventories are extremely important as they can provide information on trends in GHG emissions and removals, which allows policy makers to develop measures more effectively and reliably to reduce GHG emissions. GHG inventories are developed according to the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Although these IPCC guidelines contain “default” emission factors and activity data to enable all countries to construct inventories, the parties are encouraged to make efforts to develop their own emission factors and activity data as the “default” values may not represent a particular country’s circumstances. The intensity of each country’s efforts is likely to vary widely as it depends on national conditions. Therefore, information exchange among countries is considered effective to help countries improve the quality of their GHG inventories. “The Workshop on Greenhouse Gas Inventories in Asia (WGIA)” has been organised annually since November 2003 with the support of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. The major purpose of
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