Mapping of Mining Areas in Aravalli Hills in Gurgaon, Faridabad & Mewat Districts of Haryana Using Geo-Informatics Technolo
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International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com MAPPING OF MINING AREAS IN ARAVALLI HILLS IN GURGAON, FARIDABAD & MEWAT DISTRICTS OF HARYANA USING GEO-INFORMATICS TECHNOLOGY Basant Rai 1, Dr. K. E. Mothi Kumar 2, Haryana Space Application Centre (HARSAC) 1, 2, (Deptt. of Science & Technology, Govt. of Haryana) CCS HAU Campus, Hisar – 125 004, Phone: 01662-232632, Fax No: 225958 Abstract metal has been done since pre-historic times. Modern mining processes involved prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or profit potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired other geological materials from the earth. The Aravalli Range is materials and finally reclamation of the land to prepare it for the eroded stub of a range of ancient folded mountains and the other uses once the mine is closed. sky-line of north-west India i.e. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana states and Delhi union territory stretching from south-west and The nature of mining processes creates a potentially negative north-east direction. The present investigation shows that impact on the environment both during the mining operations mapping of mining areas & vegetation status in Aravalli Hill and after the mining operations when mining is closed. This (Gurgaon, Faridabad & Mewat districts of Haryana) using impact has led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to moderate the negative effects of mining Cartosat-I & IRS -LISS-IV data and mapping on 1:10,000 scales. The Methodology used for mapping consists of preparation of operations. Safety has long been a concern as well, though base map, interpretation of satellite data, development of legend, modern practices have improved safety in mines significantly. ground truth collection, classification and finalization of maps in light of field information. The elevation model generated using Mining techniques can be divided into two contour information from SOI Topo maps and Cartosat-I stereo common excavation types: surface mining and sub-surface images were analyzed. The analysis clearly indicated the area of (underground) mining. Surface mining is much more common. major topographical changes in the study area, which are also matching with the sites of mining area. The present study Surface Mining (also commonly called strip mining, though successfully completed through capability of satellite remote this is actually only one possible form of surface mining), is a sensing technology in mapping the degraded lands due to the type of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral mining activity. deposit (the overburden) are removed. It is the opposite of underground mining, in which the overlying rock is left in place, and the mineral removed through shafts or tunnels. Keywords: Aravalli, Mining, Mapping, Topo-maps, DEM Abandoned Mines may be dangerous to anyone who attempts 1. Introduction to explore them without proper knowledge and safety trainings. Old mines are often dangerous and can contain deadly gases. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or Standing water in mines from seepage or infiltration poses a other geological materials from the earth, from significant hazard as the water can hide deep pits and trap gases an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. The term also includes the below the water. Additionally, since weather may have eroded removal of soil materials recovered by mining include base the earth and rock surrounding it, the entrance to an old mine in metals, precious metals, iron, uranium, coal, diamonds, particular can be very dangerous. Old mines pits, caves, etc. are limestone, oil shale, rock salt and potash. Any material that can’t commonly hazardous simply due to the lack of oxygen in the air, be grown through agricultural process, or created artificially in a condition in mines known as blackdamp. a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a wider sense comprises extraction of any non renewable resource (e.g., petroleum, natural gas, or even water). Mining of stone and 1.1 Need and Objectives of Study ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. 2013 1 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com properties of imageries provide valuable basis for discrimination. Nearly 25 years ago a large scale mining began here for The study area covers about 61.7 km2 which covers parts of marble and granite. Due to this large scale mining the forest Bhilwara, Bundi and Chittorgarh districts of Rajasthan and cover has been depleted. When a mine reaches below the Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh. The mining activity in underground water level, a cone of depression is formed that Bijolia has progressively increased from 1971 when it covered sacks water from the surrounding areas, drying up wells and only0.84 km2 which increased to 12.045 km2 in 1984 and further affecting agriculture. Thus the manual drainage system and to 30.839 km2 in 1991.The mining activity in Bijolia has groundwater table of the entire region have been badly affected progressively increased from 1971 when it covered only 0.84 over the years. The environmental status has changed alarmingly km2 which increased to 12.045 km2 in 1984 and further to 30.839 during last four decades with ruthless destruction of forest cover km2 in 1991. Similarly, land under agriculture has decreased over the hills followed with increase in soil erosion, sediment from 350.919 km2 (56.875%) in 1971 to 323.970 km2 (52.507%) transportation, siltation, drying-up of lakes, dams and surface in 1984 and further to 308.101 km2 (49.935%) in 1991. Some of water sources, lowering of water table from 5 to 10 meters to 50 these lands have gone undermining whereas a major part of it has to 100 meters with increasing mining of ground water without become wasteland which has increased from 17.256 km2 considering recharge capacity of the ground water acquirers. So (2.796%) in 1971 to 87.146 km2 (14.157%) in 1984and further to here, the present investigation has carried out in the Aravalli hills 133.711 km2 (21.671%) in May, 1991. This amounts to an (Haryana) with the following objectives: increase of 116.455 km2 in just 20 years. Thus, wasteland has increased by 675 per cent. Of the 30.839 km2covered by mining activity in 1991, about 8 km2 lies in forest area, 14 km2 in Mapping of mining areas in Aravalli Hill (Gurgaon, agricultural land and only 8 km2 in wasteland. In 20 years time Faridabad & Mewat districts of Haryana) using nearly 30 km2 of land has been directly destroyed by mining Cartosat-1 & IRS-LISS-IV MX data on 1:10,000 scale. activity. To generate DEM from SOI Toposheet of 1:50,000 scale. Corey R. Froese and Shilong Mei (2008) have identified the To assess present vegetation status in the study area. coal mine collapse pits subsidence hazard area in Turtle Mountain of the vicinity of the Frank Slide, Alberta, Canada 2. Literature through remote sensing techniques. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and space borne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture H. Pande, A.K. Sen and R.D. Garg (2011) have studied the Radar (InSAR) data was analysed, and generated the DEM in the open cast mining areas using Cartosat-1 in Jharia coal fields study area. The results have showed that the ground surface using the ERDAS 9.1 version with an objective of mapping the above Frank Mine has been settling at an annual rate of up to topographical changes induced due to open cast mining activity 3.15 mm, relative to the reference area. An average change of up in Jharia coal fields. The elevation models generated using to 3.2 mm per year, relative to the reference area was also contours information and spot heights from SOI Topo maps and observed overlying the footprint of the abandoned Bellevue Cartosat-1 stereo images were analyzed. They clearly indicated underground mine to the east. For both of these mines, the local the areas of major topographical changes in the study area, which municipality does not currently have ground monitoring in place are also matching with the sites of open cast mining. The results but acknowledges that surface collapse associated with mine of the study were compared with published data about open cast subsidence is a regular occurrence that is identified and mitigated mine areas about open cast mining areas within Jharia Coal on a case-by case basis. Field. When compared with the topographical change areas, it is exhibited that the areas taken out by this technique are matching The Digital Elevation Models (K. Jacobsen, 2003) play a the areas of open cast mines with 89% confidence level. And fundamental role in mapping. The digital description of the three thus the results obtained were in concurrence with existing map. dimensional surface is important for several applications. Today the most often used photogrammetric product are orthoimages Surender Singh Chauhan (2010) has conducted a case study of generated by means of a single image and a DEM. The very high Bijolia mining area in Rajasthan, India in order to evaluate resolution space sensors are mainly operating in a single image scientifically the effect of mining on environment. Bijolia is one mode; stereo pairs are not taken very often. The existing and not of the largest mining areas of Rajasthan, where large scale classified world wide DEMs usually do not have a sufficient mining commenced nearly three decades ago. Satellite remote accuracy and reliability for more precise applications or they sensing data have been used during this study as the time varying ISSN No: 2319-3484 Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. 2013 2 International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience (IJRSG) www.ijrsg.com may be too expensive.