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Dissertationes Semioticae Universitatis Tartuensis 7 Dissertationes Semioticae Universitatis Tartuensis 7 DISSERTATIONES SEMIOTICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 7 DISSERTATIONES SEMIOTICAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 7 MIMIKRI KUI KOMMUNIKATSIOONI- SEMIOOTILINE FENOMEN TIMO MARAN Tartu Ülikooli semiootika osakond Väitekiri on suunatud kaitsmisele filosoofiadoktori kraadi saamiseks semiootika ja kulturoloogia erialal 23. mail 2005. aastal Tartu Ülikooli sotsiaalteaduskonna semiootika osakonna nõukogu otsusega. Oponendid: Toomas Tammaru, dotsent, Ph.D., Tartu Ülikooli Zooloogia ja Hüdrobioloogia Instituut Peeter Torop, professor, Ph.D., Tartu Ülikooli semiootika osa- kond Avalik kaitsmine toimub 28. juunil 2005. aastal kell 14.00 Tartu Ülikooli semiootika osakonnas, Tiigi 78. ISBN 9949–11–091–2 (trükis) ISBN 9949–11–092–0 (PDF) Autoriõigus Timo Maran, 2005 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee Tellimus nr. 247 Põhimõtteliselt on semiootika teadus, mis uurib kõike, mida saab kasutada valetamiseks. Umberto Eco (1976) SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ............................................................................................... 9 1. KOMMUNIKATSIOONI TEOREETILINE KIRJELDAMINE........... 15 1.1. Shannon-Weaveri kommunikatsioonimudelis sisalduvad võimalused........................................................................................... 16 1.2. Tagasiside tüübid ja kommunikatsiooni ajaline dünaamika........... 21 1.3. Kommunikatsiooni semiootilised dimensioonid ja elemendid ........ 25 1.4. Kommunikatsiooni põhjused ja funktsioonid................................... 34 1.5. Kommunikatsiooni defineerimine...................................................... 37 2. NIHKEGA KOMMUNIKATSIOONINÄHTUSED ................................ 43 2.1. Möödakommunikatsioon.................................................................... 44 2.2. Pettus .................................................................................................... 50 2.3. Jäljendamine........................................................................................ 57 2.4. Sarnasuse roll nihkega kommunikatsiooninähtustes....................... 61 3. BIOKOMMUNIKATSIOONI KIRJELDAMISE LÄHTEKOHAD...... 67 3.1. Funktsioonid ja tähendused biokommunikatsioonis........................ 69 3.2. Biokommunikatsioonisüsteemide mitmekesisuse alused ................. 73 3.3. Biokommunikatsioon evolutsiooni ja elutegevuse vahel.................. 79 3.4. Liigisisene ja liikidevaheline kommunikatsioon............................... 83 4. MIMIKRI MÄÄRATLEMINE JA STRUKTUUR.................................. 89 4.1. Mimikri osalised, omadused ja definitsioonid .................................. 90 4.2. Struktuursed vaatenurgad mimikrile................................................ 97 4.3. Wolfgang Wickleri süsteemne mimikrikäsitlus.............................. 102 5. MIMIKRI TÜÜBID JA TÜPOLOOGIAD ............................................. 106 5.1. Mimikri tüübid .................................................................................. 106 5.2. Mimikri tüpoloogilistes seostes teiste kohastumustega.................. 114 5.3. Mimikri tüpoloogiad ......................................................................... 119 6. MIMIKRI SEMIOOTILISED ASPEKTID............................................ 125 6.1. Mimikri semiootiline kirjeldamine .................................................. 125 6.2. Mimikrinähtuste semiootiline tüpoloogia ....................................... 141 6.3. Vaatleja positsioon mimikrinähtuste kirjeldamisel ....................... 153 7 7. MIMIKRI, SEMIOOS JA EVOLUTSIOON.......................................... 158 7.1. Mimikri evolutsioonilised käsitlused ja alternatiivsed põhjendused ...................................................................................... 159 7.2. Mimikrinähtuste evolutsioon ja semiootiline mõõde...................... 164 7.3. Semioosiline kommunikatsioon ja evolutsioon ............................... 169 KOKKUVÕTE .............................................................................................. 175 KIRJANDUS.................................................................................................. 181 MIMICRY AS A COMMUNICATION SEMIOTIC PHENOMENON ........................................................................................... 202 CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................... 212 CURRICULUM VITAE (IN ENGLISH).................................................... 214 VALITUD ARTIKLID / SELECTED PUBLICATIONS.......................... 216 8 SISSEJUHATUS Käesoleva uurimuse objektiks on bioloogiline mimikri, kuid mitte tervikuna ja mitte ainult. Mimikriuuringute ajaloo üks silmapaistvamaid tundjaid Stanislav Komarék loetleb rohkem kui viit tuhandet mimikrit ja hoiatusvärvust käsitlevat publikatsiooni, mis on ilmunud ajavahemikul 1800–1990 (Komarék 1998). Olulisi monograafiaid mimikri ja sellega vahetult seotud teemade kohta on selle aja jooksul kirjutatud umbes sadakond. Huvi mimikrinähtuste vastu pole kaha- nenud ka viimase viieteistkümne aasta jooksul, pigem on märgata mimikri- uuringutes uut tõusu. Selle praktiliste uuringute, teoreetiliste käsitluste ja diskussioonide müriaadi taustal keskendub käesolev uurimus vaid neile aspektidele, mis on olulised mimikri kui semiootilise ja kommunikatiivse nähtuse mõistmiseks. Kitsamalt analüüsitakse mimikrit liikidevaheliste kommunikatsiooninähtuste kontekstis, kaasates 1960. aastatel kujunenud süsteemset mimikrivaadet ja sellest tulene- vaid võimalusi mimikrinähtuste uurimiseks ja liigitamiseks. Semiootika on pikka aega teadvustanud bioloogilise mimikri kui semiootilise probleemi ole- masolu, ent vastav huvi on siiani jäänud küllaltki juhuslikuks. Põhjalikumad ülevaated mimikri semiootiliste aspektide kohta puuduvad, mainida võib vaid Thomas A. Sebeoki lähenemist, kes on kirjutanud mimikrist kui ikoonilisuse näitest looduses (Sebeok 1989: 115–117), ning mõningaid ülevaateid semiooti- ka käsiraamatutes ja entsüklopeediates (Ford 1986: 552–553; Nöth 1990: 163; 2000: 269). Käesolev uurimus püüabki seda tühikut täita. Oma viimases raamatus kirjutab Komarék, et mimikriuuringute ajalugu ise on otsekui metatasandil avalduv mimikrinähtus: „me võime öelda, et looduses esinevate sarnasuste uuringud toovad kaasa teatava „metamimikri”, mis lukus- tub alati valdavatesse arusaamadesse elusmaailmast ja sobitub visuaalselt nen- dega” (Komarék 2003: 32).1 Komaréki tähelepanekut saab mõista negatiivses tähenduses, sest paljudes teoreetilistes käsitlustes on looduses esinevaid petlikke sarnasusi püütud tõesti kasutada argumendina mõne teadusliku teooria või para- digma tõestuseks. Ent säärast tõdemust võib näha ka positiivses valguses viitena mimikrile kui nähtustele, mis tänu oma mitmekesisusele ja eriskummalistele vormidele on ikka ja jälle inimesi hämmastanud ning pannud neid otsima loo- duses avalduvate sarnasuste põhjuseid. Kui ma kirjutan, et käesolev uurimus ei tegele mitte ainult mimikriga, peangi ma silmas seda, et mimikrinähtused on paradoksaalsed, mitmekesised, silmatorkavad, vaimustavad ja kummalised ning et nad suudavad pakkuda mõtlemisainet ja esitada väljakutse igale eluslooduse- ga tegelevale paradigmale. Käesolevas uurimuses on teoreetiliseks paradig- 1 „[…] we can say that the study of similarities in nature carries out a sort of “metamimicry”, it always latches on to the prevalent explanation of the living world and it optically merges with it.” 9 maks, millest lähtudes mimikrit kirjeldatakse, valitud biosemiootika ning see suhe osutub kahepoolselt kasulikuks, pakkudes ühtaegu värske vaatenurga mi- mikrinähtuste uurimiseks ja ebahariliku analüüsiobjekti tõttu võimaluse enese- refleksiooniks märgiteadusele. Biosemiootiline lähenemine toob näiteks kaasa kommunikatsioonis osalejate omailmade kirjeldamise ja küsimuse inimvaatleja positsioonist mimikrisarna- suste suhtes, aga ka oma-võõra suhete teema, mis avaldub nii liikidevahelises kommunikatsioonis kui erinevate tähenduslike üksuste äratundmises vastuvõtja poolt. Samuti ilmneb, et mimikrinähtuste kaks põhikategooriat, mimikri ja mimees, nagu ka käeolevas uurimuses eristatud abstraktne mimikri, on semioo- tikast lähtudes määratletavad tähenduslike üksuste paiknemise alusel vastuvõtja omailmas. Uurimuse põhieesmärgiks võibki pidada mimikrinähtustes osalevate märgiprotsesside kirjeldamist viisil, mis ühtaegu arvestaks eluslooduses toimi- vate biokommunikatsiooniprotsesside mitmekesisust ja iseärasusi ning oleks kooskõlas loodusteaduslike uurimustega nende kohta, kuid pakuks samas for- maliseeritud kirjelduse mimikrist kui märgistruktuurist semiootika jaoks, mida oleks võimalik edasi arendada teoreetilise kontseptsioonina ja rakendada ka inimestevahelise kommunikatsiooni uurimisel. Väheste eranditega on olulisemate mimikriuurimuste autoriteks olnud seni kutselised bioloogid, millest tuleneb traditsiooniline lähenemine mimikri tee- male ühes harjumuspärase keele ja stampseostega. Käesolev uurimus kaasab mimikri kirjeldamisele lisaks semiootikale kommunikatsiooniteooriat, klassika- list etoloogiat ja biokommunikatsiooni uuringuid, vähemal määral psühholoo- giat ja loomapsühholoogiat, aga ka käitumisökoloogia ja teiste tänapäevaste neodarvinistlike bioloogia koolkondade vaateid, niivõrd kui see mõistlik tun- dub. Interdistsiplinaarne lähenemine on valitud, arvestades biosemiootika tänast positsiooni teadusmaastikul. Noore paradigma jaoks oleks üks suuremaid ohte oma kitsasse vaateviisi sulgumine. Mõttevahetustest ja avatud dialoogist teiste teadusharudega on aga palju õppida, sest biosemiootika ning kitsamalt mimikri- nähtuste suhtes
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