Os Corpos Da Devi. Religião E Género Em Diáspora

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Os Corpos Da Devi. Religião E Género Em Diáspora Departamento de Antropologia Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora Inês Lourenço Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia Especialidade em Antropologia das Sociedades Complexas Orientador: Professora Doutora Rosa Maria Perez, Professora Associada com Agregação ISCTE-IUL Junho, 2009 Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora Departamento de Antropologia Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora Inês Lourenço Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia Especialidade em Antropologia das Sociedades Complexas Orientador: Professora Doutora Rosa Maria Perez, Professora Associada com Agregação ISCTE-IUL Junho, 2009 Financiamento: ii Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora iii Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora Abstract This thesis focuses on the Gujarati Hindu diaspora in Portugal, and particularly on the key role played by women in the construction of gender and religious identities, therefore contributing to the cultural reproduction of their community. Based on a long- term fieldwork carried out amongst the Hindu community of Santo António dos Cavaleiros (Loures), I aim at showing the way that Hindu women in Portugal are ascribed new status through religion, as the perpetuators of what is perceived as traditional knowledge, consequently replacing the role played by male pujari in the negotiation of cultural and religious belonging. By the same token, these women guarantee the upholding of a patriarchal ideology within transnational networks framed by a conservative ideology. The ritual centrality given to women by the Gujarati diaspora in Portugal results from its specific features, namely its weak economical structure inhibiting a lasting and regular attendance of Hindu priests, and the lack of professional occupations held by a significant number of these women. In this as in other Hindu diasporas in the world, India works out as the structural reference upon which the diasporic identity is asserted. Key-words: Hindu diaspora; gender; religion; postcolonialism; transnationalism. Resumo A presente tese centra-se na diáspora hindu gujarati em Portugal, particularmente no papel desempenhado pelas mulheres na construção de identidades religiosas e de género, processo este, que contribui para a reprodução cultural da sua comunidade. A partir de um trabalho de campo prolongado realizado entre a comunidade hindu de Santo António dos Cavaleiros (Loures), pretendo demonstrar o modo como as mulheres hindus em Portugal adquirem novos estatutos através da esfera religiosa, enquanto perpetuadoras do conhecimento tradicional, substituindo, consequentemente, o papel do pujari masculino na negociação da pertença cultural e religiosa. Ao mesmo tempo, estas mulheres garantem a manutenção de uma ideologia patriarcal, enquadrada pelas estruturas conservadoras que circulam através das redes transnacionais. A centralidade ritual atribuída às mulheres pela diáspora gujarati em Portugal, resulta das suas características específicas, nomeadamente de uma deficitária estrutura económica que inibe a permanência regular de sacerdotes hindus, e da não ocupação profissional de um número significativo destas mulheres. Nesta, como noutras diásporas hindus no mundo, a Índia funciona como a referência estrutural, sobre a qual assenta a identidade diaspórica. Palavras-chave: diáspora hindu; género; religião; pós-colonialismo; transnacionalidade. iv Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora Agradecimentos A concretização desta dissertação não seria possível sem o apoio de muitas pessoas que me acompanharam ao longo do processo de trabalho de investigação e de escrita e a quem expresso o meu agradecimento. Em primeiro lugar, deixo o meu profundo agradecimento à Professora Doutora Rosa Maria Perez, a minha orientadora de doutoramento que, desde o primeiro minuto, acompanhou entusiasticamente o meu trabalho. Ao longo do percurso que culminou nesta dissertação muitos foram os momentos de partilha que resultaram numa grande amizade, nascida de interesses comuns, entre os quais a Índia. Pela sua sabedoria, dedicação e ternura. Gostaria também de deixar uma palavra de reconhecimento ao Professor Doutor Brian O’Neill pelo interesse que sempre demonstrou pelo meu trabalho e pelas suas sugestões bibliográficas. À Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia agradeço o financiamento, essencial à concretização deste projecto. O meu reconhecimento dirige-se especialmente às pessoas que estiveram directamente envolvidas na minha pesquisa. À comunidade hindu de Santo António dos Cavaleiros em geral e particularmente à memória de Manjibhai Carsane, cujo entusiasmo e afecto deixam muitas saudades. À sua filha e minha companheira de primeira experiência etnográfica na Índia, Krishna Carsane, agradeço a amizade que entre nós nasceu desde 2000. A Nimuben pela tranquilidade e ao Pinku pela boa disposição. A ternura maternal de Indiramasi, o carinho das suas noras Hina, Tania e Darshna e o entusiasmo dos seus filhos Kundan, Janak e Tushar. A Lakshmimasi agradeço a alegria e a sabedoria que me transmitiu e a Sushilamasi, Manjulamasi e Bhanumasi a paciência para as minhas intermináveis perguntas. A Rinku, Ankita e Reshma agradeço a força e determinação que me inspiraram. Ao presidente da Associação de Solidariedade Social Templo de Shiva, Kantilal Valabhdas e à sua esposa Sirupaben, expresso o meu reconhecimento pelo apoio constante. A Lakshmiben que me recebeu durante vários meses na sua casa para me ensinar gujarati e também a Madhuben e Pushpaben. O apoio ao longo de anos de Chotalal Babulal, e ainda de Pradip Kumar, Ishvarlal Bawa, Rajnicant Tulsidas, Babubhai e Tulidas, e dos sacerdotes v Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora Kiritbhai e Sastriji Ramnik Davé. Na Portela agradeço especialmente a amizade da Bina e a todas as senhoras o facto de me receberem com alegria no templo e nas suas casas. Não esqueço, em Leicester, o acolhimento amável da minha primeira professora de gujarati em Portugal, Manjulaben, e das suas filhas Khilona e Yogita. Em Wembley agradeço as recepções calorosas de Dina e Pushpaben. Na Índia, em Diu, a enorme disponibilidade de Sumanbhai, sua esposa e filha Padmini, Vanitaben e Virendralal, Shandramukhiben e Princi, Bhavanibhai, Vishnubhai e Paduben, Pranlakshmiben e marido, Krimila, Prianka e família, Purvi, Dineshri, Lenette e Sr. Armando, Sr. Francisco e D. Aline, Iqbal e família, Pe. Sérgio Mascarenhas e, em Fudam, a Arunaben, Vanitaben e Jamakben. Em Goa, o acolhimento de Maria Fernanda Noronha da Costa e Sousa e à memória do saudoso Engenheiro Audhut Kamat. A todos agradeço, sobretudo, a amizade que nasceu destes encontros. Aos meus amigos e colegas que partilharam comigo os melhores momentos e, especialmente, os mais difíceis deste trabalho: à Cláudia Pereira agradeço a amizade que cresceu entre nós desde o início do doutoramento e também os momentos de cumplicidade que resultaram do encontro dos nossos projectos científicos coincidentes no tempo. À Ana Sofia Miranda, pela paciente revisão dos meus textos e, principalmente, pela confiança que me deu ao longo deste trajecto. Ao Alexandre Oliveira pelo incansável trabalho de revisão da tese. À Rita Cachado, pela partilha de terrenos e de sentimentos e ao Hugo Cardoso que, à distância, me foi aproximando de Diu através do seu trabalho. À minha família agradeço a dedicação. Os meus pais estiveram sempre presentes e não me deixaram desanimar nos momentos mais difíceis. O Rui apoiou incondicionalmente as minhas decisões, mesmo que isso implicasse a minha ausência, e incentivou-me nos períodos de maior ansiedade. À Margarida, a quem dedico este trabalho, agradeço ter nascido no meio da atribulação da escrita para renovar, com a sua alegria, a minha vida. vi Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora Normas editoriais e ortográficas Tendo em atenção o facto de que este texto não se destina apenas aos leitores especializados em gujarati, foram omitidos os sinais diacríticos. Em vez de ś, utiliza-se sh (que deve ler-se ch) e em vez de c utiliza-se ch (que deve ler-se tch). O h é aspirado quando colocado antes de uma vogal (e.g. hindutva) e mudo quando colocado depois de consoante (e.g. bhakti). Os substantivos estão escritos com letra minúscula e assinalados a itálico (e.g. ghee). Os nomes de divindades, de castas, de varna, de festividades, de localidades e dos meses apresentam-se com letra maiúscula (e.g. Navratri). As palavras escritas em gujarati encontram-se reunidas e explicitadas no glossário (vide pág. 196). vii Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora Índice Introdução 1 Género, religião e diáspora: objectivos e perspectivas analíticas e 2 Enquadramento da população alvo: trajectos pós-coloniais 4 Percurso etnográfico: experiências e metodologia de trabalho de campo 7 Estrutura da dissertação 16 Capítulo 1. Diáspora: enquadramento do conceito e propostas teóricas 18 1.1. A diversidade da diáspora e percursos migratórios 20 1.2. Aprofundando o conceito de diáspora 24 1.3. Diáspora e transnacionalidade 32 1.4. Articulando diáspora, género e religião 36 1.5. Produção e reprodução cultural em diáspora 39 Capítulo 2. Género e religião em diáspora 44 2.1. Construção identitária e literatura feminina 45 2.2. As mulheres no centro das dinâmicas de submissão e resistência 49 2.3. A centralidade do corpo no processo de construção do feminino 53 2.4. A diáspora e os novos espaços de acção feminina 60 2.5. Hinduísmo em transformação: género e religião em diáspora 64 Capítulo 3. O contexto etnográfico 76 3.1. O espaço da etnografia e do quotidiano 77 3.2. A comunidade hindu de Santo António dos Cavaleiros 83 3.3. Processos de referenciação: a casta 87 3.3.1. Delimitação do universo de análise: o “grupo do satsang” 88 3.4. Redes de contacto 89 3.4.1. Relações de sociabilidade dentro do grupo 90 3.4.2. A comunidade hindu e a sociedade envolvente 95 Capítulo 4. Organização da comunidade 99 4.1. Universo social 99 viii Os Corpos da Devi. Religião e Género em Diáspora 4.2. Relações de parentesco 114 4.3. Actividades culturais 121 Capítulo 5.
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