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(12.–11. Pr. Kr.) Posljednja Faza Osvajanja Ju@Ne Panonije

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(12.–11. Pr. Kr.) Posljednja Faza Osvajanja Ju@Ne Panonije Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees A. DOMI] KUNI]: Posljednja faza osvajanja Ju`ne Panonije, VAMZ, 3.s., XXXIX 59–164 (2006) 59 ALKA DOMI] KUNI] Odsjek za arheologiju HAZU Ante Kova~i}a 5 HR – 10000 Zagreb E-mail: [email protected] BELLUM PANNONICUM (12.–11. PR. KR.) POSLJEDNJA FAZA OSVAJANJA JU@NE PANONIJE UDK 931/939 (36) Izvorni znanstveni rad Osim {to se bavi panonskim ratom, ovaj je rad zami{ljen i kao prilog poznavanju etni~ke slike ju`ne Panonije i pregled povijesti osvajanja Panonije. Tako }e se bolje sagledati dometi Tibe- rijeva rata, zavr{ne faze rimskog osvajanja prostora koji }e uskoro (od Klaudijeva doba) pos- tati ju`na polovica provincije Panonije. Tiberijev rat ne datira se tradicionalno (12.–9. pr. Kr.) nego u 12.–11. pr. Kr., i to na temelju pomnog ~itanja dostupnih literarnih izvora. UMJESTO UVODA Za razliku od svog prethodnika, Oktavijanova iliri~kog pohoda, Tiberijev je rat vrlo slabo zastupljen u znanstvenoj literaturi. Mo`emo se samo domi{ljati koji su razlozi »omalova`avanju« toga klju~nog doga|aja za daljnju povijest Panonije, ali i Carstva op}enito – mo`da su to prili~no oskudne vijesti iz antike, ili pak neatraktivnost u odnosu na glamurozan i razvikan pohod Okta- vijana Augusta u Ilirik dvadesetak godina prije toga. O Oktavijanovu iliri~kom ratu pisali su mnogi povjesni~ari staroga vijeka, a za njima su se poveli i brojni stru~njaci na{ega doba, primjerice, G. Zippel (Die römische Herrschaft in Illyrien bis auf Augustus, Leipzig, 1877.), G. Veith (Die Feldzuge des C. Iulius Caesar Octavianus in Illyrien in den Jahren 35–33 v. Chr., Schriften der Balkan- kommission, Antiquarische Abteilung, 7, Wien, 1914.), J. Dobiás (Studie k Appianove knize illyrské / Études sur le livre illyrien d’Appien, Praha, 1929.), E. Swoboda (Octavian und Illyricum, Parerga, 1, Wien, 1932.), S. Josifovi} (Oktavijanovo ratovanje u Iliriku, @A, 6/1, 1956., 138–165), I. Boja- novski (Bosna i Hercegovina u anti~ko doba, DjelaCBI, 66/6, 1988.), M. [a{el Kos (Octavian’s Campaigns (35–33 B.C.) in Southern Illyricum, L’Illyrie méridionale et l’Épire dans l’Antiquité, 3, Actes du IIIe Colloque international de Chantilly (16–19 Octobre 1996), Paris, 1999., 255–264; Appian and Illyricum, Situla, 43, 2005.). Popis pak povjesni~ara i arheologa koji su se Oktavijanova pohoda tek dotaknuli u svojim radovima ili pregledima iliri~ke povijesti poduga~ak je i preduga~ak za uvodno poglavlje o Tiberijevu panonskom ratu; spomenimo tek nekoliko »oglednih« autora: H. Cons, J. Kromayer, Th. Mommsen, K. Patsch, N. Vuli}, M. Pavan, A. Mócsy, R. Syme, M. Cary i H. H. Scullard, P. Lisi~ar, P. Oliva, J. J. Wilkes, J. [a{el, M. Zaninovi}, S. ^a~e... U:\Arh-vjesnik2006\domic-kunic - ispravak.vp 14. oujak 2007 9:25:09 Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees 60 A. DOMI] KUNI]: Posljednja faza osvajanja Ju`ne Panonije, VAMZ, 3.s., XXXIX 59–164 (2006) Tiberijevo kona~no osvajanje Panonije nije bilo te sre}e. Koliko mi je poznato, ne postoji zasebno djelo, pa ~ak niti ~lanak u stru~noj periodici, koji bi se bavio isklju~ivo tim ratom. Tiberijev je pohod samo usput spomenut (i ~esto po mome mi{ljenju pogre{no interpretiran) u dodu{e broj- nim radovima o Iliriku u rimsko doba, ali to ipak nije dostatno za bolje poznavanje tog ranijeg rimskog odsje~ka na{e povijesti. Moglo bi se zapravo re}i da je gotovo svaki autor koji se bavio nastupom rimskog doba u prostoru izme|u Alpa i srednjeg toka Dunava barem ovla{ dotakao i pitanje Tiberijeva ratovanja u Panoniji; u~inili su to, primjerice, G. Zippel, Th. Mommsen i E. Swoboda u ve} citiranim djelima, kao i R. Syme u prikazu Swobodine knjige Octavian und Illy- ricum (Octavian and Illyricum – A Review, Journal of Roman Studies, 23, London, 1933., 66–71) i u svome radu Augustus and the South Slav Lands (Revue internationale des etudes balkaniques, 1(5), Beograd, 1937., 33–46) te J. [a{el u nekim svojim ~lancima (primjerice, u: Aquileia, Ravenna e Poetovio: Contatti e rapporti, Antichità Altoadriatiche, 13, Udine, 1978., 135–145). I sama sam poku{ala prikazati svoje vi|enje Tiberijeva panonskog pohoda (Plinijeva geografija i etnografija Ilirika (s osobitim obzirom na panonski dio iliri~kog prostora), disertacija, Zagreb, 2003.; o Ti- berijevom ratu: 151–156), a ovom se prigodom vra}am na taj nadasve zanimljiv povijesni »pro- blem«, u `elji da ovaj rad bude skromni prilog boljem poznavanju te zaklju~ne faze osvajanja ju`ne Panonije. Zbog »oskudice« recentne stru~ne literature, okrenula sam se poglavito anti~kim po- vijesnim vrelima – literarnim i epigrafi~kim – koja su i sama prili~no {tura glede Tiberijevih ratnih uspjeha, a u obzir sam uzela i postignu}a prethodnog, Oktavijanova iliri~kog pohoda, kao i stanje u Iliriku u vrijeme izbijanja Batonova ustanka, nepunih dvadeset godina nakon Tiberijeva panonskog rata. PRIRODNA, GOSPODARSKA I STRATE[KA OBILJE@JA PANONIJE Panonci vode najbjedniji `ivot od svih ljudi. Oni, naime, nemaju sre}e {to se ti~e tla niti pod- neblja, ne uzgajaju masline i ne prave vino osim u vrlo malim koli~inama, a i to nevaljale kakvo}e, jer je zima vrlo o{tra i zauzima ve}i dio godine, nego piju i jedu je~am i proso. Zbog svega toga smatraju se najhrabrijima od svih za koje znamo, jer su vrlo sr~ani i krvo`edni, kao ljudi koji ne posjeduju ni{ta {to ~astan `ivot ~ini vrijednim. Tim je rije~ima Dion Kasije Kokejan po~etkom 3. st. u svojoj Rimskoj povijesti opisao Panoniju dometnuv{i: To znam ne samo prema pri~anju ili ~itanju nego sam doznao iz vlastitog iskustva kao njihov negda{nji namjesnik, jer sam nakon namjesni{tva u Africi i Dalmaciji (slu`bu u Dalmaciji neko je vrijeme obavljao i moj otac) bio postavljen u ono {to je poznato kao Gornja Panonija, i otuda to~no poznajem sve tamo{nje uvjete o kojima pi{em (49.36, 2–4).1 Naime, Dion Kasije je 226.–228. bio legatus Augusti pro praetore u Gornjoj Panoniji, nakon {to je tu slu`bu prethodno obna{ao u Dalmaciji (223.–226.),2 i iz prve je ruke poznavao zemlju o kojoj se tako nepovoljno izrazio. O Panoniji se govorilo kao o gorovitoj i hladnoj zemlji u kojoj ne uspijeva vinova loza (Strabon), a zimi se lede rijeke (Plinije Mla|i i Herodijan).3 Izgleda da su pri spomenu Panonije prve 1 Dulji navodi na izvorniku (gr~kom, odnosno latin- ondje vlada oskudica vinove loze ne samo na uzvisinama skom) nalaze se u Dodatku, kako ne bi zauzimali previ{e nego i u ravnici (Strabon, 7.5,10); Kako li se usu|uju kada mjesta u samome radu; kratki izvatci iz literarnih izvora uk- znaju da si se utaborio nasuprot najsurovijih naroda, upra- lopljeni su u tekst, odmah uz prijevod, i nema ih u Dodatku. U vo u vrijeme koje je njima bilo najvi{e, a nama najmanje Dodatku je i tablica u kojoj su svi literarni izvori kronolo{ki prikladno: kad su dunavske obale spojene ledom i kad se nanizani; taj podatak koristan je za stjecanje boljeg uvida u preko smrznute povr{ine obavljaju opse`ne pripreme za vremenski okvir u kojemu su nastajala pojedina pisana vrela. rat. Tako divlja plemena u`ivaju dvostruku za{titu vlastitog 2 Usp. [A[EL KOS 1986: 22–23. oru`ja i zimskog vremena na koje su navikli (Plinije Mla|i, Panegyricus Traiani, 12.4); Rajna i Dunav su dvije najve}e 3 Cijela zemlja smje{tena iznad (obale) je planinska, sjeverne rijeke; prva je granica Germanije, a druga hladna i podlo`na snijegu, osobito sjeverni dio, tako da U:\Arh-vjesnik2006\domic-kunic - ispravak.vp 14. oujak 2007 9:25:10 Color profile: Disabled Composite 150 lpi at 45 degrees A. DOMI] KUNI]: Posljednja faza osvajanja Ju`ne Panonije, VAMZ, 3.s., XXXIX 59–164 (2006) 61 asocijacije bile vezane uz njene glavne reljefne karakteristike, {umovitost i zamo~varenost, koje je gotovo u stopu slijedila i gorovitost. Ta posljednja zna~ajka ticala se krajnjeg ju`nog dijela panon- ske zemlje, planinskog prostora ju`no od Save, kojemu je Strabon posvjedo~io panonsku etni~ku pripadnost, ali je upravno pripadao susjednoj provinciji Dalmaciji. O Panoniji pak kao o izrazito {umovitoj zemlji svjedo~e mnogi zemljopisni i povijesni izvori, od kojih ovdje nabrajam samo one naj~e{}e spominjane: Plinije Stariji svoj opis Panonije po~inje rije~ima: Inde glandifera Pannoniae – Slijede `ironosni krajevi Panonije (Naturalis historia, 3.25,147), {to se bez sumnje odnosi na prostrane hrastove {ume koje su se pru`ale izme|u tokova Drave, Save i Dunava; Flor svjedo~i o tome da je i zemlja Skordiska (podru~je oko u{}a Save u Dunav) bila {umovita te da je silvarum et montium situs cum ingenio consentiebant – zemlja puna {uma i planina bila u skladu s njihovim duhom (1.39,3). Stolje}e kasnije Herodijan spominje lÒcmaj Ûlaj, guste {ume u jugozapadnoj Panoniji (8.1,1)4, a Apijanovo izvje{}e o Oktavijanovu iliri~kom pohodu na nekoliko mjesta upozo- rava na ~injenicu da su zemlje Japoda i Delmata bile gorovite i obrasle {umama, a da je Panonija (koju on zove Peonijom) Ølèdhj, {umovita.5 Guste {ume sterale su se i ju`no od Vinkovaca, u {irem prostoru Spa~ve, {to ga s juga ome|uje tok Save. [to se druge zna~ajke panonskog reljefa ti~e – njene gorovitosti (koju, kako rekosmo, u pravilu uvijek prati {umovitost), svjedo~anstva se odnose na krajnji jugozapadni (Tibul, Ovidije, Herodijan) odnosno jugoisto~ni dio Panonije (Flor) i na ve} spomenuti onaj prostor ju`no od Save, to jest na ve}i dio Bosne, sve do dinarskog masiva na jugu (Strabon, Velej).6 »Panonska« Bosna, u granicama kako je vide Strabon i Apijan (sa sjevera ome|ena tokom Save, a s juga planinama u sastavu dinarskog masiva),7 i danas je izrazito vrletna i {umovita, ispresijecana rijekama koje s juga teku prema sjeveru i sa Savom ~ine jedinstvenu mre`u rije~nih komunikacija.
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