Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry

Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouﬂage & Mimicry

OCN 201 Biology Lecture 10

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Symbiosis

• Parasitism - negative effect on host

• Commensalism - no effect on host

• Mutualism - both parties beneﬁt

Often involves food but beneﬁts may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat Parasitism Leeches (Segmented Worms) Tongue Louse (Crustacean)

Nematodes (Roundworms) Commensalism or Mutualism?

Anemone shrimp

http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Anemone ﬁsh

http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/ Mutualism

Cleaner Shrimp and Eel http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ Whale Barnacles & Lice What kinds of symbioses are these?

Commensal

Parasite Camouﬂage

• Often important for predators and prey to avoid being seen • Predators to catch their prey and prey to hide from their predators • Camouﬂage: Passive or adaptive Passive Camouﬂage Countershading Sharks Birds

Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark © George Ryschkewitsch Fish

JONATHAN CHESTER Mammals

shiftingbaselines.org/blog/big_tuna.jpg http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg Passive Camouﬂage

http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg Adaptive Camouﬂage Camouﬂage by Accessorizing Decorator crab

Friday Harbor Marine Health Observatory

http://www.projectnoah.org/ Camouﬂage by Mimicry

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml Mimicry • Animals can gain protection (or even access to prey) by looking like something they are not • Many types of mimicry (3 examples): • Müllerian- two dangerous animals evolve to look similar • Batesian- a non-dangerous animal evolves to look like something dangerous • Agressive - a dangerous animal evolves to look like something non-dangerous Batesian Mimicry An edible species evolves to resemble an inedible species to avoid predators

Pufferﬁsh (poisonous)

Fileﬁsh (non-poisonous) Batesian Mimicry Nudibranchs & Flatworms Toxic Nudibranchs

Non-Toxic Flatworms

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html Batesian Mimicry Nudibranchs & Flatworms Toxic Nudibranchs

Non-Toxic Flatworms

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html Aggressive Mimicry Predator or parasite mimics something harmless!

Cleaner Wrasse

Sabre-toothed Blenny Frogﬁsh lures

http://theliquidearth.org/2012/10/the-mimic-octopus/