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Integrated Information System Supporting Energy Action Planning Via the Internet

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Integrated Information System Supporting Energy Action Planning Via the Internet Integrated Information System Supporting Energy Action Planning via the Internet Jae-min Kim B.Eng. M.Sc. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Strathclyde January 2004 Energy Systems Research Unit Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Acts as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3.49. Due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. i ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Joe Clarke for his enthusiastic guidance and support through the course of this study. Many individuals assisted with the collection of field data and gave helpful feedback. I am indebted to Ken Bamborough (Highland Council), Philip Warren (ManWeb), David Shearer (ScottishPower) and Ross Simpson (Estate Management Department, University of Strathclyde). Thanks also to my friends who helped on issues related to Java programming: Kenji, Sayeed, Luis and Hyun-suk. I would also like to acknowledge my research colleagues, and Paul and Anne Strachan in particular. Their academic comments helped me to raise the quality of my work. Finally, I would like to thank Joo, my wife. Without her practical and emotional support, this study would never have been finished. ii Abstract Recent energy policy is designed to foster better energy efficiency and assist with the deployment of clean energy systems, especially those derived from renewable energy sources. To attain the envisaged targets will require action at all levels and effective collaboration between disparate groups (e.g. local government, private companies, research organisations, citizens etc). Such actions and collaborations will require energy partnerships with resource sharing, and communication systems that integrate distributed information and applications seamlessly. The rate at which the Internet is increasing in popularity means that most organisations throughout the world will be networked in the near future. Today's database management technology has allowed the capacity for data storage to expand to an almost unlimited extent and distributed databases to be connected within networks operating at any scale. In addition, advanced software engineering techniques are enabling the establishment of on-line communication and distributed resource management. This study established an Internet-enabled, Energy and Environment Information System (EEIS) for sustainable development support. The aim was to provide decision- makers with information on energy demands, supplies and impacts by sector, time, fuel type and so on, in support of energy action plan formulation and enactment. Essentially, the EEIS comprises a database and software agents capable of extracting and delivering ‘data aspect models’ tailored to different user needs. The EEIS is equipped with a consistent analysis system corresponding to various decision-making levels, from large-scale exploratory analysis (e.g. GIS and 3D data visualisation) to specified analysis (e.g. regression analysis, performance classification etc). The on-line integration of databases, modelling software packages and electronic communication protocols demonstrates the system connectivity potential of the EEIS. As a specific implementation of the EEIS concept, the EnTrak system was developed based on Java technology. The applicability of EnTrak was tested using real data iii collected at different scales: regional, municipal and institutional. The outcomes from these analyses demonstrate the potential for global support for decision-making at all levels. Based on the capabilities of the EEIS as demonstrated in this study, it is envisaged that a collaborative system for sustainability between citizens, organisations, professional groupings and utilities could be established on a real-time basis. Such a system will enable a global analysis based on aggregated data derived from the on-line integration of distributed databases and allowing two-way information flow between decision makers and with the entities being managed (e.g. remote control of demand). Most importantly, such an on-line collaborative system can be implemented at low cost by utilising the rapidly growing Internet infrastructure. iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................................................1 1.1 Energy Management and Sustainable Development.............................................1 1.2 Decision-Making in Energy Actions .....................................................................4 1.3 Recent Trends in Decision-Support Systems ........................................................8 1.4 The Evolution of IT..............................................................................................11 1.5 The Future: An Integrated Information System Via the Internet........................16 1.6 Research Objectives and Thesis Outline..............................................................20 References...................................................................................................................22 Chapter 2 Information Technology: the State-of-the-Art................................................27 2.1 Network Programming Technology ....................................................................27 2.1.1 TCP/IP and the Client-Server Computing Model ......................................28 2.1.2 Java Technology..........................................................................................30 2.1.3 Mark-up Language-based Interface............................................................33 2.2 Database Management Technologies ..................................................................36 2.2.1 Relational Data Model ................................................................................37 2.2.2 Distributed Databases Operation Model ....................................................39 2.3 Communication Interface Technologies..............................................................42 2.3.1 Database Connectivity ................................................................................44 2.3.2 Electronic Gateway System ........................................................................48 2.4 Multiple User Interfaces.......................................................................................52 2.5 System Architecture .............................................................................................55 2.6 Summary...............................................................................................................60 References...................................................................................................................61 Chapter 3 EEIS System Requirements.............................................................................64 3.1 Nature of Information...........................................................................................64 3.2 User Types ............................................................................................................68 3.3 Analysis Capabilities............................................................................................73 v 3.3.1 Conventional Analysis Techniques ............................................................74 3.3.2 Integration of Analysis System for Sustainability......................................78 3.4 Exploratory Analysis............................................................................................86 3.4.1 Difficulties in Handling Multi-scale Large Data Sets................................86 3.4.2 Data Visualisation .......................................................................................89 3.5 Interoperable System Integration Supporting Collaborative Decision-Making.96 3.6 Summary...............................................................................................................98 References.................................................................................................................100 Chapter 4 EEIS Prototype: Data Model and Analysis Model .......................................103 4.1 Data Model .........................................................................................................103 4.1.1 Entity .........................................................................................................107 4.1.2 Building .....................................................................................................111 4.1.3 Photovoltaic Systems ................................................................................113 4.1.4 Wind Turbine Systems..............................................................................116 4.1.5 Energy........................................................................................................117 4.1.6 Environment ..............................................................................................120 4.1.7 Events and Operation ................................................................................124 4.1.8 Look-up Data.............................................................................................125
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