Paul Kagame a Sacrifié Les Tutsi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Achievements and vital role of Tribunal .......................................................... 3 1.2 Strengthening the Tribunal .............................................................................. 4 1.3 Response of Tribunal officials ......................................................................... 7 1.4 Trials in the Rwandese Courts ......................................................................... 8 2. CREATION OF THE TRIBUNAL .............................................................................. 8 2.1 Statute of the Tribunal ................................................................................. 10 2.2 The first prosecutions .................................................................................... 12 3. DELAY OF TRIALS ................................................................................................... 12 4. PROSECUTION STRATEGY..................................................................................... 14 4.1 Relations with the Rwandese Government .................................................. 15 4.2 Prosecuting RPF abuses ................................................................................. 16 4.3 Investigation and prosecution of sexual violence crimes ............................... 17 5. WITNESS PROTECTION .......................................................................................... -
Hotel Rwanda - 1
Hotel Rwanda - 1 HOTEL RWANDA Hollywood and the Holocaust in Central Africa keith harmon snow Reprinting permitted with proper attribution to: <http://www.allthingspass.com> Text corrected, 1 November 2007 (see note [36-a]). What happened in Rwanda in 1994? The standard line is that a calculated genocide occurred because of deep-seated tribal animosity between the majority Hutu tribe in power and the minority Tutsis. According to this story, at least 500,000 and perhaps 1.2 million Tutsis—and some ‘moderate’ Hutus—were ruthlessly eliminated in a few months, and most of them were killed with machetes. The killers in this story were Hutu hard-liners from the Forces Armees Rwandais, the Hutu army, backed by the more ominous and inhuman civilian militias—the Interahamwe—“those who kill together.” “In three short, cruel months, between April and July 1994,” wrote genocide expert Samantha Power on the 10th anniversary of the genocide, “Rwanda experienced a genocide more efficient than that carried out by the Nazis in World War II. The killers were a varied bunch: drunk extremists chanting ‘Hutu power, Hutu power’; uniformed soldiers and militia men intent on wiping out the Tutsi Inyenzi, or ‘cockroaches’; ordinary villagers who had never themselves contemplated killing before but who decided to join the frenzy.” [1] The award-winning film Hotel Rwanda offers a Hollywood version and the latest depiction of this cataclysm. Is the film accurate? It is billed as a true story. Did genocide occur in Rwanda as it is widely portrayed and universally imagined? With thousands of Hutus fleeing Rwanda in 2005, in fear of the Tutsi government and its now operational village genocide courts, is another reading of events needed? [2] Hotel Rwanda - 2 Is Samantha Power—a Pulitzer Prize winning journalist—telling it straight? [3] Is it possible, as evidence confirms, that the now canonized United Nations peacekeeper Lt. -
Summary of the Judgement 1. Mr. Rutaganda Was Tried by Trial
Summary of the Judgement 1. Mr. Rutaganda was tried by Trial Chamber I of this Tribunal on the basis of an Indictment presented on 13 February 1996, and confirmed on 16 February 1996. The Indicment contained eight counts. The Trial opened on 18 March 1997 and ended on 17 June 1999, and the Trial Chamber Judgement and Sentence were delivered on 6 December 1999. The Trial Chamber convicted Mr. Rutaganda on the basis of Article 6(1) of the Statute of the Tribunal on three counts: Count 1, genocide; Count 2, extermination as a crime against humanity; and Count 7, murder as a crime against humanity. The convictions under Counts 1 and 2 rested on his distributing weapons and ordering or encouraging the recipients to kill Tutsis in Nyarugenge on 8, 15, and 24 April 1994; overseeing the detention and shooting of 14 people behind the Amgar garage in April 1994; participating in the killings at the Ecole Technique Officielle (“ETO school”) on 11 April and then the killing of many of the survivors of that attack at Nyanza; and his personally murdering Emanuel Kayitare on 28 April. The conviction under Count 7 rested on the murder of Emanuel Kayitare. The Trial Chamber acquitted Rutaganda of the other five counts. 2. The Trial Chamber sentenced Mr. Rutaganda to a single sentence of life imprisonment. He and the Prosecution filed appeals on 5 and 6 January 2000, respectively. 3. During the pre-appeal proceedings, the Appeals Chamber was seized of numerous motions by the parties. In addition, on 5 January 2001, the Registrar granted a request by then Lead Defence Counsel, Ms. -
THE CONTOURS of VIOLENCE: the Interaction Between Perpetrators
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Updates from the International and Internationalized Criminal Courts Claire Grandison American University Washington College of Law
Human Rights Brief Volume 19 | Issue 1 Article 7 2011 Updates from the International and Internationalized Criminal Courts Claire Grandison American University Washington College of Law Benjamin Watson American University Washington College of Law Brynn Weinstein American University Washington College of Law Adam Dembling American University Washington College of Law Yaritza Velez American University Washington College of Law See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Grandison, Claire, Benjamin Watson, Brynn Weinstein, Adam Dembling, Yaritza Velez, and Michelle Flash. "Updates from the International and Internationalized Criminal Courts." Human Rights Brief 19, no. 1 (2011): 36-43. This Column is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Human Rights Brief by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Claire Grandison, Benjamin Watson, Brynn Weinstein, Adam Dembling, Yaritza Velez, and Michelle Flash This column is available in Human Rights Brief: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/vol19/iss1/7 Grandison et al.: Updates from the International and Internationalized Criminal Cou UPDATES FROM THE INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNATIONALIZED CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT tigative strategy within the Office of the evidence, witnesses, and affected com- Prosecutor (OTP) threatened its indepen- munities. Implicated officials might also ICC AUTHORIZES PROSECUTOR’S dence and impartiality during the course threaten the safety of victims who wish to REQUEST TO OPEN INVESTIGATION IN of investigations in the past. -
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Bringing the Killers to Book
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: bringing the killers to book by Chris Maina Peter No matter how many atrocities cases these international tri- bunals may eventually try, their very existence sends a powerful message. Their statutes, rules of procedure and evidence, and practice stimulate the development of the law.' In the spring of 1994 more than 500,000 people were killed in Rwanda in one of the worst cases of genocide in history. The slaughter began on 6 April 1994, only a few hours after the plane bringing the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi back from peace negotiations in Tanzania was shot down as it approached Kigali Airport. It would seem that the genocide had been planned long in advance and that the only thing needed was the spark that would set it off. For months, Radio-Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTMC) had been spreading violent and racist propaganda on a daily basis fomenting hatred and urging its listeners to exterminate the Tutsis, whom it referred to as Inyenzi or "cockroaches".2 According to one source: The genocide had been planned and implemented with meticulous care. Working from prepared lists, an unknown and unknowable number of people, often armed with machetes, nail-studded clubs or Chris Maina Peter is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Dal- es Salaam. Tanzania. He is also Defence Counsel for indigent suspects and accused persons at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. 1 Theodor Meron, "The international criminalization of internal atrocities", American Journal of International Ixiw, Vol. 89, 1995, p. -
Online Appendix Mobilizing the Masses for Genocide Thorsten Rogall
Online Appendix Mobilizing the Masses for Genocide Thorsten Rogall A.1 Additional Tables and Figures A.2 Extensions to Section II. – Data A.3 Extensions to Section III. – Understanding the First Stage A.4 Extensions to Section III. – Placebo, Exclusion Restriction, and Robustness Checks A.5 Extensions to Section V. – Network Effects A.6 Extensions to Section VI. – Information, Mate- rial Incentives, and Retaliation A.7 Extensions to Section VI. – Modeling the Force versus Obedience Channel A.8 Proofs A.1 A.1 Additional Tables and Figures Table A.1: Clustered Standard Errors Dependent Variable: # Militiamen, log # Civilian Perpetrators, log First Stage Reduced Form OLS IV/2SLS (1) (2) (3) (4) Distance × Rainfall along Buffer, 1994 −0.509 −0.661 Clustered, Commune Level (0.144)(0.162) Clustered, District Level (0.144)(0.162) Clustered, Province Level (0.118)(0.171) Bootstrap, District 0.006 0.002 Bootstrap, Province 0.002 0.002 # Militiamen, log 0.626 1.299 (0.039)(0.244) (0.047)(0.291) (0.069)(0.236) 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.011 Standard Controls yes yes yes yes Growing Season Controls yes yes yes yes Additional Controls yes yes yes yes Province Effects yes yes yes yes R2 0.50 0.58 0.74 . N 1432 1432 1432 1432 Notes: The first standard errors reported under each coefficient are clustered at the commune level, the second clustered at the district level, the third at the province level. The fourth and fifth entry under each coefficient are p-values using a wild bootstrap to account for the small number of district/province clusters. -
Forensic Turn
9 Bury or display? The politics of exhumation in post-genocide Rwanda Rémi Korman The practices and techniques employed by forensic anthropologists in the scientific documentation of human rights violations, and situ- ations of mass murder and genocide in particular, have developed enormously since the early 1990s.1 The best-known case studies con- cern Latin American countries which suffered under the dictator- ships of the 1970s–1980s, Franco’s Spain, and Bosnia. In Rwanda, the first forensic study of a large-scale massacre was carried out one year before the genocide, in January 1993, in the context of a report produced by the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) on ‘the violations of human rights in Rwanda since 1 October’, the date marking the beginning of the country’s civil war.2 Although still comparatively little studied, this period constitutes a link between the pre- and post-genocide context. Since 1994, however, very few formal forensic investigations have in fact been carried out in Rwanda. Nevertheless, several thousand exhumations have been organized over the last twenty years by survivors of the genocide, churches, and the Rwandan state itself. What accounts for the specific features of the Rwandan case in this respect? In what context are these genocide exhumations carried out and who exactly are the actors organizing them in Rwanda? How are the mass graves to be located, opened, and selected, and how are the exhumed victims identified? The question of the role of foreign forensic anthropologists in Rwanda since the genocide is particularly important. While the role Rémi Korman - 9781526125019 Downloaded from manchesterhive.com at 09/23/2021 05:19:53PM via free access 204 Rémi Korman of foreign specialists in the memorialization and commemoration of the genocide is relatively well known, the activity of forensic anthro- pologists remains less thoroughly documented.3 Some of them came to Rwanda in the context of the criminal investigations carried out by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). -
Rwanda: Background and Current Developments
Rwanda: Background and Current Developments Ted Dagne Specialist in African Affairs February 4, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40115 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Rwanda: Background and Current Developments Summary In 2003, Rwanda held its first multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections in decades. President Paul Kagame of the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) won 95% of the votes cast, while his nearest rival, Faustin Twagiramungu, received 3.6% of the votes cast. In the legislative elections, the ruling RPF won 73% in the 80-seat National Assembly, while the remaining seats went to RPF allies and former coalition partners. In September 2008, Rwanda held legislative elections, and the RPF won a majority of the seats. Rwandese women are now the majority in the National Assembly. In October 2008, the National Assembly elected Ms. Mukantabam Rose as the first female Speaker of the Assembly. The next presidential elections are scheduled for 2010. In Rwanda, events of a prior decade are still fresh in the minds of many survivors and perpetrators. In 1993, after several failed efforts, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and the government of Rwanda reached an agreement in Tanzania, referred to as the Arusha Peace Accords. The RPF joined the Rwandan government as called for in the agreement. In April 1994, the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi, along with several senior government officials, were killed when their plane was shot down as it approached the capital of Rwanda, Kigali. Shortly after, the Rwandan military and a Hutu militia known as the Interhamwe began to systematically massacre Tutsis and moderate Hutu opposition members. -
Judgement and Sentence
UNITED NATIONS (~ NATION~cI~IES CRIH!.~ALREGISTRY RL :.~-I:VED InternationalCriminal Tribunal for R~u~. Tribunalp~nal international pour le Rw/thi~t~ -b A q: Sb TrialChamber I OR: FR. Before: JudgeLaity Kama, Presiding JudgeLennart Aspegren JudgeNavanethem Pillay Registrar: Mr. Agwu Okali Judgementof: 6 December1999 THE PROSECUTOR VERSUS GEORGES ANDERSON NDERUBUMWE RUTAGANDA Case No. ICTR-96-3-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE TheOffice of theProsecutor: Ms.CarlaDel Ponte Mr.JamesStewart Mr.Udo HerbertGehring Ms.Holo Makwaia DefenceCounsel: Ms. TiphaineDickson UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES ~ InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunalp~nal international pourle Rwanda TrialChamber I THE PROSECUTOR VERSUS GEORGES ANDERSON NDERUBUMWE RUTAGANDA Case No. ICTR-96-3-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE CaseNo: ICTR-96-3-T TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................... 3 1.1 The InternationalTribunal ........................................... 3 1.2. The Indictment................................................... 4 1.3 ProceduralBackground ............................................ 11 1.4 EvidentiaryMatters ............................................... 14 1.5 The Accused..................................................... 18 2 THE APPLICABLELAW ................................................20 2.1Individual Criminal Responsibility ................................... 20 2.2Genocide (Article 2 of the Statute)................................... 24 2.3.Crimes against Humanity (Article 3 of theStatute) ..................... -
Rwanda: Background and Current Developments
Rwanda: Background and Current Developments Ted Dagne Specialist in African Affairs May 20, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40115 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Rwanda: Background and Current Developments Summary In 2003, Rwanda held its first multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections in decades. President Paul Kagame of the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) won 95% of the votes cast, while his nearest rival, Faustin Twagiramungu, received 3.6% of the votes cast. In the legislative elections, the ruling RPF won 73% in the 80-seat National Assembly, while the remaining seats went to RPF allies and former coalition partners. In September 2008, Rwanda held legislative elections, and the RPF won a majority of the seats. Rwandese women are now the majority in the National Assembly. In October 2008, the National Assembly elected Ms. Mukantabam Rose as the first female speaker of the Assembly. The next presidential elections are scheduled for August 2010. In Rwanda, events of a prior decade are still fresh in the minds of many survivors and perpetrators. In 1993, after several failed efforts, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) and the government of Rwanda reached an agreement in Tanzania, referred to as the Arusha Peace Accords. The RPF joined the Rwandan government as called for in the agreement. In April 1994, the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi, along with several senior government officials, were killed when their plane was shot down as it approached the capital of Rwanda, Kigali. Shortly after, the Rwandan military and a Hutu militia known as the Interhamwe began to systematically massacre Tutsis and moderate Hutu opposition members. -
• -Ii Iflaa 1 Tribunal Penal International Pour Le Rwanda U the Registrar Le Greffier P.O
07/14/98 THE 06:32 FAX 212 9634879 UNATIONS RIZA ilOOl 14/07 '98 11:38 FAX 212 963 2848 ICTR ARUSHA IQBAL RIZA USG ElOOl/004 iCTR COMMUNICATIONS CENTRE UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNITS!!! JUL DCTT'iVKn I u i A H: 31 ' International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda | *mH&m.' • -ii iflaa 1 Tribunal penal international pour le Rwanda U The Registrar Le Greffier P.O. Box 6016, Arnsha, Tanzania Tel: 255 57 4207-11/43*7-72 or 1 211963 2850 — Fai: 255 57 4000/4373 or I 212 9(S3 2S48 THANSMTSSTON — Ttt ATtfSMTSSTON PAR TF.T.F. Date: 13 July 1998 Ref: ICTR/RO/7/98/103 To: Mr. Iqbal Riza Prom: Agwu Uldwe Okali <i/\ — -^ Under-Secretary-General Assistant Secretarjj/^elieral Chef de Cabinet The Registrar f y Esocutivo Office of the Secretary-General United Nations TM>w Vnrk Fax No.: 212-963-4879 Reply Fax: 255-57-4373/4000 or 1-212-963-2848 Subject: ICTR arrests and transfers of genocide suspects and accused 1. Please find attached for your information a press release on a significant recent development in the work of the ICTR. 2. This operation, which has been planned and implemented by the Registay"and the Office of the Prosecutor, is indicative of the progress that the Tribunal is making in ajw spheres -judicial and administrative. 3. Best regards. Drafted by: Cleared by: No of transmitted pages including cover sheet: 07/14/98 TUE 06:32 [TX/RX NO 7990] g|001 07/14/98 TUB 06:33 FAX 212 9634879 UNATIONS ->-»^ RIZA J002 14/07 '98 11:38 FAX 212 963 2848 ICTR ARUSHA -» IQBAL RIZA ISG 0002/004 UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ? Tribunal p£ual international pour le Rwanda ppr* Press and Public Affairs Unit v-r Arasha luternaikmal Conference Centre P.O.