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An Investigation of Rail Crew Fatigue and Well-Being

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An Investigation of Rail Crew Fatigue and Well-Being AN INVESTIGATION OF RAIL CREW FATIGUE AND WELL-BEING Jialin Fan A thesis submitted for the award of PhD, 2018 Word count: 57,263 SUMMARY Occupational fatigue is a severe problem in the rail industry, potentially jeopardising train crew health and train safety. The aim of this thesis was to investigate fatigue, its risk factors, and the associations between fatigue, well-being outcomes, and performance among staff members in the rail industry by conducting a series of studies. It also aimed to develop a usable online fatigue measure to examine fatigue in a real-life setting. A large-scale questionnaire survey was conducted to examine the prevalence of fatigue, identify the risk factors related to fatigue, and investigate the associations between fatigue and well-being outcomes among railway staff in general. An online experiment was then run to investigate the effects of time of day and workload on fatigue and the association between subjective fatigue and objective performance, with a student sample. Finally, a questionnaire exploring the potential risk factors and greater details for fatigue among railway staff was conducted, followed by a diary study investigating the effects of workload and other risk factors in the prediction of fatigue, and the impact of fatigue on objective performance in work life, with a railway staff sample. The results of this thesis suggested that job demands, especially mental workload and overtime work were the main predictors of different types of fatigue among train crew, although the risk factors for fatigue appeared to differ between job roles. Job demands, shift-work and other negative work characteristics were shown to increase fatigue, while positive work and individual characteristics were shown to play a buffering role against it. The results also demonstrated that increased subjective fatigue contributed to sub-standard performance and poor well-being. In particular, fatigue was found to mediate the effects of risk factors on well-being outcomes. The study provided empirical support for potential organisational interventions to combat fatigue and improve staff members' well-being. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to my supervisor, Prof Andrew P Smith, for giving me the opportunity to pursue this PhD and for his continued advice and support over the last 4 years. I appreciate for his supervision and invaluable guidance and generosity. Gratitude to my family for their unconditional support and funding, particularly my mother Xiaohui Lin who frequently came over to the UK to take care of me during the most difficult periods, my father Prof Ping Fan for giving me professional advice on my career development and giving me the confidence to pursue this career path, and my fiancé Ming Zhong for always encouraging me with beautiful fresh flowers. I feel lucky to have done a PhD with the School of Psychology at Cardiff University, working with a great group of intelligent people and having the high standard of research seminars. Thank you Prof Rob Honey and Prof Tom Freeman for being good sources of professional guidance and support. Thank you the Research Committee of the school for being a generous source of funding for conferences. Thanks to the members of the Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, it has been a pleasure to work with you all. In particular, thank you Christine Noble who often inspired me, Irwan Ahmad who always shared interesting papers, and Kai Thomas for his kind assistance. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues Suzanna Bono, Danlu Cen, Hasah Alheneidi, Stephanie Baker, Norshaffika Zaiedy, Yuhao Chen, and Eman Alharbi for their friendship and generosity which provided support to me over the last few years. Finally, thank you to all the participants. II DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed …………………………………… (candidate) Date 04th September 2018 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed …………………………………… (candidate) Date 04th September 2018 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated, and the thesis has not been edited by a third party beyond what is permitted by Cardiff University’s Policy on the Use of Third Party Editors by Research Degree Students. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed …………………………………… (candidate) Date 04th September 2018 STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed …………………………………… (candidate) Date 04th September 2018 STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available online in the University’s Open Access repository and for inter-library loans after expiry of a Bar on access previously approved By the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed …………………………………… (candidate) Date 04th September 2018 III PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS RESULTING FROM THIS THESIS At the time of final submission (4th September, 2018), sections of this PhD thesis had been published in the following peer-reviewed journal articles. Fan, J. & Smith, A. P. (2017a). Positive Well-Being and Work-Life Balance among UK Railway Staff. Open Journal of Social Sciences. 6, 1-10. doi: 10.4236/jss.2017.56001 Fan, J.& Smith, A. P. (2017b). The Impact of Workload and Fatigue on Performance. In: Longo, L., Leva, M.V. (eds.) International Symposium on Human Mental Workload: Models and Applications, pp. 90-105. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-61061-0_6 Fan, J. & Smith, A. P. (2018a). A Preliminary Review of Fatigue among Rail Staff. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 634. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00634 Fan, J. & Smith, A. P. (2018b). The Mediating Effect of Fatigue on Work-life Balance Positive Well-being in Railway Staff. Open Journal of Social Sciences. 6, 1-10. doi: 10.4236/jss.2018.66001 Fan, J. & Smith, A. P. (2019). Mental Workload and Other Causes of Different Types of Fatigue in Rail Staff. In Longo, L., Leva, M.V. (eds.) International Symposium on Human Mental Workload: Models and Applications, Communications in Computer and Information Science 1012, pp. 147-159. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-14273-5_9 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................... II DECLARATION ..................................................................................................... III PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS RESULTING FROM THIS THESIS .......................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ V LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... XI LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ XIV CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 1.1 THE PROBLEM BEHIND THIS RESEARCH ....................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THIS THESIS ......................................................................... 2 1.3 OUTLINE OF THIS THESIS .............................................................................. 2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL FATIGUE ....................... 4 2.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 4 2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................................................... 4 2.3 DEFINITION OF OCCUPATIONAL FATIGUE .................................................... 5 2.4 CAUSES OF FATIGUE ..................................................................................... 7 2.4.1 Time on Task ..................................................................................... 7 2.4.2 Sleep Loss ......................................................................................... 8 2.4.3 Time of Day ....................................................................................... 8 2.4.4 Work Demands, Control, and Support ............................................. 9 2.4.5 Work Time ...................................................................................... 10 2.4.6 Individual Differences ..................................................................... 11 2.4.7 Environment Factors: Noise ........................................................... 13 2.4.8 Combined Effects ............................................................................ 13 2.5 CONSEQUENCES OF FATIGUE ..................................................................... 14 2.5.1 Performance ................................................................................... 15 2.5.2 Job Outcomes ................................................................................. 16 V 2.6 FATIGUE MEASUREMENT ........................................................................... 18 2.6.1 Subjective Measures ......................................................................
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