10): Sep.-Oct., 2018:5895-5899] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES (Int

Review Article Tiwari et al., 9(9&10): Sep.-Oct., 2018:5895-5899] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES (Int. J. of Pharm. Life Sci.) Phytochemical, Pharmacological and therapeutic significance of Quercus infectoria Oliv. Sarika Tiwari1*, Sumeet Dwivedi2 and Raghvendra Dubey1 1, College of Pharmacy, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam University, Indore, (M.P.) - India 2, Department of Pharmacognosy, Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, Indore, (M.P.) - India Abstract The present review focuses on the phytochemical profile, pharmacological aspects and therapeutic and traditional uses of Quercus infectoria Oliv.: An Indian medicinal plants widely used in the treatment of microbial infections, inflammation and pain. Keywords: Quercus infectoria Oliv., Pharmacology, Phytochemicals Introduction Phytochemical Profile4-5 Quercus infectoria Oliv. Synonyms: Quercus The galls from Quercus infectoria contain the highest carpinea Kotschy ex A.DC., Quercus naturally occurring level of tannin, approx. 50–70%, grosseserrata Kotschy ex Wenz., Quercus syringic acid, β-sitosterol, amentoflavone, puberula O.Schwarz, Quercus thirkeana K.Koch; hexamethyl ether, isocryptomerin, methyl betulate, Local name: Oak, Majuphal; Family: Fagaceae. methyl oleanate and hexagalloyl glucose. They also Quercus infectoria or locally known as Manjakani in contain 2-4% each of gallic and ellagic acid that are Malaysia is a small tree native of Greece and Asia polymerized to make tannins. Tannins have been Minor, with four to six feet in height. The stems are used for hundreds of years for medical purposes and crooked, shrubby looking with smooth and bright- are currently indispensable in dermatology and have green leaves borne on short petioles of 1 to 1.5 inches been used for tanning of leather. long. The leaves are bluntly mucronate, rounded, Tannins comprise a large group of natural products smooth, unequal at the base and shiny on the upper widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They have a side. Meanwhile,Quercus infectoria galls are great structural diversity, but are usually divided into corrugated and can be used as a thickener in stews or two basic groups: the hydrolyzable type and the mixed with cereals for making bread. 1-3 condensed type. Hydrolyzable tannins include the Phytochemical Profile4-5 commonly occurring gallic and ellagic acid contained The galls from Quercus infectoria contain the highest in the nutgalls. naturally occurring level of tannin, approx. 50–70%, Hydrolyzable tannins are present in many different syringic acid, β-sitosterol, amentoflavone, plant species but are found in particularly high hexamethyl ether, isocryptomerin, methyl betulate, concentrations in nutgalls growing on Rhus semialata methyl oleanate and hexagalloyl glucose. They also (Chinese and Korean gallotannins) and Quercus contain 2-4% each of gallic and ellagic acid that are infectoria (Turkish and Chinese gallotannins), the polymerized to make tannins. Tannins have been seedpods of Caesalpinia spinosa (Tara tannins), and used for hundreds of years for medical purposes and the fruits of Terminalia chebula. The gallic and are currently indispensable in dermatology and have ellagic acid hydrolyzable tannins react with proteins been used for tanning of leather. to produce typical tanning effects; medicinally, this is important to treat inflamed or ulcerated tissues. They also contribute to most of the astringent property of manjakani and are therefore great for vaginal * Corresponding Author tightening. E.mail: [email protected] Although both types of tannin have been used to treat diseases in traditional medicine, the hydrolyzable tannins have long been considered official medicinal agents in Europe and North America. They have been included in many pharmacopoeias, in the older © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 5895 Review Article Tiwari et al., 9(9&10): Sep.-Oct., 2018:5895-5899] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 editions in particular, and are specifically referred to as tannic acid. These were recommended for treatment of inflammation and ulceration, including topical application for skin diseases and internal use for intestinal ulceration and diarrhea. Now, the condensed tannins also have important medicinal roles, such as stable and potent antioxidants. In China, tannin-containing substances, such as galls, pomegranate rinds, and terminalia fruits, are used in several medicinal preparations. Therapeutic Uses6-10 The galls of Quercus infectoria have also been pharmacologically documented to possess astringent, antidiabetic, antitremorine, local anaesthetic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal and anti-inflammatory activities. The main constituents found in the galls of Quercus infectoria are tannin (50-70%) and small amount of free gallic Fig. 1: Quercus infectoria Oliv. Plant acid and ellagic acid. The wide range of pharmacological activities of this plant might support the efficacy of extract preparation of Quercus infectoria that are widely used in Malaysia for treating many kinds of health problems since many decades ago. The nutgalls have been pharmacologically documented on their antiamoebic, anticariogenic and anti- inflammatory activities, to treat skin infections and gastrointestinal disorders. Traditional Uses11 . It has been used as dental powder and in the treatment of toothache and gingivitis. Traditionally dried fruit powder used in the treatment of women disorders . Whole plant is useful in the treatment of Fig. 2: Quercus infectoria Oliv. Fresh Fruits microbial infection Pharmacological Profile 12-24 Quercus infectoria Oliv. is medicinal plants having wide therapeutic efficacy. The pharmacological activity of the plant is mentioned below: Anti-microbial activity Ethanol extract displayed relatively better inhibitory activity towards all tested urobacterial species and significantly inhibited the growth of the gram negative bacteria. Thus helps in preventing UTI. Proposed etiopathogenesis was tannins prevent bacteria from adhering to cells because hydrolysable tannins contain structures similar to the bacterial binding receptors on the surface of urinary tract cells and thereby preventing adherence of the bacteria to Fig. 3: Quercus infectoria Oliv. Dried Fruits the cell surface receptors. © Sakun Publishing House (SPH): IJPLS 5896 Review Article Tiwari et al., 9(9&10): Sep.-Oct., 2018:5895-5899] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Mechanism of Quercus infectoria (nutgalls) extract mediators and attenuated the necroinflammatory and its component were investigated for anti- changes in the liver. methicillin –resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nephroprotective anti tumour activity Quercus (MRSA). The appearance of pseudomulticellular infectoria acts as a potent chemopreventive agent and bacteria in the nutgall ethanol extract cell and the suppresses Fe-NTA induced renal carcinogenesis and synergistic effect of the plant extract with beta- oxidative and inflammatory response in wistar rats. lactamase-susceptible penicillins indicated that the Oral administration of Quercus infectoria at doses of extract may interfere with staphylococcal enzymes 75 and 150 mg/kg b wt effectively suppressed renal including wall autolysins and beta-lactamase. oxidative stress, inflammation and tumour incidence. Active compounds present in crude ethanol extract Chemopreventive effects were associated with up- shows antibacterial activity with dose dependent regulation of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme manner. Their mode of antimicrobial action may be activities and down regulation of serum toxicity related to their ability to inactivate microbial markers. adhesions, enzymes, cell envelope transport proteins, Wound healing property complex with polysaccharides etc. In an experimental trial, ethanol extract of the shaded The antimicrobial activity of Q. infectoria was dried leaves of Quercus infectoria were studied for its examined using different solvents of varying polarity effect on wound healing in rats, using incision, and efficacy was compared. The results obtained excision and dead space wound models, at two from this study reveal that Quercus infectoria galls different dose levels of 400 and 800 mg/kg. The plant have antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive showed a definitive, positive effect on wound Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus and healing, with a significant increase in the levels of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli .All extracts antioxidant enzymes, superoxidase dismutase and from the galls inhibited the Gram-positive bacteria catalase, in the granuloma tissue. This wound healing better than Gram-negative bacteria. potential may be due to its action on antioxidant Anti-inflammatory activity enzymes. Effect of alcoholic extract of Q.infetoria galls was Antidiabetic activity evaluated on various experimental models of R. Saini et al tested the methanolic extract of roots of inflammation. Oral administration of gall extract Quercus infectoria Olivier at a dose of 250 mg/kg and significantly inhibited carrageenan, histamine, 500 mg/kg body weight respectively for anti-diabetic serotonin and prostaglandin E2 induced paw edemas, activity compared with glibenclamide, an oral ehile topical application of gall extract inhibited hypoglycemic agent (3mg/kg) in alloxan induced phorbol-12-myrisate-13-acetate induced ear hyperglycaemic rats. The blood glucose levels were inflammation. Proposed pathophysiology: the anti- measured at 0, 2h, 4h and 6h after the treatment. This inflammatory

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