3D Modelling in the Registration and Restoration of a Megalithic Tomb
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'Neither God Nor Monster': Antonio Maura and the Failure of Conservative Reformism in Restoration Spain (1893–1923)
María Jesús González ‘Neither God Nor Monster’: Antonio Maura and the Failure of Conservative Reformism in Restoration Spain (1893–1923) ‘Would you please tell me which way I ought to go from here?’, said Alice. ‘That depends on where you want to get to’, said the cat. (Alice in Wonderland, London, The Nonesuch Press, 1939, p. 64) During the summer of 1903, a Spanish republican deputy and journalist, Luis Morote, visited the summer watering-holes of a number of eminent Spanish politicians. Of the resulting inter- views — published as El pulso de España1 — two have assumed a symbolic value of special significance. When Morote interviewed the Conservative politician Eduardo Dato, Dato was on the terrace of a luxury hotel in San Sebastián, talking with his friends, the cream of the aristocracy. It was in that idyllic place that Dato declared his great interest in social reforms as the best way to avoid any threat to the stability of the political system. He was convinced that nobody would find the necessary support for political revolution in Spain. The real danger lay in social revolution.2 Morote wrote that Antonio Maura, who was at his Santander residence, went into a sort of ‘mystic monologue’, talking enthu- siastically about democracy, the treasure of national energy that was hidden in the people, the absence of middle classes and the mission of politicians: that the people should participate, and that every field in politics should be worked at and dignified.3 Two Conservative politicians, two different approaches, two different paths towards an uncertain destination: one of them patching up holes in the system and the liberal parliamentary monarchic regime in its most pressing social requirements, the European History Quarterly Copyright © 2002 SAGE Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, Vol. -
The Spanish Civil War (1936–39)
12 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 1: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR (1936–39) ‘A civil war is not a war but a sickness,’ wrote Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. ‘The enemy is within. One fights almost against oneself.’ Yet Spain’s tragedy in 1936 was even greater. It had become enmeshed in the international civil war, which started in earnest with the Bolshevik revolution. From Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 , 2006 The Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936 after more than a century of social, economic and political division. Half a million people died in this conflict between 1936 and 1939. As you read through this chapter, consider the following essay questions: Ģ Why did a civil war break out in Spain in 1936? Ģ How significant was the impact of foreign involvement on the outcome of the Spanish Civil War? General Francisco Franco, the Ģ What were the key effects of the Spanish Civil War? leader who took Nationalist forces to victory in the Spanish Civil War. Timeline of events – 1820–1931 1820 The Spanish Army, supported by liberals, overthrows the absolute monarchy and makes Spain a constitutional monarchy in a modernizing revolution 1821 Absolute monarchy is restored to Spain by French forces in an attempt to reinstate the old order 1833 In an attempt to prevent a female succession following the death of King Ferdinand, there is a revolt by ‘Carlists’. The army intervenes to defeat the Carlists, who nevertheless remain a strong conservative force in Spanish politics (see Interesting Facts box) 1833–69 The army’s influence in national politics increases during the ‘rule of the Queens’ 1869–70 Anarchist revolts take place against the state 1870–71 The monarchy is overthrown and the First Republic is established 1871 The army restores a constitutional monarchy 1875–1918 During this period the constitutional monarchy allows for democratic elections. -
Basic Information and Reading Recommendations Regarding the History and the Legacies of the Spanish Civil War
Memory Lab 8th annual study trip and workshop, 17 -23 September 2017: Madrid, Belchite, Barcelona, La Jonquera, Rivesaltes Basic information and reading recommendations regarding the history and the legacies of the Spanish Civil War 1. The history of Spain in the 20th century, with a special emphasis on the Spanish Civil War 1936- 1939 1.1. Some basic information 1.2. Reading recommendations 2. Legacies and memories of the Spanish Civil War, from 1939 until today 2.1. Some basic information 2.2. Reading recommendations 3. Glossary: Important terms and names regarding the Spanish Civil War and its memories 4. Infos and links about the sites we will visit during our program 1. The history of Spain in the 20th Century, with a special emphasis on the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 1. 1. Some basic information 1.1.1. The Second Spanish Republic (1931-1939) → 14. April 1931: After centuries of monarchic reign in Spain (with a short Republican intermezzo in 1873/4), the Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed and King Alfonso XIII flees the country, following the landslide victory of anti-monarchist forces at the municipal elections two days earlier. → Some characteristics for the following years: many important reforms (for example land reform, right to vote for women, autonomy for Catalonia and other regions) ; political tensions within the republican governing parties, between more leftist and more conservative tendencies, accompanied by strikes and labour conflicts ; at the general elections in February 1936 victory of the Popular Front regrouping different left-wing political organisations, including socialists and communists. Non- acceptance of the new Republican regime by monarchist and nationalist forces. -
Mazo's 'Queen Mariana of Spain in Mourning'
National Gallery Technical Bulletin Volume 26, 2005 National Gallery Company London Distributed by Yale University Press Series editor Ashok Roy © National Gallery Company Limited 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. First published in Great Britain in 2005 by National Gallery Company Limited St Vincent House, 30 Orange Street London wc2h 7hh www.nationalgallery.co.uk British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this journal is available from the British Library isbn 1 85709 341 0 issn 0140 7430 525046 Publisher Kate Bell Project manager Jan Green Editor Diana Davies Designer Tim Harvey Picture research Xenia Corcoran and Kim Klehmet Production Jane Hyne and Penny Le Tissier Printed in Italy by Conti Tipocolor front cover Rubens, The Judgement of Paris (NG 194), detail of plate 1, page 4. title page Joachim Beuckelaer, The Four Elements: Air (NG 6587), detail of serving girl. Mazo’s Queen Mariana of Spain in Mourning paul ackroyd, dawson carr and marika spring he artistic personality of Juan Bautista his new son-in-law to his former position of Usher TMartínez del Mazo (1611–1667) is obscured by of the Chamber, the first of a series of appoint- the shadow of his father-in-law and master, Diego ments that ensured Mazo’s social standing at court. Velázquez (1599–1660).1 For most of his career, This was ultimately measured by the extent of a Mazo’s chief responsibility was to emulate courtier’s access to members of the royal family, and Velázquez’s style as closely as possible in copies and in 1643 Mazo was honoured with the appointment adaptations of portraits, principally of Philip IV of Painter to the Infante Baltasar Carlos and his immediate family. -
Political Economy of Roads Spanish Restoration
The Political Economy of Road Construction: Evidence from Restoration Spain 1 Marta Curto-Grau; Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, and Albert Solé-Ollé Universitat de Barcelona November 2009 Very preliminary draft Please do not quote Abstract This paper aims at analysing the extent to which public allocation of road investment was influenced by political and electoral goals during the Spanish Restoration (1874- 1923). More precisely, our main purpose is to identify which sort of provinces were favoured with road construction expenditures and whether tactical strategies used by parties varied over time due to the increase in political competition. Thus, this paper links concepts from three strands of literature: legislative pork-barrel, clientelism and machine politics, and electoral competition. Our key empirical finding on a panel of Spain’s provinces suggests that those provinces that elected a large share of deputies belonging to minority or opposition parties were initially punished through lower levels of road investment but by the end of the period were favoured with more resources than the rest. On the other hand, we can also observe that “senior” deputies were more capable than other politicians to attract resources to their constituencies. Keywords : road investment, distributive politics, electoral competition, vote-buying. JEL classification : H54, P16, D72 1 We thank Julio Martínez Galarraga, Elena Martínez Ruiz and Javier Moreno Luzón for their very useful suggestions and help. “We refer (a journalist wrote) to the immoral, disastrous and disturbing faculties conferred the Co-legislative Bodies to include in abundance roads in the State General Plans without any other guidance than the political and electoral desires of the Deputies and Senators (…).” Revista de Obras Públicas (1899) 1. -
Spanish Civil War 1936–9
CHAPTER 2 Spanish Civil War 1936–9 The Spanish Civil War 1936–9 was a struggle between the forces of the political left and the political right in Spain. The forces of the left were a disparate group led by the socialist Republican government against whom a group of right-wing military rebels and their supporters launched a military uprising in July 1936. This developed into civil war which, like many civil conflicts, quickly acquired an international dimension that was to play a decisive role in the ultimate victory of the right. The victory of the right-wing forces led to the establishment of a military dictatorship in Spain under the leadership of General Franco, which would last until his death in 1975. The following key questions will be addressed in this chapter: + To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by long-term social divisions within Spanish society? + To what extent should the Republican governments between 1931 and 1936 be blamed for the failure to prevent civil war? + Why did civil war break out? + Why did the Republican government lose the Spanish Civil War? + To what extent was Spain fundamentally changed by the civil war? 1 The long-term causes of the Spanish Civil War Key question: To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by long-term social divisions within Spanish society? KEY TERM The Spanish Civil War began on 17 July 1936 when significant numbers of Spanish Morocco Refers military garrisons throughout Spain and Spanish Morocco, led by senior to the significant proportion of Morocco that was army officers, revolted against the left-wing Republican government. -
Franco's Spain and the European Integration Process (1945-1975) Enrique Moradiellos Universidad De Extremadura, [email protected]
Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies Journal of the Association for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies Volume 41 | Issue 1 Article 4 2016 Franco's Spain and the European Integration Process (1945-1975) Enrique Moradiellos Universidad de Extremadura, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.asphs.net/bsphs Part of the European History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Moradiellos, Enrique (2016) "Franco's Spain and the European Integration Process (1945-1975)," Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies: Vol. 41 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. https://doi.org/10.26431/0739-182X.1225 Available at: https://digitalcommons.asphs.net/bsphs/vol41/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Association for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies by an authorized editor of Association for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Franco's Spain and the European Integration Process (1945-1975) Cover Page Footnote This article is part of a historical research project financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (HAR2013-41041-P). This article is available in Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies: https://digitalcommons.asphs.net/bsphs/vol41/ iss1/4 BSPHS 41:1 (2016) FRANCO'S SPAIN AND THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESS (1945-1975)1 Enrique Moradiellos During the rule of General Francisco Franco, Spain had a highly complex and tense relationship with the European integration process in the years preceding and following the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) under the Treaty of Rome in March 1957. -
The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain's New Charlemagne
THE ADMINISTRATION OF SPAIN UNDER CHARLES V, SPAIN’S NEW CHARLEMAGNE Joseph Beard, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2005 APPROVED: Laura Stern, Major Professor Marilyn Morris, Committee Member Peter Lane, Committee Member Harold Tanner, Chair of the Department of History Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Beard, Joseph, The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain’s New Charlemagne. Master of Arts (History), May 2005, 232 pp., 3 tables, bibliography, 110 titles. Charles I, King of Spain, or Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, was the most powerful ruler in Europe since Charlemagne. With a Germanic background, and speaking French, Charles became King of Spain in 1516. Yet secondary sources and available sixteenth century Spanish sources such as Spanish Royal Council records, local records of Castro Urdiales in Castile, and Charles’s correspondence show that he continued the policies of his predecessors in Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. He strove to strengthen his power and unify Spain and his empire using Castilian strength, a Castilian model of government, Roman law, religion, his strong personality, and a loyal and talented bureaucracy. Charles desired to be another Charlemagne, but with his base of power in Spain. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………...……..iii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW………...…………1 Introduction Historiographical Review Thesis Statement and Chapter Contents 2. THE GOVERNING IDEAS AND ACTIONS OF CHARLES AT THE BEGINNING OF HIS RULE IN THE NETHERLANDS, THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, AND SPAIN……...……………………………………………….......44 Introduction Charles’s Childhood and General Political Theory of Europe Burgundy before Charles’s Reign The Netherlands during Charles’s Reign The Holy Roman Empire before Charles’s Reign The Holy Roman Empire during Charles’s Reign The Political Theory Charles Developed Conclusions 3. -
Alfonso XIII, King of Spain | 1914-1918-Online
Alfonso XIII, King of Spain By Carolina García Sanz De Borbón, Alfonso (King Alfonso XIII, El Africano [the African], El rey regeneracionista, The Regenerator) King of Spain Born 17 March 1886 in Madrid, Spain Died 28 February 1941 in Rome, Italy Alfonso XIII was a controversial Spanish king during the first decades of the 20th century. During the First World War he established a humanitarian office for prisoners and civilian relief at the Royal Palace in Madrid. Table of Contents 1 A Young King: The Expectations for Spanish Regeneration 2 The Great War 2.1 A Pacifist King 3 Postwar Actions Selected Bibliography Citation A Young King: The Expectations for Spanish Regeneration After the failure of the First Spanish Republic in 1873, a conservative seizure of power led to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy with the ascendance of Alfonso XII, King of Spain (1857–1885) to the throne. The Restaurationist constitution of 1876 was expected to bring endemic antagonism between military and civilian powers to an end. The new system entailed a commitment between the monarch and two political parties (Conservatives and Liberals). Alfonso XIII, King of Spain (1886-1941), who was born after his father's premature death, attained majority status at the age of sixteen. This prompted his mother, María Cristina, Queen, consort of Alfonso XII, King of Spain (1858–1929) to resign the regency in 1902. After the Spanish-American War of 1898, which had ended Spain's colonial empire, the young king represented the clearest example of a new generation that could change the face of the nation. -
Historical Memory and the Past: the Spanish Civil War in Current-Day Spain
HISTORICAL MEMORY AND THE PAST: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN CURRENT-DAY SPAIN by Melanie M. Oates A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences with a Concentration in International Studies The Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Jupiter, Florida May 2016 HISTORICAL MEMORY AND THE PAST: THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN CURRENT-DAY SPAIN by Melanie M. Oates This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s thesis advisor, Dr. Carmen Cañete-Quesada, and has been approved by members of her supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of The Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: __________________________ Dr. Carmen Cañete-Quesada __________________________ Dr. Timothy Steigenga __________________________ Dr. Jeffrey Buller Dean, Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College _____________ Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Carmen Cañete-Quesada, for the endless support and reassurance she has provided me throughout the researching and writing processes of my thesis project. Dr. Cañete-Quesada’s genuine positivity and patient endurance throughout this project have been a true blessing to my life. I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation to my academic advisor and second reader, Dr. Tim Steigenga, for his continued guidance and encouragement throughout my undergraduate studies. Without the help of these two brilliant professors my undergraduate experience would not have been nearly as rewarding as it has been. -
Mid-Holocene Palaeoenvironment, Plant Resources and Human Interaction in Northeast Iberia: an Archaeobotanical Approach
applied sciences Article Mid-Holocene Palaeoenvironment, Plant Resources and Human Interaction in Northeast Iberia: An Archaeobotanical Approach Raquel Piqué 1,* , Marta Alcolea 1 , Ferran Antolín 2,3 , Marian Berihuete-Azorín 4,5 , Anna Berrocal 1, David Rodríguez-Antón 1, Maria Herrero-Otal 1, Oriol López-Bultó 1 , Laura Obea 1 and Jordi Revelles 4,5 1 Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08913 Bellaterra, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (D.R.-A.); [email protected] (M.H.-O.); [email protected] (O.L.-B.); [email protected] (L.O.) 2 Department of Natural Sciences, German Archaeological Institute, Im Dol 2–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 3 Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Sciences, University of Basel, Spalenring 145, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland 4 Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain; [email protected] (M.B.-A.); [email protected] (J.R.) 5 Departament d’Història i Història de l’Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The role of the adoption of farming economies in the transformation of mid-Holocene landscapes in Northeast Iberia is under discussion given that the Neolithization coincides with the Citation: Piqué, R.; Alcolea, M.; cold climatic phase dated ca. 7500–7000 cal BP. The main aim of this paper is to assess whether Antolín, F.; Berihuete-Azorín, M.; human activities or climate were the main driver of vegetation changes during the Middle Holocene Berrocal, A.; Rodríguez-Antón, D.; through the study of the archaeobotanical data from three case studies: Cova del Sardo, La Draga, Herrero-Otal, M.; López-Bultó, O.; and Coves del Fem. -
Rendering Death: Ideological and Archaeological Narratives from Recent Prehistory (Iberia)
Rendering Death: Ideological and Archaeological Narratives from Recent Prehistory (Iberia) Proceedings of the conference held in Abrantes, Portugal, 11 May 2013 Edited by Ana Cruz Enrique Cerrillo-Cuenca Primitiva Bueno Ramírez João Carlos Caninas Carlos Batata BAR International Series 2648 2014 Published by Archaeopress Publishers of British Archaeological Reports Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED England [email protected] www.archaeopress.com BAR S2648 Rendering Death: Ideological and Archaeological Narratives from Recent Prehistory (Iberia) © Archaeopress and the individual authors 2014 ISBN 978 1 4073 1287 3 Printed in England by Information Press, Oxford All BAR titles are available from: Hadrian Books Ltd 122 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7BP England www.hadrianbooks.co.uk The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com Contents LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .............................................................................................................................................................. II LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, TABLES AND GRAPHICS .............................................................................................................. IV RENDERING DEATH - IDEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPEECHES FROM RECENT PREHISTORY (IBERIA) ANA CRUZ ........................................................................................................................................................................