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The Great War and the Visual Mobilization of the Ottoman Public Sphere: the Case of “Donanma” Journal

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THE GREAT WAR AND THE VISUAL MOBILIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC SPHERE: THE CASE OF “DONANMA” JOURNAL by Süleyman Emre Sunu Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University SEPTEMBER 2007 THE GREAT WAR AND THE VISUAL MOBILIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC SPHERE: THE CASE OF “DONANMA” JOURNAL APPROVED BY: Asst. Prof. Dr. Selçuk Akşin Somel …………………………. (Thesis Supervisor) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tülay Artan …………………………. Prof. Dr. Meltem Müftüler Baç ………………………….. DATE OF APPROVAL: 14.09.2007 ii © Süleyman Emre Sunu, 2007 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT THE GREAT WAR AND THE VISUAL MOBILIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN PUBLIC SPHERE: THE CASE OF “DONANMA” JOURNAL Süleyman Emre Sunu History, MA Thesis,2007 Thesis Supervisor: Assistant Prof. Dr. Selçuk Akşin Somel Keywords: The Great War, the Navy League, Donanma Mecmuası, mobilization, visual propaganda This study tries to explore the Ottoman experience of the Great War through a preliminary analysis of the visual propaganda of the journal Donanma. Although the Ottoman war propaganda suffered from serious infrastructural and superstructural setbacks and hence doomed to fail eventually, this thesis argues that the attempt of the government to penetrate the Ottoman public sphere, to manipulate the public opinion and to incorporate the society as a whole to the state’s war effort cut across the social, economical and cultural aspects of the Ottoman war experience and thus offers a valuable insight into it. In this perspective, the present thesis proposes that Donanma was an efficient and preferable channel for the dispersion of the governmental propaganda due to its popular character, and that visuals aided the journal by improving the accessibility of its propagandist message to the highly illiterate Ottoman society. In this context, this study tries to analyze and identify the main arguments and symbols embodied in the journal’s visual propaganda during the last three months prior to the Ottoman intervention to the war and the war years. Pictures: in Suleyman_Emre_Sunu_FIGURES iv ÖZET BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI VE OSMANLI KAMUSAL ALANININ GÖRSEL SEFERBERLİĞİ: "DONANMA" MECMUASI Süleyman Emre Sunu Tarih, Yüksek Lisans, 2007 Tez Danışmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Selçuk Akşin Somel Anahtar kelimeler: Dünya Savaşı I, Donanma Cemiyeti, Donanma Mecmuası, seferberlik, görsel propaganda Bu araştırma, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Birinci Dünya Savaşı tecrübesini Donanma Mecmuası’nın görsel propagandasının bir ilk incelemesiyle ele almaya çalışmaktadır. Osmanlı savaş propagandasının ciddi alt ve üst yapısal yetersizliklerden muzdarip ve dolayısıyla başarısızlığa mahkum olmasına karşın, bu tez, hükümetin Osmanlı kamusal alanına nüfuz etme, kamuoyunu manipüle etme ve toplumun tamamını devletin savaş gayretine dahil etme girişiminin, Osmanlı savaş tecrübesini toplumsal, ekonomik ve kültürel eksenlerde kestiğini ve dolayısıyla bu tecrübeye yönelik önemli bir içgörü sağladığını öne sürmektedir. Bu açıdan sözkonusu tez, Donanma’nın popüler karakteriyle devlet propagandasını yaymak için etkili ve uygun bir kanal olduğunu, görsellerin ise büyük çoğunluğu okur yazar olmayan Osmanlı toplumunda dergiyi daha geniş kitlelere ulaşabilir kıldığını savunmaktadır. Araştırma bu bağlamda derginin hem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun savaşa girmesinden önceki son üç ayındaki ve hem de savaş sırasındaki görsel propagandasının ana konularını ve sembollerini incelemeye ve belirlemeye çalışmaktadır. Resimler: Suleyman_Emre_Sunu_FIGURES dosyasında v to peace… vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot express my gratitude enough to my thesis advisor Akşin Somel for his support, understanding and the inspiration and enthusiasm he gave me from my undergraduate studies until now. It was always a chance and a pleasure to be a student of him. I would like to thank particularly to Tülay Artan and Meltem Müftüler Baç for their encouragement, instructions, insight and tolerance they provided me throughout the process of my thesis. I am grateful to Halil Berktay, Hakan Erdem, Cemil Koçak and Hülya Canbakal for everything they taught me during both my undergraduate and graduate years at the Sabancı University. I owe special thanks to Faik Gür for his instruction in the last two years and to Hasan Karataş for teaching me Ottoman. I also want to thank the history community as a whole for they have been a family to me throughout my MA studies. I owe my debt of gratitude to my father and mother for their support and encouragement for my studies. I can never thank them enough. Without my friends, I would not be able to complete this thesis. I thank Hadi Hosainy for he was always there, Ceren Cenker for her guidance and wisdom, Selin Türkeş for making the life bearable at Mutlukent, İrfan Kokdaş, Sinan Ciddi and Evrim Taşkın for their friendly support, Mehmet Savan for his valuable feedbacks and the time we spent as flat mates, and all my incredible friends from the Sabancı graduate student community for making life fun and pleasant. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.............................................................................................................................iv Özet....................................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………........vii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………...viii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………x INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………1 CHAPTER I – “Donanma” as a Means of Propaganda…………………………………7 I.1. The Navy League and the Ottoman Public Sphere……………………………...10 I.1.a Post-1908 Ottoman Public Sphere...............................................................10 I.1.b The Navy League (Osmanlı Donanma-yı İane Cemiyeti)..........................13 I.2. “Donanma”: A Printed Campaign........................................................................19 I.2.a General Characteristics of “Donanma”.......................................................21 I.2.b An Overview of “Donanma”s Textual Content.........................................24 I.2.b.i . News Stories................................................................................25 I.2.b.ii. Articles........................................................................................26 I.2.b.ii.A. Military and Scientific Articles...........................................26 I.2.b.ii.B Historical Articles.................................................................30 I.2.b.ii.C. Social and Political Articles................................................31 I.2.b.ii.D. Articles on Economy...........................................................33 I.2.b.ii.E. Articles on Women..............................................................34 I.2.b.ii.F. Articles on Pedagogy...........................................................34 I.2.b.ii.G. Articles on Morality............................................................35 I.2.b.ii.H. Articles on Peasants............................................................36 I.2.b.iii. Literary Pieces............................................................................36 I.2.b.iii.A. Poems.................................................................................37 I.2.b.iii.B. Short Stories.......................................................................38 I.2.b.iii.C. Biographies and Memoirs..................................................39 I.2.b.iii.D. Literary Articles.................................................................39 I.2.b.iii.E. Fantasy Literature...............................................................40 viii I.2.b.iv. Announcements and Advertisements.........................................41 I.2.b.v. Sports...........................................................................................42 I.3. World War Propaganda, visuals and “Donanma”.................................................42 I.3.a. The Ottoman Empire and the War Propaganda.............................................42 I.3.b. Visual Propaganda and “Donanma”.............................................................49 CHAPTER II – “Lâ’lî’s Choice”.....................................................................................58 II.1. Taking Sides: Extremists versus Moderates.......................................................63 II.2. Forging Order and Peace at Home: A Search for an “Eternal Tranquility”71 II.3. Call to Arms: The Ottoman General Mobilization.............................................78 II.4. Swift Victories and the “Secrets of the German Glory”....................................84 CHAPTER III – “A War to End All Sufferings”............................................................91 III.1. The Propaganda of Jihad: A Selective Campaign.............................................92 III.2. The Representation of the Enemy....................................................................97 III.3. The Self-image...............................................................................................100 III.4. The Call for Support.......................................................................................102 III.5. The Technology of Destruction: “Good” versus “Evil” Machines................105 III.6. The Prisoners of War....................................................................................111 III.7. “Spy Scare”...................................................................................................113 III.8.
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  • Science Versus Religion: the Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960

    Science Versus Religion: the Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960

    Science versus Religion: The Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Serdar Poyraz, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Carter V. Findley, Advisor Jane Hathaway Alan Beyerchen Copyright By Serdar Poyraz 2010 i Abstract My dissertation, entitled “Science versus Religion: The Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960,” is a radical re-evaluation of the history of secularization in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. I argue that European vulgar materialist ideas put forward by nineteenth-century intellectuals and scientists such as Ludwig Büchner (1824-1899), Karl Vogt (1817-1895) and Jacob Moleschott (1822-1893) affected how Ottoman and Turkish intellectuals thought about religion and society, ultimately paving the way for the radical reforms of Kemal Atatürk and the strict secularism of the early Turkish Republic in the 1930s. In my dissertation, I challenge traditional scholarly accounts of Turkish modernization, notably those of Bernard Lewis and Niyazi Berkes, which portray the process as a Manichean struggle between modernity and tradition resulting in a linear process of secularization. On the basis of extensive research in modern Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Persian sources, I demonstrate that the ideas of such leading westernizing and secularizing thinkers as Münif Pasha (1830-1910), Beşir Fuad (1852-1887) and Baha Tevfik (1884-1914) who were inspired by European materialism provoked spirited religious, philosophical and literary responses from such conservative anti-materialist thinkers as Şehbenderzade ii Ahmed Hilmi (1865-1914), Said Nursi (1873-1960) and Ahmed Hamdi Tanpınar (1901- 1962).