DOCSLIB.ORG

Page 1 ~ ~. ,, ''"'" Page 2 Landscape Ecology of Plague in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Page 1 ~ ~. ,, '' ~ ~ . ,, ''"'" Land scape Ecology of Plague in the American Southwest September 19-20, 2000 Fort Collins, Colorado Proceedings of an American Southwest Workshop Edited by Christopher J. Brand Sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center Information and Technology Report 2002- 0001 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2002 Copies of this report may l)e ot!tainHd from : Nntional Tcchn ica l lr lfUrmation Service. 5285 Port Royill Hd .. Spring-field VA 22H11 (703)00~J-6000, 111 tp://www.mis.gov/ DHfense Technicallnforrna tion Center, 87/.5 Kingman RrJ.. Su ite U~,l~. Fort Belvoir VA 22060-6218 1-800-22!.i -3842. hltp//wwv,;.dticrnil US. Geological Sur vey, National Wildlife Health Center. 6006 SchroecJer Rd, Madison WI 5371 1 1608)770- 7~00. http:/ /www.nwhc.usgs .g ov/ Any use of trade. product, or fi rm names in tf1is publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not impl y endorsement IJy the U.S. Government. Altl1ougl1 til is document is in t11e public domain, it contains copyriyhtecl materials that are noted in the te xt or on ttle cover. Perm ission tD reproduce co pyrig hter! materials must hr. secured from the inclividual copyright owners. Suggested citation: Brand, Christopllr.r J., 2007.l.anclscap e Ecology of Plague in tile Americ8n Soulllwest, September 19-20,2000, f-an Coll ins. Co lor ado, Proceedings of un American Southwest Workshop: Reston. Virginia, U.S. Geological Su rvey lntmrniltion and Technology Report 7002- 0001, 24 p. ror additional information about th is publication piHase contact: US Geo logi cal Su rvey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Scllror:der Rd ., Madison WI 53711 (608)210-2400. llttp:/ /www.nwllc.u sgs.g ov/ Ill Conte nts Tab I e of Contents .................................................................................. ... .. .. .............. .. Ill Executive Summary ....... .... ...... ..... ... ... ..................... ..... .. ........ ..... .... ........ ............... .. IV Acknowledgements ..................... ................... ............................. ... .. ....... .................. .. V Introduct ion ... ................ ............. ............... .. ....... ... ....... .................. ............... ........ ... ..... 1 Worksl1op Purpose and Goa ls ...... .. ... ......... ... ............ .................................................. 3 Agenda ...................... ..................................... .............. ...... .......... ............. ........... ...... ... 4 Abstracts of Presentations ..................................................................... .... .... .............. 5 Abstracts of Panel Presentations ............................................................................... 13 Group Discussion and Identification of Research and Management Information Needs ......... .............................. .. ............. 18 List of Participants .................................................... ......................... .. .... ....... .......... .. 20 IV Executive Summary Du ri ng September 19-20, 2000, a workshop titled "Landscape Ecology of Plague in the American Southwest" was held in Fort Collins, Colorado. The workshop was funded by t he U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)-Earth Surface Processes Team and sponsored by the USGS National Wildlife Health Center. Forty scientists and natural resource managers and administrators represent- ing 8 federal agencies, 4 state agencies, 6 universities, and other local agencies and nongovernment organizations met to discuss historical and current status of plague in the United States, current activities in plague surveillance, resea rch, and management in wildlife, and research and information needs relative t o plague control and management. Eleven individual presentations on plague his­ tory, status, and trends; diagnostic technologies; epizootiological studies and observations; and control and management strategies and studies, followed by a panel discussion on the impact of plague on wildlife and ecosystems, led the way t o extensive group discussions on important plague-related questions, issues and problems. Workshop attendees participated in identifying important research and information needs relevant to control and management of plague in wildlife, and in the process, established new cooperative and collaborative partnersh ips and en hanced existing relationships upon which future research and information needs can be met. The proceedings from this workshop are intended to be used by t he natural resource managers and researchers from the various participating agencies, research faci lities, as well as other stakeholders to aid in t he develop­ ment of future research and information programs and funding initiatives related to both zoonotic and sylvatic plague. Terry £. Creekmore v Acknowledgements We thank Richard Reyno lds and David Miller for providing financial support t hrough the U .S. Geological Survey (USGS)-Geologic Discipline's Southwest W orkshops Project for promoting interdisciplinary studies. Dr. R.G. Mclean pro­ v ided helpful input into the workshop development and review of t he workshop proceedin gs. We also thank Marta Anderson and Elizabeth Ciganovich for prepa­ ratio n and layout of these proceedings. VI Introducti on Since the introduction of plague ( Yersinia pestis) into the United States in 1900. this disease has spread through the \Vest and Southwest. where a variety of rodent species serve as reservoirs for both human and wildli fe infection. Plague has significantly irnpacted populations of rodent species such as black-tailed (Cynomys fudovicianus). white-tailed (C. leucurus). Gunnison's (C. gun.nisoni), and Utah (C. parvidens) prairie dogs. often killing 90-100 percent of infected colonies. Evidence also suggests that plague may have been a factor in the near­ extinction of the black-footed ferret (i'vfustela 11igripes) from direct mortality as well as indirectly from decimation of prairie dogs. their sole food source, by plague. Plague in humans is an internationally reportable disease, and an average Plague Cases, by Co unty, Western of about 10-15 cases have been reported each year in the United States since United States, 1970-2000 1975. Federal, Stare, and local public health agencies in plague-endemic areas invest sign ificant resources in surveillance programs to determine the distribution and activity of plague in wildlife and to conduct follow-up epidemiological investigations to identify sources of human cases. \Vild rodents. particularly rock squi.rrels (Spermophilus variegaws), are frequently shown 0 0 cases or implicated to be the reservoir for infecting fleas that transmit the plague 1 case bacterium to humans, often involving domestic cars as links between wildlife 2-8 cases reservoirs and human cases. Increased risk for plague in humans is often ' 7-16 cases associated with expansion of residential areas into areas populated by rodent 17-23 case: reservoirs; and pastoral life styles, particularly among Native Americans on 8 reservations in the southwestern United Srates. • 24-36 case: Plague control in wildlife in the United States has been attempted Courtesy of the Centers for Di.$ease Control and Prevention on numerous occasions. often associated with response to human cases or proactively to reduce risk of transmission to humans within a relatively localized geographic area. These programs often involve rodent and vector population suppression in addition public education and medical surveillance. While these have mer wirh var·ying degrees of success. in general they do not contain the disease for long periods or over broad areas. Rodent targets of population control are often the more visible and susceptible species. while the species responsible for enz<xJtic maintenance may not be affected by these control measures. Re­ establishment of affected sites with ne.w and naive popul ati ons of susceptible rodents may be rapid in some situations. Courtesy of t!Je Centers for Disease Comrol and Prevention 2 landscape Ecology of Plague in the American Southwest Landscape-scale changes in the West since the early 1900s have likely changed, and will continue to change. epidemiologic and epizooriologic pattems of both zoonotic and sylvatic plague in the United States. Ruralization and suburbanization from many of our major population centers will continue to alter the risk of human expo;;ure to plague from wild rodents; broad-scale changes affecting habitat abundance. distribution. and patchiness will likely change the transmission dynamics and impact of plague within and between wildlife species and populations; and other factors such as climate change, water distribution in arid ecosystems, and other land-use changes may also have unknown effects on the occurrence and distribution of plague. ElTective prevention and control measures J~)r plague in wil.dlife, whether zoonotic or sylva.tic, now and in the future, will benefit from an integrated epidemiological approach bringing together multiple disciplines, including wildlife biology and management. landscape ecology and epidemiology. molecular biology, human and wildlife disease specialties. toxicology. vaccinology, and other disciplines. \Ve hope that the results of this workshop will be used as a seed. or nucleus, for both a broader and more thorough understanding of plague, leading
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PLAGUE STUDIES * 6. Hosts of the Infection R
    Bull. Org. mond. Sante 1 Bull. World Hlth Org. 1952, 6, 381-465 PLAGUE STUDIES * 6. Hosts of the Infection R. POLLITZER, M.D. Division of Epidemiology, World Health Organization Manuscript received in April 1952 RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHA Reviewing in 1928 the then rather limited knowledge available concerning the occurrence and importance of plague in rodents other than the common rats and mice, Jorge 129 felt justified in drawing a clear-cut distinction between the pandemic type of plague introduced into human settlements and houses all over the world by the " domestic " rats and mice, and " peste selvatique ", which is dangerous for man only when he invades the remote endemic foci populated by wild rodents. Although Jorge's concept was accepted, some discussion arose regarding the appropriateness of the term " peste selvatique" or, as Stallybrass 282 and Wu Lien-teh 318 translated it, " selvatic plague ". It was pointed out by Meyer 194 that, on etymological grounds, the name " sylvatic plague " would be preferable, and this term was widely used until POzzO 238 and Hoekenga 105 doubted, and Girard 82 denied, its adequacy on the grounds that the word " sylvatic" implied that the rodents concerned lived in forests, whereas that was rarely the case. Girard therefore advocated the reversion to the expression "wild-rodent plague" which was used before the publication of Jorge's study-a proposal it has seemed advisable to accept for the present studies. Much more important than the difficulty of adopting an adequate nomenclature is that of distinguishing between rat and wild-rodent plague- a distinction which is no longer as clear-cut as Jorge was entitled to assume.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parasitism of Persian Jird by Immature Stages of Hyalomma Asiaticum (Acari: Ixodidae) and Its Identification Using Molecular Approaches in Iran
    Archive of SID Persian J. Acarol., 2018, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 313–392. http://dx.doi.org/10.22073/pja.v7i4.39233 Journal homepage: http://www.biotaxa.org/pja Article The parasitism of Persian jird by immature stages of Hyalomma asiaticum (Acari: Ixodidae) and its identification using molecular approaches in Iran Asadollah Hosseini Chegeni1, 2, Ehsan Mostafavi3, 4, Ali Mohammadi3, 4, Ahmad Mahmoudi3, 4 and Mohammad Hassan Kayedi5* 1. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan, Lorestan, Iran; E-mail: hosseinichegeni @gmail.com 2. Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran. 3. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 4. National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran. 5.Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author ABSTRACT In the present study, occurrence of Hyalomma asiaticum on wild rodents was explored. Rodents were trapped using Sherman traps. The tick specimens were collected by forceps from the rodents. Overall, one larva and 59 nymphs of immature ticks were collected on 23 Meriones persicus from three different locations in western Iran. A 408 bp length fragment of nuclear 5.8S/internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genes was amplified in 60 examined tick specimens using PCR, of which one sample was sequenced, successfully.
    [Show full text]
  • Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinformation 64 (2018) 249–255
    Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinformation 64 (2018) 249–255 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinformation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jag Research Paper Detecting plague-host abundance from space: Using a spectral vegetation MARK index to identify occupancy of great gerbil burrows ⁎ Liesbeth I. Wilschuta,b, , Johan A.P. Heesterbeekb, Mike Begonc, Steven M. de Jonga, Vladimir Ageyevd, Anne Laudisoitc,e, Elisabeth A. Addinka a Utrecht University, Department of Physical Geography, Heidelberglaan 2, PO Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands b Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands c Ecology Evolution and Genomics of Infectious Disease Research Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK d Anti-Plague Institute, M. Aikimbayev’s Kazakh Science Centre for Quarantine and Zoonotic Diseases, 14 Kapalskaya Street, Almaty 050074, Kazakhstan e Evolutionary Biology Group, University of Antwerp, 171, Groenenborgerlaan, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In Kazakhstan, plague outbreaks occur when its main host, the great gerbil, exceeds an abundance threshold. Plague These live in family groups in burrows, which can be mapped using remote sensing. Occupancy (percentage of Yersinia pestis burrows occupied) is a good proxy for abundance and hence the possibility of an outbreak. Here we use time Infectious disease series of satellite images to estimate occupancy remotely. Great gerbil In April and September 2013, 872 burrows were identified in the field as either occupied or empty. For Population abundance satellite images acquired between April and August, ‘burrow objects’ were identified and matched to the field NDVI ff fi Object-based image analysis burrows.
    [Show full text]
  • (Nematoda: Heteroxynematidae) Parasite of Domestic Mongolian Gerbils, Meriones Unguiculatus Milne-Edwards
    Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 46(1), 1979, pp. 36-42 A Redescription of Dentosiomella translucida Schulz and Krepkorgorskaja, 1932 (Nematoda: Heteroxynematidae) Parasite of Domestic Mongolian Gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards P. A. PlLITT AND S. R. WlGHTMAN Animal Parasitology Institute, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, and Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211 ABSTRACT: Dentostomella translucida Schulz and Krepkorgorskaja, 1932 is redescribed in labora- tory Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards in a colony maintained at the Uni- versity of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. The nematode parasite is characterized by: a long uterine tube that remains narrow posterior to the level of the vulva, female body configuration long and evenly proportioned, vulva anterior to midbody, spicule tip bifid in ventral view, and five teeth per esophageal sector. Dentostomella translucida in Mongolian gerbils shows a different range in size than that in specimens originally described in the great gerbil, Rhombomys opimus Lichtenstein collected in Kazakhstan, USSR. In nematodes from Mongolian gerbils, females are 9.6-31 mm long and males are 6.1-13.1 mm long; in nematodes from great gerbils, females are 21.8-40.4 mm long and males are 14.2-18.3 mm long. Additional observations in D. translucida include the presence of cervical inflations in the cuticle in both sexes, a pair of papillae on the postanal protuberance in males, and new information on the denticular morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy. Of the five teeth per esophageal sector, the conical, median tooth is the largest and set deep in the buccal cavity; the two perimeter teeth are conical, medium-sized, and not set as deep.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Leishmania Infection Rates in Rhombomys Opimus
    Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. DOI 10.1007/s13149-010-0044-1 EPIDEMIOLOGY / EPIDÉMIOLOGIE Dynamics of Leishmania infection rates in Rhombomys opimus (Rodentia: Gerbillinae) population of an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran Dynamique des taux d’infection à Leishmania chez les populations de Rhombomys opimus (Rodentia : Gerbillinae) dans un foyer endémique de leishmaniose cutanée zoonotique en Iran A.A. Akhavan · M.R. Yaghoobi-Ershadi · A. Khamesipour · H. Mirhendi · M.H. Alimohammadian · Y. Rassi · M.H. Arandian · R. Jafari · H. Abdoli · N. Shareghi · M. Ghanei · N. Jalali-zand Received: 2 November 2009, Accepted: 23 December 2009 © Société de pathologie exotique et Springer-Verlag France 2010 Abstract Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to reaction (PCR) assay was used for the detection and identi- Leishmania major is a great public health problem in the fication of Leishmania parasites, and the results were con- Old World. Leishmania major is widely distributed in popu- firmed by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism lations of rodents in arid and savannah regions. In this study, (RFLP). The results showed that Leishmania infection rate seasonal variation of natural infection with Leishmania para- was 55.8% (29 out of 52 gerbils) using nested PCR. The sites in Rhombomys opimus (Rodentia: Gerbillinae) popula- highest and lowest Leishmania infection rates were observed tion of an endemic focus of ZCL in Iran was monitored. The in fall and summer, respectively. Gerbils that were found to study was conducted from October 2007 to October 2008 in be infected only with L. major were 5.8%, and that with the central part of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing a Long-Standing Hypothesis on the Relation Between the Auditory
    Mammalia 2014; aop Fatemeh Tabatabaei Yazdi * , Paolo Colangelo and Dominique Adriaens Testing a long-standing hypothesis on the relation between the auditory bulla size and environmental conditions: a case study in two jird species (Muridae: Meriones libycus and M. crassus ) Abstract: Variation in mammalian auditory bulla size Keywords: geoclimatic variation; geometric morphomet- has been linked to environmental conditions, and has rics; rodent; skull; two-block partial least squares. even been claimed to provide a habitat-specific survival value. Enlarged bullae are typically shared among species DOI 10.1515/mammalia-2013-0043 adapted to living in arid habitats. Previous studies suggest Received March 12 , 2013 ; accepted May 27 , 2014 that jirds also exhibit this adaptive enlargement of the bulla. However, such claims are based on the observation on a limited number of specimens, and thus they provide no quantitative support for this hypothesis. Therefore, we tested this hypothesis using a combination of geometric Introduction morphometrics and multivariate statistical techniques on a large sample of two jird species that exhibit a wide and A strong relationship between the environment and mor- partially overlapping geographical (and hence climatic) phological variation in animals has long been recognized, range, i.e., Meriones crassus (Sundevall, 1842) and M. with several studies showing associations of geoclimatic libycus (Lichtenstein, 1823). A total of 485 intact skulls of variation with inter- and intraspecific morphological vari- populations originating from Africa to the eastern Iranian ations (e.g., Ashton et al. 2000 , Meiri and Dayan 2003 , Plateau were analysed. The covariation between auditory Rychlik et al. 2006 , Cardini et al. 2007 , Colangelo et al.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genome of the Plague-Resistant Great Gerbil Reveals Species-Specific Duplication of an MHCII Gene
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/449553; this version posted October 31, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 The genome of the plague-resistant great gerbil reveals species-specific 2 duplication of an MHCII gene 3 Pernille Nilsson1*, Monica H. Solbakken1, Boris V. Schmid1, Russell J. S. Orr2, Ruichen Lv3, 4 Yujun Cui3, Yajun Song3, Yujiang Zhang4, Nils Chr. Stenseth1,5, Ruifu Yang3, Kjetill S. Jakobsen1, 5 W. Ryan Easterday1 & Sissel Jentoft1 6 7 1 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo 8 2 Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 9 3 State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and 10 Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China 11 4 Xinjiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, China 12 5 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System 13 Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 14 * Corresponding author, [email protected] 15 16 Abstract 17 The great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) is a social rodent living in permanent, complex burrow 18 systems distributed throughout Central Asia, where it serves as the main host of several 19 important vector-borne infectious diseases and is defined as a key reservoir species for 20 plague (Yersinia pestis). Studies from the wild have shown that the great gerbil is largely 21 resistant to plague but the genetic basis for resistance is yet to be determined.
    [Show full text]
  • Scent Marking in Gerbils and Its Possible Functions
    Russian J. Theriol. 14(1): 113–126 © RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY, 2015 Scent marking in gerbils and its possible functions Vladimir S. Gromov ABSTRACT. Behaviors related to scent marking are compared and analyzed in males and females of four gerbil species (Meriones unguiculatus, M. tamariscinus, M. meridianus, and Psammomys obesus) ob- served in the wild and under semi-natural conditions. Scent-marking activity was found to vary in dependence on species, sex, age, reproductive conditions, social and territorial status of the individuals, and to show seasonal variation. The commonest patterns of scent marking are ventral rubbing and building up of ‘signal heaps’ with urine and feces. A close association between scent marking and social dominance was revealed in three species (M. unguiculatus, M. tamariscinus, M. meridianus). Spatial distribution of scent marks was found to be very uneven. Females marked most often the areas near burrow entrances, pathways and feeding sites. Males exhibited a higher rate of scent marking within home ranges of reproducing females. Inter-species differences in scent marking related to a species-specific space use systems and reproductive strategies were revealed. Results of the study partly support the scent-matching hypothesis and the status signaling hypothesis. However, these hypotheses do not predict spatial distribution of scent marks in male gerbils, and do not account for function of scent marking in young individuals as well as an increase of scent-marking activity induced by novelty factors. These findings are more consistent with the hypothesis of home range familiarization. Besides, scent marking in male gerbils could also function as a means of female monopolization.
    [Show full text]
  • A High-Density Genetic Map and Molecular Sex-Typing Assay for Gerbils
    A high-density genetic map and molecular sex-typing assay for gerbils ANGOR UNIVERSITY Brekke, Thomas; Mulley, John; Steele, Katherine; Denver, Megan; Thom, Angharad; Supriya, Sushmita Mammalian Genome DOI: 10.1007/s00335-019-09799-z PRIFYSGOL BANGOR / B Published: 01/04/2019 Peer reviewed version Cyswllt i'r cyhoeddiad / Link to publication Dyfyniad o'r fersiwn a gyhoeddwyd / Citation for published version (APA): Brekke, T., Mulley, J., Steele, K., Denver, M., Thom, A., & Supriya, S. (2019). A high-density genetic map and molecular sex-typing assay for gerbils. Mammalian Genome, 30(3-4), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-019-09799-z Hawliau Cyffredinol / General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. 25. Sep. 2021 1 A high-density genetic map and molecular sex-typing assay for gerbils Thomas D. Brekke1 Sushmita Supriya1 Megan Denver1 Angharad Thom1 Katherine A.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania
    microorganisms Review A Systematic Review (1990–2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania Iris Azami-Conesa 1, María Teresa Gómez-Muñoz 1,* and Rafael Alberto Martínez-Díaz 2 1 Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 2 Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Autónoma of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by several species of Leishmania that affect humans and many domestic and wild animals with a worldwide distribution. The objectives of this review are to identify wild animals naturally infected with zoonotic Leishmania species as well as the organs infected, methods employed for detection and percentage of infection. A literature search starting from 1990 was performed following the PRISMA methodology and 161 reports were in- cluded. One hundred and eighty-nine species from ten orders (i.e., Carnivora, Chiroptera, Cingulata, Didelphimorphia, Diprotodontia, Lagomorpha, Eulipotyphla, Pilosa, Primates and Rodentia) were reported to be infected, and a few animals were classified only at the genus level. An exhaustive list of species; diagnostic techniques, including PCR targets; infected organs; number of animals explored and percentage of positives are presented. L. infantum infection was described in 98 wild species and L.(Viania) spp. in 52 wild animals, while L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. major and L. tropica Citation: Azami-Conesa, I.; were described in fewer than 32 animals each. During the last decade, intense research revealed new Gómez-Muñoz, M.T.; Martínez-Díaz, hosts within Chiroptera and Lagomorpha.
    [Show full text]
  • Rodent Biology and Management
    Rodent Biology and Management Abstracts of papers presented at the International Conference on Rodent Biology and Management, held at Beijing, China, 5-9 October 1998 Editors: Zhi-Bin Zhang, Lyn Hinds, Grant Singleton and Zu-Wang Wang Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canberra 1999 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Austral­ ian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special research compe­ tence. Where trade names are used this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES This series of publications contains technical information resulting from ACIAR-supported programs, projects, and workshops (for which proceedings are not being published), reports on Centre-supported fact-finding studies, or reports on other useful topics resulting from ACIAR activities. Publications in the series are distributed internationally to a selected audience. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, GPO Box 1571. Canberra, ACT 2601. Email: [email protected] Home page: http://www.aciar.gov.au Zhi-Bin Zhang, Hinds, L., Singleton, G. and Zu-Wang Wang. ed. 1999. Rodent biology and management. Abstracts of papers presented at the International Conference on Rodent Biology and Management held
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology and Status of the Caracal, Caracal Caracal, in the Abbasabad Naein Reserve, Iran
    Ecology and status of the Caracal, Caracal caracal, in the Abbasabad Naein Reserve, Iran by Mohammad S, Farhadinia, Hossein Akbari, Mohammad Beheshti and Arash Sadeghi Abstract. A Caracal survey was carried out between 2002 and 2006 in Abbasabad Reserve, which covers more than 300,000 ha in eastern Esfahan province, and which is one of the best habitats of the species. It was found to occur mainly in desert mountains and hilly terrains where rodents and hares are abundant. 80% of direct observations were made from solitary individuals, the remaining in groups of 2. Although rodents, hare and ground birds play the main role in cara- cal’s diet in Abbasabad Reserve, it is also a serious threat to small livestock of local people. Sometimes, the Caracal tries to catch wild ungulates. Kurzfassung. Zwischen 2002 und 2005 wurde im Schutzgebiet von Abbasabad, das sich über mehr als 300,000 ha im östlichen Teil der Provinz Isfahan erstreckt, eine Erfassung des Karakals durchgeführt. Das Gebiet ist eines der besten für die Art im Iran. Die Art wurde hauptsächlich in Wüstenbergen und in hügeligem Gelände gefunden, wo Kleinnager und Hasen häufig sind. 80% der direkten Beobachtungen beziehen sich auf Einzeltiere, der Rest auf Gruppen von zwei. Ob- wohl Kleinsäuger, Hasen und Bodenvogelarten die Hauptrolle in der Nahrung des Karakals im Abbasabad-Schutzgebiet spielen, ist er doch auch eine ernstzunehmende Gefahr für kleine Haust- iere der lokalen Bevölkerung. Manchmal versucht der Karakal, wilde Huftiere zu reissen. Key words. Caracal, Caracal caracal, Abbasabad Reserve, Iran, ecology, diet. Introduction Despite its wide distribution throughout the eastern half of the country and its importance as a medium-sized, yet often the largest or top predator in many habitats or specific areas, little is known on various aspects of ecology of caracal, Caracal caracal Schreber, 1776 in Iran.
    [Show full text]