DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of Biobased Poly (L-Lactide)/Polyamide Blends With

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of Biobased Poly (L-Lactide)/Polyamide Blends With Development of Biobased Poly(L-Lactide)/Polyamide Blends with Improved Interfaces and Thermo-Mechanical Properties for High-Performance Applications Amulya Raj To cite this version: Amulya Raj. Development of Biobased Poly(L-Lactide)/Polyamide Blends with Improved Interfaces and Thermo-Mechanical Properties for High-Performance Applications. Polymers. Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2019. English. NNT : 2019MTLD0011. tel-03039646 HAL Id: tel-03039646 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03039646 Submitted on 4 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. NETN° d’ordre : 2019MTLD0011 THÈSE présentée en vue d’obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR en Génie des matériaux par Amulya RAJ DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LILLE DELIVRÉ PAR IMT LILLE DOUAI DEVELOPMENT OF BIOBASED POLY(L-LACTIDE)/POLYAMIDE BLENDS WITH IMPROVED INTERFACES AND THERMO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCES APPLICATIONS Soutenance le 3 Décembre 2019 devant le jury d’examen : President GAUCHER Valérie, Pr. Université de Lille Rapporteur RAQUEZ Jean-Marie, Pr. Université de Mons Rapporteur CHALAMET Yvan, Pr. Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne Examinateur FATYEYEVA Kateryna, Dr.HDr Université de Rouen Directeur de PRASHANTHA Kalappa, Dr.HDr IMT Lille Douai thèse Encadrant SAMUEL Cedric, Dr. IMT Lille Douai Laboratoire d’accueil CERI Matériaux et Procédés IMT Lille Douai Ecole Doctorale SMRE 104 (Lille I, Lille II, Artois, ULCO, UVHC, Centrale Lille, Chimie Lille, IMT Lille Douai) Chapter 1 2 Chapter 1 NETN° d’ordre : 109378 THÈSE présentée en vue d’obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR en Génie des matériaux par Amulya RAJ DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE LILLE DELIVRÉ PAR IMT LILLE DOUAI DEVELOPMENT OF BIOBASED POLY(L-LACTIDE)/POLYAMIDE BLENDS WITH IMPROVED INTERFACES AND THERMO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCES APPLICATIONS Soutenance le 3 Décembre 2019 devant le jury d’examen : President GAUCHER Valérie, Pr. Université de Lille Rapporteur RAQUEZ Jean-Marie, Pr. Université de Mons Rapporteur CHALAMET Yvan, Pr. Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne Examinateur FATYEYEVA Kateryna, Dr.HDr Université de Rouen Directeur de PRASHANTHA Kalappa, Dr.HDr IMT Lille Douai thèse Encadrant SAMUEL Cedric, Dr. IMT Lille Douai Laboratoire d’accueil CERI Matériaux et Procédés IMT Lille Douai Ecole Doctorale SMRE 104 (Lille I, Lille II, Artois, ULCO, UVHC, Centrale Lille, Chimie Lille, IMT Lille Douai) 3 Chapter 1 4 Chapter 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr.Prashantha Kalappa and Dr.Cedric Samuel for providing me a wonderful platform to conduct my thesis in IMT-Lille-Douai, France. My special thanks to my thesis supervisor Dr.Cedric Samuel for his guidance, suggestions, encouragement and the time he invested throughout my thesis. Thank you for the Friday meetings, that helped me improve my presentation skills further and the continuous evaluation and scientific discussion further enhanced my interest in thesis. I offer my sincere thanks to Dr. Patricia KRAWCKZAK head of the department of TPCIM, IMT-Lille-Douai for welcoming me to her team and her encouragement during my thesis. I would like to thank Dr.Valerie Gauchier for being the president of the jury of my theis defense. I would like to thank Dr.Jean-Marie Racquez and Dr.Yvan Chalamet for accepting our invitation to be the reporters in jury for my thesis defense. I would like to thank for their valuable time. I would like to thank Dr.Kateryna Fatyeyeva for accepting our invitation to be the examinater in the jury for my thesis defense. I offer my sincere thanks to Carlo ANGOTZI for helping me several times while working with Coperion extruder and all the other times I needed technical help. I would like to thank Laurent CHARLET, Pierre BEDART, Jean-Pierre MIMARD, Maxime DORCHIES and Xavier DORCHIES for their technical help throughout this work. My special thanks to Murielle DELSERT and Dominique KOCZOROWSKI for being so kind, for their quick responses. I would even like to thank them for all the help they provided during these 3 years. Thank you Murielle for speaking French slowly so that I understood and for bearing my French. I would also like to thank Dr. Malladi NAGALAKSHMAIAH for his guidance and mentoring me during the final phase of my thesis. Your suggestions and support helped me a lot to improve myself and my work. I would like to thank my dear friend Anurag for being there from the day one, helping me, listening to all my problems and encouraging me throughout this tedious journey. My special thanks to Keerthi Krishna for being an amazing friend, a food partner and for always listening to all my stories. I would like to thank Aniket for his friendship, patiently listening and encouraging me during my final year. I would like to thank Antoine for being the best office neighbor ever. I would also like to thank Helene for her friendship and the amazing talks we had during these 3 years. I would also like to thank Sebastien, Nazim and Jennifer for their warm welcome and help. My special thanks to Axel for helping me learn French, support and his 5 Chapter 1 friendship. My special thanks to Caroline for her friendship, cheering me up with her positive attitude and inspiring me never to stop achieving my goal. She has been my confidante here and I thank her from heart for that. I would like to thank Julie for her friendship, harry potter marathon and support in my first year of thesis. I would like to thank Anuprita for her friendship, constant support and her help towards the end of my thesis and reducing my stress levels. Special thanks to Sutapa, Bheems and Rakesh for being just a phone call away when I needed them. Finally last but not the least I would like to thank my parents for their everlasting support, encouragment and love which made all this possible. I would like to thank my fiancé Abhilash for his constant support and for all the strength when I was discouraged or stressed. Thank you for helping me throughout my thesis without complaining, thank you for the sensible advices and unconditional love without which it would be very difficult to finish this thesis. 6 Chapter 1 Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 9 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 11 2 State of the art .................................................................................................................. 15 PLA overview ........................................................................................................... 15 PLA markets and trends ............................................................................................ 17 Strategies to overcome drawbacks of PLA ............................................................... 18 2.3.1 Plasticization ...................................................................................................... 18 2.3.2 Co-polymerisation.............................................................................................. 20 2.3.3 Nucleating agents and nanocomposites ............................................................. 20 2.3.4 Impact modifiers ................................................................................................ 21 2.3.5 Stereocomplexation of Poly(Lactide) ................................................................ 22 2.3.6 Miscellaneous approaches ................................................................................. 22 Overview of Polymer blends ..................................................................................... 23 2.4.1 Thermodynamics of blends ................................................................................ 23 2.4.2 Processing methods of polymer blends.............................................................. 24 PLA based blends ...................................................................................................... 25 2.5.1 PLA/PMMA blends ........................................................................................... 27 2.5.2 PLA/Polycarbonate blends................................................................................. 33 2.5.3 PLA/semi-aromatic Polyester blends ................................................................. 40 2.5.4 PLA/Polyamide blends ...................................................................................... 45 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 55 Objectives and Workplan (Article organization) ...................................................... 56 3 Compatibility in Biobased Poly(L-Lactide)/Polyamide Binary Blends: From Melt-State Interfacial Tensions To (Thermo)Mechanical Properties ........................................................ 59 Introduction ..............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biobased Polymers Keep Textiles Green
    SPECIAL REPORT GREEN AND BIOBASED MATERIALS Biobased polymers keep textiles green a 4% share by 2020, according the nova-insti- Growing demands from brand owners and consumers tute, an organisation dedicated to advancing for fibres and textiles that are more environmentally the use of renewable raw materials. The textile industry share of worldwide friendly are now creating a huge market for biobased biobased polymer production in 2013 is esti- polymers produced using renewable feedstocks mated by the group to be 18%, but expected to decline to 8% in 2020 due to more rapid growth in consumption of biobased polymers/ plastics in the packaging sector (which is attributed to the fast growth of biobased PET). In fact, nova-institute projects production capacity for PET to reach 7m tonnes/year by 2020, while production capacities for PLA and PHA will expand nearly four and tenfold, respectively, between 2013 and 2020. Examples of leading companies producing biobased polymers and fibres intended for use in the textile industry include DuPont, NatureWorks, Invista, Corbion, Kaneka and Cathay Industrial Biotech. DUPONT OFFERINGS GROW DuPont makes Sorona (polytrimethylene tere- phthalate, PTT) biobased fibres (37% renewably sourced by weight) for carpet and apparel applications via continuous polymerisation of bio-PDO (1,3-propanediol), which is made from fermented sugars, and terephthalic acid (TPA). Sorona production uses 30% less energy and releases 63% fewer greenhouse gas emis- sions compared to the production of nylon 6, according to Michael
    [Show full text]
  • Nylons: a Review of the Literature on Products of Combustion and Toxicity
    — |MH|||| I A111DS l&BTIO NBSIR 85-3280 Nylons: A Review of the Literature on Products of Combustion and Toxicity NBS Reference PUBLICATIONS Emil Braun Barbara C. Levin U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards National Engineering Laboratory Center for Fire Research Gaithersburg, MD 20899 February 1986 Sponsored in part by: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission — • q c — asda, MD 20207 100 • U56 85-3280 1986 NBS keseaech informattojt CENTER NBSIR 85-3280 NYLONS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION AND TOXICITY Emil Braun Barbara C. Levin U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards National Engineering Laboratory Center for Fire Research Gaithersburg, MD 20899 February 1986 Sponsored in part by: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Bethesda, MD 20207 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. Ernest Ambler. Director 21 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES vii ABSTRACT 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 4 3.0 DECOMPOSITION 5 3.1 VACUUM PYROLYSIS 7 3.2 DECOMPOSITION IN INERT AND AIR ATMOSPHERES 8 3.2.1 GENERAL DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS 8 3.2.2 SPECIFIC GAS SPECIES 11 3.2.2. PURE MATERIALS 11 3. 2. 2. COMPOSITE MATERIALS 14 4.0 TOXICITY 17 4.1 DIN 53 436 19 4.2 FAA TOXICITY PROTOCOL 20 4.3 NASA/USF TOXICITY PROTOCOL 22 4.5 MISCELLANEOUS 27 5.0 LARGE-SCALE TESTS 31 6.0 CONCLUSIONS 35 7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 36 8.0 REFERENCES 37 iii LIST OF TABLES Page TABLE 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers Toward
    polymers Review The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers toward General and Engineering Applications: Polymers that Are Upgraded from Biodegradable Polymers, Analogous to Petroleum-Derived Polymers, and Newly Developed Hajime Nakajima, Peter Dijkstra and Katja Loos * ID Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] (H.N.); [email protected] (P.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-50-363-6867 Received: 31 August 2017; Accepted: 18 September 2017; Published: 18 October 2017 Abstract: The main motivation for development of biobased polymers was their biodegradability, which is becoming important due to strong public concern about waste. Reflecting recent changes in the polymer industry, the sustainability of biobased polymers allows them to be used for general and engineering applications. This expansion is driven by the remarkable progress in the processes for refining biomass feedstocks to produce biobased building blocks that allow biobased polymers to have more versatile and adaptable polymer chemical structures and to achieve target properties and functionalities. In this review, biobased polymers are categorized as those that are: (1) upgrades from biodegradable polylactides (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and others; (2) analogous to petroleum-derived polymers such as bio-poly(ethylene terephthalate) (bio-PET); and (3) new biobased polymers such as poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)
    [Show full text]
  • Filament Extrusion and Its 3D Printing of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Styrene-Co-Methyl Methacrylate) Blends
    applied sciences Article Filament Extrusion and Its 3D Printing of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Styrene-co-Methyl Methacrylate) Blends Luis Enrique Solorio-Rodríguez and Alejandro Vega-Rios * Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120. Chihuahua C.P. 31136, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-01-614-439-4831 Received: 18 September 2019; Accepted: 22 October 2019; Published: 28 November 2019 Abstract: Herein, we report the melt blending of amorphous poly(lactide acid) (PLA) with poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (poly(S-co-MMA)). The PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blends were made using amorphous PLA compositions from 50, 75, and 90wt.%, namely PLA50/poly(S-co-MMA)50, PLA75/poly(S-co-MMA)25, and PLA90/poly(S-co-MMA)10, respectively. The PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blend pellets were extruded into filaments through a prototype extruder at 195 ◦C. The 3D printing was done via fused deposition modeling (FDM) at the same temperature and a 40 mm/s feed rate. Furthermore, thermogravimetric curves of the PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blends showed slight thermal decomposition with less than 0.2% mass loss during filament extrusion and 3D printing. However, the thermal decomposition of the blends is lower when compared to amorphous PLA and poly(S-co-MMA). On the contrary, the PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blend has a higher Young’s modulus (E) than amorphous PLA, and is closer to poly(S-co-MMA), in particular, PLA90/poly(S-co-MMA)10.
    [Show full text]
  • UV Resistance
    UV resistance Technical Bulletin 370904 Ingeo™ Fiber Outperforms Other Synthetics in Resistance to UV Light Made entirely from annually renewable resources procedure such as corn, IngeoTM fibers have the performance Spun yarns knitted on FAK sample knitter advantages of both natural and synthetic Samples washed in hot water/cold rinse materials. Additionally, the performance benefits (no detergent) of Ingeo are inherent in the fiber, requiring no Samples cut into 6” x 6” specimens treatment or finish. The performance will not Specimens placed between two black diminish or fade after washings or over time. cardboard cutouts Front exposure window 4” x 4” to UV light, with solid back piece Test #1, Fabric Exposure Atlas weatherometer used for UV light exposure method - AATCC 16E exposure Xenon light source Specimens pulled at 240, 500 and 1000 Continuous light cycle, no water spray hours exposure Black panel temperature (63 ± 1 ° C) Dry bulb temperature (43 ± 2° C) Relative humidity (30 ± 5%) burst strength results samples PLA: 1.2 d staple, Ne 20/1 ring spun yarn, 41.6 in/course, single jersey knit tube sleeves PET: Ne 18/1 open end spun yarn, 41.6 in/course, single jersey knit tube sleeves Acrylic: Ne 18.7/1, 41.6 in/course, single jersey knit tube sleeves measurements Burst strength vs. exposure time (ASTM D3787) Molecular weight vs. exposure time (GPC) Color change vs. exposure time (HunterLab Colorimeter) UV resistance percent molecular weight loss results HunterLab colorimeter results A garnett or card clothed with wire type and density suitable for the fiber denier is required.
    [Show full text]
  • Recycling Roadmap
    BRITISH PLASTICS FEDERATION RECYCLING ROADMAP SUPPORTED BY The British Plastics Federation (BPF) is the trade association representing the entire plastics supply chain in the UK, from polymer producers and distributors, converters, equipment suppliers and recyclers. The BPF works in close collaboration with its member companies and liaises closely with government departments, as well as a broad range of non-governmental stakeholders such as charities, brands and retailers. The plastics industry is one of the UK manufacturing sector’s biggest strengths, comprising around 6,200 companies and directly employing 180,000 people. This report has been produced by the British Plastics Federation. The BPF would like to thank Keith Freegard of Keith Freegard Consulting Ltd for all his work on this report and all other reviewers who have provided valuable comments and feedback during its production. This report does not necessarily reflect the views of individual companies mentioned in this report and information provided by companies does not necessarily reflect the views of the BPF. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. While all reasonable steps have been taken to ensure that the information contained within this document is correct, the British Plastics Federation can make no warranties or representations of any kind as to the content and, to the maximum extent permitted by law, accept no liability whatsoever for the same including without limit, for direct, indirect or consequential loss, business interruption, loss of profits, production, contracts or goodwill.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact Strength and Morphology of Sustainably Sourced Recycling
    265 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 83, 2021 The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.cetjournal.it Guest Editors: Jeng Shiun Lim, Nor Alafiza Yunus, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš Copyright © 20 21 , AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. DOI: 10.3303/CET2183045 ISBN 978-88-95608-81-5; ISSN 2283-9216 Impact Strength and Morphology of Sustainably Sourced Recycling Polyethylene Terephthalate Blends Nur H. M. Rosmmi, Zahid I. Khan, Zurina Mohamad*, Rohah A. Majid, Norhayani Othman, Siti H. C. Man, Khairil J. A. Karim School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia [email protected] Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a semi-crystalline material that is widely used in the packaging industry, mainly in the production of bottles for beverages. Similar to other plastics, PET causes a problem in disposal as it remains in the environment for a long time. Most of the bottles are thrown away after a single usage, which worsens the disposal problem. Recycling is one of the best ways to reduce the problem of disposal. However, recycling reduces the mechanical and chemical properties of the PET. Factors such as moisture absorption, biological pollutants, oxidation, high temperature, and thermal degradation have reduced the molecular weight of PET. To improve the properties, recycled PET had been blended with Polyamide 11 (PA11) at different ratios of PET: PA11, 30:70, 50:50, and 70:30. A modified styrene/acrylic/epoxy chain extender (Joncryl) was added at 1 wt % in the blend to enhance the properties. The properties of recycled PET/PA11 blends were investigated in terms of mechanical and morphological aspects.
    [Show full text]
  • Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on Food Packaging in the Netherlands
    Bio-based and biodegradable plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Rapport nr. 1722 Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Report 1722 Colophon Title Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Author(s) Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Number Wageningen Food & Biobased Research number 1722 ISBN-number 978-94-6343-121-7 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/408350 Date of publication April 2017 Version Concept Confidentiality No/yes+date of expiration OPD code OPD code Approved by Christiaan Bolck Review Intern Name reviewer Christaan Bolck Sponsor RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Client RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Wageningen Food & Biobased Research P.O. Box 17 NL-6700 AA Wageningen Tel: +31 (0)317 480 084 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.wur.nl/foodandbiobased-research © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The publisher does not accept any liability for inaccuracies in this report. 2 © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research Preface For over 25 years Wageningen Food & Biobased Research (WFBR) is involved in research and development of bio-based materials and products.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Ingeo Earth Month Look
    NatureWorks LLC is a company dedicated to providing new, low carbon material choices with Ingeo plastics & fibers, enabling innovative, sustainable, and environmentally responsible product development. Since 2003, we’ve moved from concept to reality, spearheading a whole raft of creative innovations across a wide range of products from natural plastic food packaging and food serviceware, to durable electronics goods and automotive interior parts, to clothing, home textiles, and personal care and hygiene products. All this thanks to the commitment of our supply chain partners who together with creative brands and leading retailers have introduced a new generation of products to their customers and consumer over the last 6 years. Today we can highlight over 40 families of lifestyle products that are currently being produced for hundreds of brands and retailers, selling to the consumer worldwide. We’ve also learned that appropriate communication of the more responsible innovations which are now possible in everyday life is paramount. It’s critical that consumers are aware of these new choices -- products which are at once appealing, which work well, and which offer low environmental impact. That’s why we are committed to be present at critical events like the COP-16, and organizing activities like Ingeo™ Earth Month – reinforcing that we can all contribute to change, not only with big choices... but also by making small steps each and every day... Traditional market Plants Lactic acid Founded in1994, and based in Belgium, Galactic is a fully integrated multinational company operating in more than Manufacturers 65 countries, with manufacturing units in Belgium, Brands China, and the US.
    [Show full text]
  • Degradable Polyamides
    iiililiili^ @ EuroPean Patent Office ^-S Office europeen des brevets (fi) Publication number : 0 559 404 A1 @ EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION @ Application number : 93301510.9 @ Int. CI.5 : C08K 5/14, C08K 5/1 1 , C08G 69/44, C08G 69/48, (§) Date of filing : 26.02.93 A61L 1 7/00, A61 L 27/00, //(C08K5/14, C08L77:00), (C08K5/27, C08L77:00) (30) Priority : 06.03.92 US 847969 (72) Inventor : Holy, Norman Lee 901 Cherry Lane Penns Park, Pennsylvania 18943 (US) @ Date of publication of application : Inventor : Bortnick, Newman Mayer 08.09.93 Bulletin 93/36 509 Oreland Mill Road Oreland, Pennsylvania 19075 (US) (S) Designated Contracting States : DE ES FR GB IE IT PT @ Representative : Angell, David Whilton et al ROHM AND HAAS (UK) LTD. European Operations Patent Department Lennig House © Applicant : ROHM AND HAAS COMPANY 2 Mason's Avenue Independence Mall West Croydon CR9 3NB (GB) Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19105 (US) (S) Degradable polyamides. (57) Compositions comprising polyamide rendered hydrolytically labile by the incorporation of certain alkyl esters therein are useful in or as articles intended for degradation by water. Certain of the hydrolytically labile polyamides are novel compounds. O 10 10 LU Jouve, 18, rue Saint-Denis, 75001 PARIS EP 0 559 404 A1 This invention is concerned with biodegradable polymeric articles and certain amide polymers useful therein. The polymers and articles become brittle after long exposure to water and are especially useful as biodegradable fiber and netting, degradable plastic dishware, and degradable films for packaging. Another use of interest is in biological implants. 5 Japanese Kokai No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Essential Plastics Industry
    vii ix x 15 25 37 45 57 81 89 109 123 adidas APME (Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe) British Plastics Federation Cannon Rubber Ltd Dunlop Siazenger Dyson Ltd Ford GE Plastics GlaxoSmithKline Harkness Hall UK ITDG (Intermediate Technology Development Group) Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners Ltd Nuffield Design and Technology POD PP Global Technology Priestman Goode Rapak (0 S Smith Plastics) Seymour Powell Skystreme smart"? (DaimlerChrysler UK) St Paul's Nursery School, York Symphony Environmental Ltd The British Council The Design Council The Eden Project The Fabric University UCB Group Wolfson Electrostatics Worshipful Company of Horners John Amner, Ivor Davies, David Egglestone, John Featherstone, Mandy Haberman, Bernie Hanning, Denny Lane, David Oxley, John Sale, Colin Williamson Our grateful thanks also to ATOFINA for their very generous financial support. adidas,70 Aesculap AG and Company KG, 20 Amanda Penny, 85 Arcadia Group, 48 Apex Photo Agency Limited, 34 ATOFINA, 19, 52, 55, 61, 62, 73, 75, 76, 77, 88, 91, 108, 113, 115 AVENT, Cannon Rubber Limited, 40, 41 BASF,69 Board-a-Line Limited, 32, 33 Cambridge Display Technology Limited, 17 City of York Council, I I DaimlerChrysler, 63 Dan Gavere, 10I DuPont, 5 I, 69 Dyson, 72 Elizabeth Hubbard, 85 Erhard & Sohne GmbH, I I Freefoto.com, 27 Gilbert, 54 GlaxoSmithKline, 55 Graham Johnson, NSW Agriculture, 9 Graham Hearn, Wolfson Electrostatics, 12 Graham Mathers 4, 8, 9, 19, 21, 22, 27, 39, 43, 64, 66, 68, 84, 85, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99, 102 Hemera Technologies Incorporated,
    [Show full text]
  • Expanded Plastics, Polyurethane, Polyamide and Polyester Fibres
    Expanded Plastics, Polyurethane, Polyamide and Polyester Fibres (Polyepoxides and Epoxy Resins, Polyamides and Polyimides, Polyesters, Polyolefins, Polycondensation, Fiber Production, Prepolymer Production, Polyether Polyols with Epoxy Resins, Polyimides, Closed Cell Foamed Films and Sheets, Plastic Deformation, Closed Cell Polyimides) www.entrepreneurindia.co Introduction Expanded plastics are also known as foamed plastics or cellular plastics. Expanded plastics can be flexible, semi flexible, semi rigid or rigid. They can also be thermoplastic or thermosetting and can exist as open celled or closed celled materials. Expanded plastics may be prepared from most synthetic and many natural polymers. Most of the industrially important ones are made from polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethanes and polyethylene, as well as from resins that derive from phenol, epoxy, etc. Polyurethane (PUR and PU) is polymer composed of a chain of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. www.entrepreneurindia.co Polyurethane polymers are formed by combining two bi or higher functional monomers. One contains two or more isocyanate functional groups and the other contains two or more hydroxyl groups. More complicated monomers are also used. Polyurethane (PUR and PU) is a polymer composed of organic units joined by carbamate (urethane) links. While most polyurethanes are thermosetting polymers that do not melt when heated, thermoplastic polyurethanes are also available. www.entrepreneurindia.co Polyurethane polymers are traditionally and most commonly formed by reacting a di- or poly-isocyanate with a polyol. Both the isocyanates and polyols used to make polyurethanes contain, on average, two or more functional groups per molecule. A polyamide is a macromolecule with repeating units linked by amide bonds.
    [Show full text]