Notes

Introduction

1. Terry Eagleton, Saint Oscar (Derry: Field Day, 1989), vii; Jerusha McCormack, ‘Preface’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998), xv–xvi. 2. Jerusha McCormack, ‘Wilde the Pervert: Catholicism as Subversive’, unpub- lished paper delivered at the Oscar Wilde Autumn School, October 2000, Bray, Co. Dublin. 3. Ellis Hanson, Decadence and Catholicism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997), 229–96; Ronald Schuchard, ‘Wilde’s Dark Angel and the Spell of Decadent Catholicism’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 371–96. 4. For the origins of this phrase, see W. J. McCormack, The Dublin Paper War of 1786–88: a Bibliography and Critical Inquiry, including an Account of the Origins of Protestant Ascendancy and Its ‘Baptism’ in 1792 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1993); James Kelly, ‘The Genesis of “Protestant Ascendancy”: the Rightboy Disturbances of the 1780s and Their Impact upon Protestant Opinion’, Parliament, Politics and People: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Irish History, ed. George O’Brien (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989), 93–128. 5. This is, clearly, a very simplified version of nationalist organisation in the mid-Victorian period. For an excellent (though polemic) introduction to modern Irish history, which draws out well the multi-faceted aspects of Protestant nationalism, see R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London: Allen Lane, 1988). 6. Quoted in Robert D. Pepper, ed., Oscar Wilde, ‘Irish Poets and Poetry in the Nineteenth Century’. A Lecture delivered in Platt’s Hall, San Francisco on Wednesday, April Fifth, 1882 (San Francisco: Book Club of California Press, 1972), 32. 7. See Joy Melville, Mother of Oscar: the Life of Jane Francesca Wilde (London: Allison and Busby, 1999), passim; Brian De Breffny, ‘Speranza’s Ancestry – Elgee, the Maternal Lineage of Oscar Wilde’, The Irish Ancestor 4: 2 (1972), 94–103. 8. Horace Wyndham, Appendix I, Speranza: a Biography of Lady Wilde (London: T. V. Boardman, 1951), 197–204. 9. Charles Robert Maturin, Melmoth the Wanderer, ed. Douglas Grant, introd. Chris Baldick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 95. 10. For a powerful study of the Young Irelanders, see David Lloyd, Nationalism and Minor Literature: James Clarence Mangan and the Emergence of Irish Cultural Nationalism (London; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). 11. Quoted in Pepper, ed., Oscar Wilde, ‘Irish Poets of the Nineteenth Century, 33. 12. Davis Coakley, Oscar Wilde: the Importance of Being Irish (Dublin: Town House and Country House, 1994), 9. 13. Lady Wilde, Poems by Speranza (Dublin: James Duffy, 1864), 4. 14. Ibid, 9.

190 Notes, pp. 5–12 191

15. The original article can be found in the National Library of Ireland, but can more easily be accessed as an appendix to Wyndham, Speranza, 197–204. 16. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Lady Wilde, 5 September 1868, in Merlin Holland and Rupert Hart-Davis, eds, The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde (London: Fourth Estate, 2000), 3–4. 17. See Terence De Vere White, The Parents of Oscar Wilde: Sir William and Lady Wilde (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1967), 108–9. 18. ‘Our Irish Portrait Gallery: Lady Wilde’, Irish Society (December 1892), 1269–70. 19. Brian De Breffny, ‘The Paternal Ancestry of Oscar Wilde’, The Irish Ancestor 5: 2 (1973), 96–100. 20. Sir William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1972), 11, 38. 21. Sir William Wilde, Memoir of Gabriel Beranger (London: Bentley, 1880), 141. 22. Sir William Wilde, The Census of Ireland for the Year 1852 (Dublin, 1856), vol. 1, 57. 23. Douglas Hyde, ed., Beside the Fire: Irish Folk Tales (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1978), xix. 24. Angela Bourke, ‘The Baby and the Bathwater: Cultural Loss in Nineteenth Century Ireland’, Ideology and Ireland in the Nineteenth Century, eds, Tadhg Foley and Sean Ryder (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998), 79–92. 25. ‘. . . from my boyhood I have been accustomed, through my Father, to visiting and reporting on ancient sites . . .’ Oscar Wilde, Letter to A. H. Sayce, 8 December 1879, Letters, 85. 26. Dedication Page, Lady Wilde, Poems by Speranza. 27. Alan Warner, A Guide to Anglo-Irish Literature (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1981), 5; Roger McHugh and Maurice Harmon, A Short History of Anglo-Irish Literature from Its Origins to the Present Day (Dublin: Wolfhound, 1982), 145. 28. Seamus Deane, The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing (Derry: Field Day, 1991), vol. 2, 721. 29. Declan Kiberd, ‘The London Exiles: Wilde and Shaw’, The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, vol. 2, ed. Seamus Deane (Derry: Field Day, 1991), 272–515 (272); see also Neil Sammells, ‘Rediscovering the Irish Wilde’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 362–70. 30. Declan Kiberd, Irish Classics (London: Granta, 2000), 325. 31. Declan Kiberd, Inventing Ireland: the Literature of the Modern Nation (London: Penguin, 1998), 40. 32. Oscar Wilde to George Bernard Shaw, 9 May 1893, Letters, 563. 33. Coakley, Oscar Wilde, 3. 34. Owen Dudley Edwards, ‘The Impressions of an Irish Sphinx’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 52–60 (48); Edwards, ed., The Fireworks of Oscar Wilde (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1989). 35. Richard Pine, The Thief of Reason: Oscar Wilde and Modern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1995), 1. 36. Jerusha McCormack, ‘Introduction: the Irish Wilde’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 1–5 (1). 37. Jerusha McCormack, ‘Wilde’s fiction(s)’, The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, ed. Peter Raby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 96–115 192 Notes, pp. 12–17

(102); idem, ‘The Once and Future Dandy’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 269–73; idem, ‘The Wilde Irishman: Oscar as Aesthete and Anarchist’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 82–94; see also the Richard Kearney, ed., The Irish Mind (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1985), for a similar version of Irish identity. 38. Eagleton, Saint Oscar, 11. 39. Eagleton, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger: Essays in Irish History (London: Verso, 1998), 333. See also, in this context, the emphasis on lying and Wilde in Declan Kiberd, ‘Oscar Wilde: the Resurgence of Lying’, The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, ed. Peter Raby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 276–94. 40. Quoted by H. Montgomery Hyde, Oscar Wilde (London: Methuen, 1976), 45. A good survey of the body of criticism devoted to an examination of the influence of Ireland on Wilde can be found in Noreen Doody, ‘Oscar Wilde: Nation and Empire’, Palgrave Advances in Oscar Wilde Studies, ed. Frederick S. Roden (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 246–66. 41. Edwards, ‘Impressions’, 48. 42. ‘John Hogan’, Dublin University Magazine 35: lvii (1850), 72. 43. L. C. P. Fox, ‘People I Have Met’, Donahoe’s Magazine 53: 4 (1905), 397. 44. Ibid. 45. For good introductions to the Oxford Movement see R. W. Church, The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years, 1833–1845 (London: Macmillan, 1891); E. R. Fairweather, ed., The Oxford Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964); Raymond Chapman, Faith and Revolt: Studies in the Literary Influence of the Oxford Movement (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970). 46. For Ritualism see Nigel Yates, Anglican Ritualism in Victorian England, 1830–1910 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999); John Shelton Reed, Glorious Battle: the Cultural Politics of Victorian Anglo-Catholicism (Nashville, Tennessee: Tufton, 1996). 47. James Eli Adams, Dandies and Desert Saints: Styles of Victorian Masculinity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995), 98. 48. Hunter-Blair wrote a short, though important, study of Oscar Wilde at Oxford which deals in some detail with his attraction to Catholicism. See ‘Oscar Wilde as I Knew Him’, Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections, ed. E. K. Mikhail (London: Macmillan, 1979), vol. 1, 3–12. 49. Lord Ronald Sutherland-Gower, My Reminiscences (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1883), vol. 2, 134. 50. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Reginald Harding, 16 June 1877, Letters, 54. 51. See Edmund Burke, ‘Oscar Wilde: the Final Scene’, London Magazine 1: 2 (May 1961), 37–43. 52. Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (London: Penguin, 1989). For the many factual errors in this biography, see Horst Schroeder, Additions and Corrections to Richard Ellmann’s Oscar Wilde, 2nd edn (Braunschweig: privately published, 2002). 53. Ibid, 32. 54. Schuchard, ‘Wilde’s Dark Angel’. 55. James Joyce, ‘Oscar Wilde: the Poet of Salome’, The Critical Writings of James Joyce, eds Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann (New York: The Viking Press, 1959), 204–5. Notes, pp. 17–22 193

56. See Liam Brophy, ‘An Immortal Dandy’, The Divine Word (1954), 6–8. See also Joseph Pearce, The Unmasking of Oscar Wilde (London: HarperCollins, 2000). 57. Sir Shane Leslie, ‘Oscar Wilde and Catholicism’, The Month 8: 4 (October 1962), 234–7 (236). 58. Hanson, Decadence and Catholicism, 233–4. 59. A good survey of the recent scholarship on Wilde and religion can be found in Patrick R. O’ Malley, ‘Religion’, Palgrave Advances in Oscar Wilde Studies, ed. Frederick S. Roden (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 167–88. 60. Frederick S. Roden, Same-Sex Desire in Victorian Religious Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 155. 61. David Alderson, Mansex Fine: Religion, Manliness and Imperialism in Nineteenth Century British Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 148. 62. The best general study of the relationship between popular and institutional religion in post-Reformation Europe is Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991). For the version of popular religion prevalent in Ireland, see S. J. Connolly, Priests and People in Pre-Famine Ireland, 1780–1845 (Dublin: Four Courts, 2001). 63. Emmet Larkin, ‘The Devotional Revolution in Ireland, 1850–1875’, The Historical Dimensions of Irish Catholicism (Dublin: Four Courts, 1997), 57–90. 64. Sir William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions, 11. 65. For a good example of this, see Bernard Bergonzi, The Turn of a Century: Essays on Victorian and Modern English Literature (London: Macmillan, 1973); R. K. R. Thornton, The Decadent Dilemma (London: Edward Arnold, 1983). 66. Jonathan Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). 67. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, transl. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). 68. Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence, 14. 69. It also ignores the fact that Wilde could be genuinely reactionary at times. This is most evident in his support for the Boer War and also his anti- Semitism as seen in his reaction to the Dreyfus Affair. See J. Robert Maguire, ‘Oscar Wilde and the Dreyfus Affair’, Victorian Studies 41: 1 (1997), 1–30. 70. Largely because ‘seriousness’ is now an outlawed term in Wilde studies. 71. Frank Harris, Oscar Wilde, incl. My Memories of Oscar Wilde, by George Bernard Shaw. Introd. Lyle Blair (New York: Dorset Press, 1989), 31. 72. Ian Small, Oscar Wilde: Recent Research: a Supplement to ‘Oscar Wilde Revalued’ (Greensboro, North Carolina: ELT Press, 2000), 12. 73. Small chides these critics for having ideological axes to grind. Oscar Wilde: Recent Research, 59. 74. Ibid., 67. 75. Louis Althusser, ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation)’, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, transl. Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), 127–86 (162–4). 76. Josephine M. Guy and Ian Small, Oscar Wilde’s Profession: Writing and the Culture Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). 77. Stephen Greenblatt, Hamlet in Purgatory (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001). 194 Notes, pp. 23–30

78. David Lloyd, Ireland after History (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999), 2. 79. While the original French publication of this play was called Salomé, when the English translation was published in 1894 the accent was absent, and I follow this practice here.

1. Child and Man: the Development of a Catholic Mind

1. Vyvyan Holland, Son of Oscar Wilde, foreword by Merlin Holland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 12. 2. Robert Harborough Sherard, The Life of Oscar Wilde (New York: Werner Laurie, 1906), 90. 3. Quoted in Stuart Mason, Bibliography of Oscar Wilde, intro. Timothy D’Arch Smith (London: Bertram Rota, 1967), 295. 4. Ellman, Oscar Wilde, 24. 5. Melissa Knox, Oscar Wilde: a Long and Lovely Suicide (New Have and London: Yale University Press, 1994), 13. Knox’s book has attracted a great deal of critical comment, much of it related to her argument that Wilde’s work should be read as the expression of a man who believed he had syphilis. Merlin Holland, Wilde’s grandson, reviewed the book in the Times Literary Supplement, 13 January 1995. This review was attacked by Susan Balée’s review of Knox’s biography in Victorian Studies 38: 2 (1995), 319–21. Merlin Holland posted a response in Victorian Studies 39: 4 (1996), 539–41, to which Susan Balée responded in the same issue, 542–3. The issue of Wilde’s possible ‘incestuous’ relationship with Isola became marginalised in the debate over whether Wilde had syphilis. See also Ellis Hanson, ‘Wilde’s Exquisite Pain’, Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions, ed. Joseph Bristow (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 101–23, who argues that Knox’s application of an unsophisticated Freudian paradigm to Wilde’s life leads to a serious misreading. 6. Knox, Oscar Wilde, 13–14. 7. For a good account of the scandal, see Coakley, Oscar Wilde, 86–92; De Vere White, The Parents of Oscar Wilde, 153–204. 8. Knox, Oscar Wilde, 18. 9. Ibid., 13. 10. The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, vol. 1, Poems, eds Karl Beckson and Bobby Fong, under the general editorship of Ian Small (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 5. All quotations from Wilde’s poems are from this edition and page and line numbers will appear in parentheses in the main text. 11. Clifford Geertz, ‘Religion as a Cultural System’, The Religious Situation: 1968, ed. Donald Cutler (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), 639–88 (653). 12. Ibid., 663. 13. Nina Auerbach, Woman and the Demon: the Life of a Victorian Myth (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982), 48. 14. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland; with Sketches of the Irish Past, to which is appended a chapter on ‘the ancient races of Ireland,’ by the late Sir William Wilde (London: Ward and Downey, 1887), 82. Notes, pp. 30–8 195

15. Sir William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1979), 121. 16. Quoted in Heather White, Forgotten Schooldays: Oscar Wilde at Portora (Fermanagh: Principia Press, 2002), 67. 17. Ibid., 84. 18. Ibid., 85. 19. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 120. 20. E. Estyn Evans, Irish Folk Ways (London: Routledge, 1957), 290. 21. Ibid., 290–1. 22. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 122–3. 23. Ibid., 119–20. 24. Ibid., 213. 25. Knox, Oscar Wilde, 9–14. 26. Wilde himself wrote about being attracted by ‘the wiles of the Scarlet Woman’. Letter to William Ward, c. 14 March 1877, Letters, 41. 27. See Alison Shell, Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558–1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 28. Oscar Wilde to William Harnett Blanch, January 1894, Letters, 581. 29. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 145. 30. John Henry Newman, ‘The Second Spring’, Sermons Preached on Various Occasions (London: Longmans, Green, 1908), 163–82 (163). 31. Oscar Wilde to William Ward, c. 14 March 1877, Letters, 41. 32. Oscar Wilde to William Ward, week ending 3 March 1877, Letters, 39. 33. Edwards, ‘Impressions’, 48. 34. Aubrey De Vere, Poetical Works (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1884–90), vol. vi, 364. 35. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, xi–xii. 36. Lady Wilde, Ancient Cures, Charms and Usages of Ireland: Contributions to Irish Lore (London: Ward and Downey, 1890), 4. 37. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 73. 38. Wilde, Letter to Lord Alfred Douglas, January–March 1897, Letters, 743. This letter is, of course, known popularly as De Profundis. 39. Sir William Wilde, Ireland Past and Present (Dublin: McGlashan and Gill, 1864), 25. 40. Sir William Wilde, The Beauties of the Boyne and its Tributary the Blackwater (Dublin: McGlashan and Gill, 1849), 161. 41. Quoted by W. B. Yeats, Autobiographies (London: Macmillan, 1926), 90. 42. Donald Lawler, ‘The Gothic Wilde’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 249–68 (258). 43. Edouard Roditi, Oscar Wilde (New York: New Directions, 1986), 8–9. 44. Wilde said this to W. B. Yeats. Quoted in a letter from Yeats to Sturge Moore, 6 May 1906, W. B. Yeats and T. Sturge Moore: Their Correspondence, ed. Ursula Bridge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953), 9. 45. Quoted in Walter L. Arnstein, Protestant versus Catholic in Mid-Victorian England: Mr Newdegate and the Nuns (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1982), 185. 46. Friedrich Heer, The Intellectual History of Europe, trans. Jonathan Steinberg (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1966), 57. 47. Sir William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions, 79, 80, 81. 196 Notes, pp. 39–46

48. See Connolly, Priests and People, 91–140. 49. Wilde had first published this story as ‘Lady Alroy’, in The World: a Journal for Men and Women 26 (25 May 1887), and reprinted it with its new name in Lord Arthur Savile’s Crime and Other Stories (1891). Oscar Wilde, The Collected Works of Oscar Wilde, ed. Robert Ross (originally published as The First Collected Edition of the Works of Oscar Wilde, 15 vols (London: Methuen, 1908–22), London: Routledge, 1993), vol. 2. All quotations, except where a more reliable text can be located, will be taken from this edition, and placed in parentheses in the main text. 50. For this scandal, see David Hilliard, ‘Unenglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and Homosexuality’, Victorian Studies 25: 2 (1982), 181–210 (192–3). 51. Ian Ker, John Henry Newman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 255, 363. 52. Walter Walsh, The Secret History of the Oxford Movement (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1899). 53. Hanson, Decadence, 254. 54. Hilliard, ‘Unenglish and Unmanly’, 188. 55. Ruth Vanita, Sappho and the Virgin Mary: Same-Sex Love and the English Literary Imagination (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 15. 56. G. K. Chesterton, The Catholic Church and Conversion (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne, 1926), 57–64.

2. Faith and Reason: the Bible, the Catholic Church and Wilde’s Scandalous Writings

1. H. Montgomery Hyde, ed., The Trials of Oscar Wilde (Edinburgh: William Hodge, 1948), 130. 2. Kevin Kopelson, ‘Wilde, Barthes, and the Orgasmics of Truth’, Genders 7 (1990), 22–31 (29). 3. Isobel Murray, ‘Introduction’, Oscar Wilde: Complete Shorter Fiction, ed. Isobel Murray (London: Oxford University Press, 1979), 1–18 (13). 4. Lawrence Danson, ‘Oscar Wilde, W. H., and the Unspoken Name of Love’, English Literary History 58: 4 (Winter 1991), 979–1000 (981). 5. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologia, Part II, II, Q. 1, Article 4, quoted in John Hick, Faith and Knowledge (London: Macmillan, 1967), 14. 6. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, passim. 7. Edward Stillingfleet, A Rational Account of the Grounds of the Protestant Religion (London, 1665), 109, 111. 8. Ibid., 111. 9. Gerald R. Cragg, From Puritanism to the Age of Reason: a Study of Changes in Religious Thought within the Church of England, 1660 to 1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950), 42–59; Barbara J. Shapiro, Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth Century England: a Study of the Relationship between Natural Science, Religion, History, Law, and Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), 106–7. 10. William Chillingworth, The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation. Or, an Answer to a book entitled Mercy and Truth, or, Charity maintain’d by Catholiques [written by Matthew Wilson under the pseudonym Edward Knott], which pretends to prove the contrary (Oxford: Leonard Litchfield, 1638), 8, 9. Notes, pp. 47–52 197

11. [George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax], A Letter to a Dissenter, Upon occasion of His Majesties Late Gracious Declaration of Indulgence (London, 1687), 15–17. 12. Raymond D. Tumbleson, Catholicism in the English Protestant Imagination: Nationalism, Religion, and Literature, 1660–1745 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 101. 13. John Rogerson, Old Testament Criticism in the Nineteenth Century: England and Germany (London: SPCK, 1984), 250. 14. On the impact of the Higher Criticism, see Gerald Parsons, ‘Biblical Criticism in Victorian Britain: From Controversy to Acceptance?’, Religion in Victorian Britain, vol. 2, Controversies, ed. Gerald Parsons (Manchester University Press, 1988), 238–57. 15. For this Quest, see Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus: a Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, trans. W. Montgomery, intro. James M. Robinson (New York: Macmillan, 1968). See also D. L. Pals, The Victo- rian ‘Lives of Jesus’ (San Antonio, Texas: Trinity University Press, 1982), 32–50. 16. C. C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology (New York: Harper and Row, 1959). 17. Joss Lutz Marsh, ‘ “Bibliolatry” and “Bible-Smashing”: G. W. Foote, George Meredith, and the Heretic Trope of the Book’, Victorian Studies 34: 3 (Spring 1991), 315–36. See also Marsh’s book, Word Crimes: Blasphemy, Culture, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century England (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998). 18. The new ‘Creation Scientists’ fall into the same trap. 19. This was succinctly expressed by a letter by one Henry Sidgwick to The Times on 20 February 1861, which pointed out that ‘what we all want is, briefly, not a condemnation, but a refutation...a large portion of the laity now . . . will not be satisfied by an ex cathedra shelving of the question, nor terrified by a deduction of awful consequences from the new speculation. For philosophy and history alike have taught them to seek not what is “safe” but what is true.’ Quoted in Josef L. Altholz, ‘The Warfare of Conscience with Theology’, Religion in Victorian Britain, vol. 3, Interpretations, ed. Gerald Parsons (Manchester University Press, 1988), 150–69 (166–7). 20. Stephen Arata, ‘Oscar Wilde and Jesus Christ’, Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions, ed. Joseph Bristow (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 254–72 (262). 21. Guy Willoughby, Art and Christhood: the Aesthetic of Oscar Wilde (London and Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 1993), 115. 22. The text for this chapter is taken from the Collins Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, ed. Merlin Holland (London: Harper Collins, 1999), which is the only readily available edition which prints Wilde’s revised text. For the best study of the textual history of Mr. W. H., see Horst Schroeder, Oscar Wilde, The Portrait of Mr. W. H. – Its Composition, Publication and Reception (Braunschweig: Technische Universität Braunschweig, 1984). 23. See, for example, George C. Macauley, ‘New Views of Shakespeare’s Sonnets: the “Other Poet” Identified’, Blackwood’s Magazine 135 (June 1884), 727–61; 137 (June 1885), 774–800; 139 (March 1886), 327–50. 24. ‘An attachment to some female, which seems to have touched neither his heart nor his fancy very sensibly, was overpowered, without entirely ceasing, by one to a friend; and this last is of such an enthusiastic character, and so extravagant in the phrases that the author uses, as to have thrown an unaccountable mystery over the whole work...and it is impossible not to 198 Notes, pp. 52–63

wish that Shakespeare had never written them. There is a weakness and folly in all excessive and mis-placed affection, which is not redeemed by the touches of nobler sentiments.’ Henry Hallam, Introduction to the Literature of Europe, 3 vols (1837–39; rpt, New York: Johnson, 1970), vol. 2, 504. 25. Quoted in Schroeder, Oscar Wilde, 14. 26. For a clear analysis of the emergence of the categories of the ‘homosexual’ and ‘heterosexual’, see Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde, and the Queer Movement (London: Cassell, 1994). 27. Lawrence Danson, Wilde’s Intentions: the Artist in His Criticism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 106. 28. Joseph Bristow, ‘ “A complex multiform creature”: Wilde’s Sexual Identities’, The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, ed. Peter Raby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 195–218 (197). 29. For ‘muscular Protestantism’, see Norman Vance, Sinews of the Spirit: the Ideal of Christian Manliness in Victorian Literature and Religious Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). 30. Linda Dowling, Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994), 124. 31. Timothy d’Arch Smith, Love in Earnest: Some Notes on the Lives and Writings of English ‘Uranian’ Poets from 1889 to 1930 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970). 32. This lies behind Wilde’s otherwise absurd speech at his second trial in which he claims spiritual status and justification for his friendship with Lord Alfred Douglas. Unfortunately, Wilde never became a defender of modern conceptions of homosexuality. 33. David Norton, A History of the Bible as Literature, vol. 2, From 1700 to the Present Day (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 180. 34. Quoted in Dowling, Hellenism, 71. 35. For the replacement of religion by science as the metanarrative of the nineteenth century, see Stephen Prickett, Words and The Word: Language, Poetics and Biblical Interpretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). 36. John Henry Newman, Apologia pro Vita Sua (London: Fount Paperback, 1977), 218–19. 37. John Henry Newman, Letters and Diaries, eds Charles Stephen Dessain et al. (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1961–), vol. 19, 482. 38. Quoted by Hick, Faith and Knowledge, 13. 39. Quoted in Brand Blanshard, Reason and Belief (London: Unwin, 1974), 31. 40. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 144. 41. Ibid., 145. 42. Ibid., xi. 43. Sir William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions, 17. 44. The text for this section is taken from Lady Windermere’s Fan, Salome, A Woman of No Importance, An Ideal Husband, and The Importance of Being Earnest, ed. Peter Raby (Oxford Drama Library; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 61–92. This takes its text of Salome from the first English edition. All page numbers of quotations will be placed in parentheses in the main text. 45. Joris-Karl Huysmans, Against Nature, trans. Robert Baldick (London: Penguin, 1959), 64. Notes, pp. 63–7 199

46. Gustave Flaubert, Trois Contes (Paris: Gallimard, 1973). 47. For a good study of these sources, see Françoise Meltzer, Salome and the Dance of Writing: Portraits of Mimesis in Literature (Chicago-London: University of Chicago Press, 1987). See also Ewa Kuryluk, Salome and Judas in the Cave of Sex: the Grotesque: Origins, Iconography, Techniques (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1987). 48. Peter Raby, Oscar Wilde (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 105. 49. Norbert Kohl, Oscar Wilde: the Works of a Conformist Rebel, transl. David Henry Wilson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 192. 50. Christa Satzinger, The French Influences on Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray and Salome (Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1994). 51. Meltzer, Salome and the Dance of Writing, 16. 52. Bram Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-de-Siècle Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 384. 53. Edmund Bergler, ‘ “Salome”, the Turning Point in the Life of Oscar Wilde’, Psychoanalysis Review 43: 1 (1956), 97–103 (100). 54. Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (London: Hart-Davis, 1971), 152–6. 55. Victoria White, ‘Women of No Importance: Misogyny in the Work of Oscar Wilde’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998), 158–65 (163); see also Irene Eynat-Confino, ‘Oscar Wilde and Dramatic Strategies’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 127–36. 56. Charles Bernheimer, ‘Fetishism and Decadence: Salome’s Severed Heads’, Fetishism as Cultural Discourse, eds Emily Apter and William Pietz (Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press, 1993), 72–83 (76). 57. Jane Marcus, ‘Salome: the Jewish Princess Was a New Woman’, Bulletin of the New York Public Library 78 (1974–75), 95–113. 58. For Wilde’s manipulation of the Salome tradition, see Helen Grace Zagona, The Legend of Salome and the Principle of Art for Art’s Sake (Geneva: Ambilly- Annemasse, 1960); Robert C. Schweik, ‘Oscar Wilde’s Salome, the Salome Theme in Late European Art, and a Problem of Method in Cultural History’, Twilight of Dawn: Studies in English Literature in Transition, ed. O. M. Brack, Jr (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1987), 123–36; Austin E. Quigley, ‘Realism and Symbolism in Wilde’s Salomé’, Modern Drama 37 (1994), 104–19. 59. Quoted in John Russell Stephens, The Censorship of English Drama, 1824– 1901 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 112. 60. Kuryluk, Salome and Judas in the Cave of Sex, 124. 61. Enrique Gomez Carrillo, En Plena Bohemia, in his Obras Completas (Madrid: n.d. (?1919–22)), XVI, 190ff., quoted in Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 323–4. 62. Quoted in Mikhail, Oscar Wilde, vol. 1, 25. 63. Caroline Walker Bynum, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1987), 174–5. 64. For this see Jerusha McCormack, ‘Wilde the Pervert’. 65. Quoted in E. R. Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968), 174. 66. Oscar Wilde to Campbell Dodgson, 23 February 1893, Letters, 556. 67. Quoted in Karl Beckson, ed., Oscar Wilde: the Critical Heritage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970) 139–40. 200 Notes, pp. 67–77

68. Professor Own Dudley Edwards alerted me to the importance of Wilde’s Evangelical background for this play. 69. See Desmond Bowen, The Protestant Crusade in Ireland, 1800–70: a Study of Protestant-Catholic Relations between the Act of Union and Disestablishment (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1978). 70. Quoted in Bowen, Protestant Crusade, 111. 71. See R. S. Brooke, Recollections of the Irish Church (London: Macmillan, 1877); James Godkin, Ireland and Her Churches (London: Chapman and Hall, 1867). 72. Quoted in Bowen, Protestant Crusade, 219–20. 73. See Peter Gray, Famine, Land and Politics: British Government and Irish Society 1843–50 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1999), passim, for the reading of the Famine as a providential act of God. 74. Though some Evangelicals did clearly argue that material distress was a potential ally in the proselytising mission. James Maher argued that ‘if ever there was a time for England to make a great effort for the evange- lising of Ireland it is the present – the poor are ready – the great distress has softened the heart of the poor. A famine shows the poor Romanist the incapacity and tyranny of their priests . . .’ Quoted in Bowen, Protestant Crusade, 191. 75. Bynum, Holy Feast, 175. 76. Ibid., 3. 77. Nicholas Joost and Franklin E. Court, ‘Salome, the Moon, and Oscar Wilde’s Aesthetics: a Reading of the Play’, Papers on Language and Literature 8 (1972), 96–111. 78. Patrick O’Farrell, ‘Millennialism, Messianism and Utopianism in Irish History’, Anglo-Irish Studies 2 (1976), 45–68. 79. Brian Stanley, The Bible and the Flag: Protestant Missions and British Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Leicester: Apollos, 1990). 80. Irene Whelan, ‘The Stigma of Souperism’, The Great Irish Famine, ed. Cathal Poirteir (Cork: Mercier Press, 1995), 135–54 (144). 81. Oscar Wilde, Letters, 874. 82. Quoted in G. D. Zimmerman, ed., Songs of Irish Rebellion: Political Street Ballads and Rebel Songs, 1780–1900 (Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1967), 34. 83. Lady Wilde, Poems by Speranza, 24. 84. Ibid., 23. 85. Philadelphia Press, 9 May 1882, quoted in Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 186. 86. Quoted in E. H. Mikhail, ed., Oscar Wilde, vol. 1, 190. 87. Lady Wilde, Ancient Cures, 255. 88. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 205–6. 89. Katherine Worth, Oscar Wilde (London: Macmillan, 1983), 65. 90. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 89. 91. Ibid., ‘The Fairy Dance’, 30–2. 92. Bynum, Holy Feast, 168. 93. James S. Donnelly Jr, ‘Pastorini and Captain Rock: Millenarianism and Sectarianism in the Rockite Movement of 1821–4’, Irish Peasants: Violence and Political Unrest, 1780–1914, eds Samuel Clarke and James S. Donnelly Jr (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 102–39. 94. Angela Bourke, ‘The Virtual Reality of Irish Fairy Legend’, Éire-Ireland 31: 1–2 (1996), 7–25 (7, 20). Notes, pp. 80–4 201

3. Body and Soul: Nature, the Host and Folklore in The Picture of Dorian Gray

1. Ian Watt, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957), 204–7. 2. Maria Edgeworth, Belinda, ed. Kathryn Kirkpatrick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 3. 3. Although George Levine has pointed out that, even by the mid-Victorian period, novelists often did not feel their status was so secure. Indeed he uses a range of quotations from novelists of this period to show that they continued to see their craft as somehow marginal and under attack from the public. The Realistic Imagination: English Fiction from Frankenstein to Lady Chatterley (Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press, 1981), 17. 4. Literature and Dogma: an Essay towards a Better Appreciation of the Bible, The Complete Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, vol. 6: Dissent and Dogma, ed. R. H. Super (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1968), 146. 5. For realism and science, see Levine, The Realistic Imagination, passim. 6. David Lodge, The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), 25. 7. George Eliot, Essays of George Eliot, ed. Thomas Pinney (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 271. 8. Émile Zola, ‘Preface’, Thérèse Raquin (Paris: Bordas, 1989). My own translation. 9. Scots Observer, 5 July 1890. 10. The text used is here is The Picture of Dorian Gray, Authoritative Texts, Backgrounds, Reviews and Reactions, Criticism, ed. Donald L. Lawler (New York-London: Norton, 1988). Page numbers will appear in parentheses in the main text. 11. Wilde, Collected Works, vol. XIII, 413. 12. Wilde, Letter to the Editor of the Daily Chronicle, 30 June 1890, Letters, 436. 13. Rachael Bowlby, ‘Promoting Dorian Gray’, Shopping with Freud (London: Routledge, 1993), 21. 14. Kerry Powell, ‘The Mesmerizing of Dorian Gray’, Victorian Newsletter 65 (1984), 10–15; idem, ‘Tom, Dick and Dorian Gray: Magic Picture Mania in Late-Victorian Fiction’, Philological Quarterly 62 (Spring 1983), 147–70. 15. Isobel Murray, ‘Introduction’, in Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray, ed. Isobel Murray (Oxford English Novels; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974), vii–xxv (xx). For another non-realist reading of the novel, see Joyce Carol Oates, ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray: Wilde’s Parable of the Fall’, Contraries: Essays (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 3–16. The one critic I have come across who dissents from this view is Shelton Waldrep who claims that Dorian Gray is a realist novel: ‘Wilde had to work within the confines of some specific variation on the theme of realism’, ‘The Aesthetic Realism of Oscar Wilde’s Dorian Gray’, Studies in the Literary Imagination 29.1 (Spring 1996), 103–12 (103). 16. David Lloyd, ‘Violence and the Constitution of the Novel’, Anomalous States: Irish Writing and the Post-Colonial Moment (Dublin: Lilliput, 1993), 130. 17. Eagleton, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger, 147. 18. It should be noted that McCormack insists that ‘it is impossible to know whether Gray was Wilde’s lover’. John Gray: Poet, Dandy and Priest (Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1991), 88. Balancing the 202 Notes, pp. 85–92

probabilities it is unlikely that some form of sexual relationship did not emerge between the two of them. For Wilde and Gray, see also McCormack’s more recent The Man Who Was Dorian Gray (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000). I find this second work more problematic than the first which was a straight biography. In this second work McCormack bravely tries to do something new: ‘I resolved . . . to place the fragments of Gray’s life before the reader...and to piece them together with a kind of fictive glue’, x–xi. 19. Neil McKenna, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde (London: Arrow Books, 2004), 178. 20. McCormack, John Gray, 51. 21. McKenna, Secret Life, 164. 22. Huysmans, Against Nature, 215. 23. Oscar Wilde, Letter to E. W. Pratt, 15 April 1892, Letters, 524. 24. For Huysmans and Dorian Gray, see Walther Fischer, ‘The “Poisonous Book” in Oskar Wilde’s Dorian Gray’, Englische Studien 51: 1 (1917), 37–47; Lucius Cook, ‘French Sources of Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray’, Romantic Review 19 (1928), 25–34; Schuchard, ‘Wilde’s Dark Angel’, 378–81. 25. ‘A Novel by Mr Oscar Wilde’, Selected Writings of Walter Pater, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974). 26. John Pick, ‘Divergent Disciples of Walter Pater’, Thought 23 (March 1948), 114–28 (121). 27. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 299. 28. See Ellis Hanson’s account of Pater in Decadence and Catholicism, 169–228; see also Gerald Monsman, ‘Pater’s Aesthetic Hero’, University of Toronto Quarterly 40: 2 (1971), 136–51. 29. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 91. 30. Terri A. Hasseler, ‘The Physiological Determinism Debate in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray’, The Victorian Newsletter 84 (Fall 1993), 31–5 (31). 31. John Wilson Foster, ‘Against Nature? Science and Oscar Wilde’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 113–24 (117). 32. Heather Seagroatt, ‘Hard Science, Soft Psychology, and Amorphous Art in The Picture of Dorian Gray’, Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 38: 4 (1998), 741–59 (741). 33. Ibid., 756. 34. Hassler, ‘Physiological Determinism’, 32. 35. Seagrott, ‘Hard Science’, 742. 36. Letter to William Ward, c. 14 March 1877, Letters, 41. 37. Edward Norman, Roman Catholicism in England from the Elizabethan Settlement to the Second Vatican Council (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 51. 38. All quotations taken from ‘The Second Spring’, 163–82. 39. Ibid., 164. 40. Ibid., 165. 41. Ibid., 165–6. 42. Ibid., 169. 43. Ibid., 170. 44. Ibid., 172. 45. Ibid., 176. 46. Ibid., 164. Notes, pp. 95–108 203

47. Caroline Walker Bynum, Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion (New York: Zone Books, 1991), 255. 48. ‘The Fisherman and His Soul’ examines what a Soul without a Body would be like. 49. Terry Eagleton, The Idea of Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 89. 50. Jerusha McCormack, ‘Wilde the Pervert’, 14. 51. Ibid., 14. 52. Ibid., 12. 53. Christopher S. Nassaar has written a (slightly) interesting piece on the changing weight of the portrait: ‘Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray’, Explicator 57: 4 (Summer 1999), 216–17. 54. Sir William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions, 20. 55. From The Wild Garden, quoted in Miles Hadfield’s A History of British Gardening (London: John Murray, 1979), 362. 56. Ibid. See also Todd Longstaffe-Gowan’s recently published The London Town Garden, 1700–1840 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001). 57. See L. P. Curtis, Apes and Angels: the Irishman in Victorian Caricature (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1971). 58. Charles Kingsley, His Letters and Memories of His Life, ed. Francis E. Kingsley (London: Macmillan, 1901), vol. 3, 111. 59. Reproduced in Lloyd Lewis and Henry Justin Smith, Oscar Wilde Discovers America, 1882 (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1967), facing 82, 101. 60. This is the general argument of Arnold’s ‘On the Study of Celtic Literature’, The Complete Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, vol. 3, Lectures and Essays in Criticism, ed. R. H. Super, assist. Sister Marion Hoctor (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962), 291–386. 61. David Upchurch, Wilde’s Use of Irish Celtic Elements in The Picture of Dorian Gray (New York: Peter Lang, 1992), 25–6. 62. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 6. 63. Ibid., 7. 64. See Joep Leerssen, Remembrance and Imagination: Patterns in the Literary Representations of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century (Cork: Cork University Press in association with Field Day, 1996), 68–156, for a detailed and thorough discussion of all aspects of antiquarian interest in Ireland in the nineteenth century. 65. Curtis Marez, ‘The Other Addict: Reflections on Colonialism and Oscar Wilde’s Opium Smoke Screen’, English Literary History 64 (1997), 257–87 (272). 66. See also Mary King, ‘Typing Dorian Gray: Wilde and the Interpellated Text’, Irish Studies Review 9: 1 (2001), 15–24 (16). My thanks to the author for sending me a copy of this article. 67. House of Commons Speech, 8 April 1888. Quoted in D. G. Boyce, ‘ “The Marginal Britons”: the Irish’, Englishness: Politics and Culture, 1880–1920, ed. Robert Colls and Phillip Dodd (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 230–53 (234–5). 68. Theodore Wratislaw, Oscar Wilde: a Memoir (London: Eighteen Nineties Society, 1979), 13. 69. For an entirely different reading of this issue, see Marez, ‘The Other Addict’, 266. 70. Lecture contained in Kevin O’ Brien, Oscar Wilde in Canada: an Apostle for the Arts (Toronto: Personal Library, 1982), 62–3. 204 Notes, pp. 109–18

4. Religion and Politics: Wilde’s Social Philosophy

1. Percival W. H. Almy, ‘New Views of Mr Oscar Wilde’, Theatre 23 (March 1894), 124, quoted in Mikhail, Oscar Wilde, vol. 1, 232. 2. The text for this essay will be taken from Collected Works, vol. 7. 3. Isobel Murray, ‘Oscar Wilde and Individualism: Contexts for The Soul of Man’, Durham University Journal 83: 2 (July 1991), 195–207; J. D. Thomas, ‘ “The Soul of Man Under Socialism”: an Essay in Context’, Rice University Studies 51: 1 (1965), 83–95 (85–8). 4. George Woodcock, The Paradox of Oscar Wilde (New York: Macmillan, 1950), 153. 5. Kiberd, Irish Classics, 326. 6. Josephine M. Guy, ‘ “The Soul of Man under Socialism”: a (Con)Textual History’, Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions, ed. Joseph Bristow (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 59–85. See also, David Rose, ‘Oscar Wilde: Socialite or Socialist?’, The Importance of Reinventing Oscar: Versions of Wilde during the Last 100 Years, eds Ewe Boker, Richard Corballis and Julie Hibbard (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002), 35–55. 7. Guy, ‘ “Soul of Man” ’, 66. 8. Ibid., 76. 9. Ibid., 73. 10. R. N. Berki, Socialism (London: J. M. Dent, 1975), 12. 11. Ibid., 15. 12. John Goode, ‘Gissing, Morris, and English Socialism’, Victorian Studies 12: 2 (December 1968), 201–26 (226). 13. Vincent, K. Steven, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism (New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), 47. 14. Edward Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). 15. G. D. H. Cole, A History of Socialist Thought, vol. 2, Socialist Thought: Marxism and Anarchism, 1850–1890 (London: Macmillan, 1954); Hermia Oliver, The International Anarchist Movement in Late Victorian London (London: Croom Helm, 1983). 16. David Miller, Anarchism (London and Melbourne: Dent, 1984). 17. Haia Shpayer-Makov, ‘Anarchism in British Public Opinion, 1880–1914’, Victorian Studies 31: 4 (Summer 1988), 487–516 (488). 18. Erin Williams Hyman, ‘Salome as Bombshell, or How Oscar Wilde Became an Anarchist’, unpublished paper, University of California, Los Angeles, 6–7. I am grateful to Professor Joseph Bristow for providing me with a copy of this paper. 19. Shpayer-Makov, ‘Anarchism’, 492 20. Ibid., 493. 21. Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, with Friendship’s Garland and Some Literary Essays, The Complete Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, vol. 5, ed. R. H. Super, assist. Sister Marion Hoctor (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1965), 121–2. 22. Arnold, ‘On the Study of Celtic Literature’, 347. 23. McCormack, ‘Wilde Irishman’, 86. 24. Coakley, Oscar Wilde, 43. Notes, pp. 118–31 205

25. Oscar Wilde, Letter to John Barlas, 19 January 1892, Letters, 511. 26. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 344. 27. Ibid., 345. 28. Arnold ‘From Easter to August’, Nineteenth Century 22 (September 1887), 321. This is astutely pointed out by McCormack, ‘Wilde Irishman’, footnote 28. 29. Sos Eltis, Revising Wilde: Society and Subversion in the Plays of Oscar Wilde (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), 14–18. 30. Owen Dudley Edwards, ‘Oscar Wilde: the Soul of Man under Hibernicism’, Irish Studies Review 11 (Summer 1995), 7–13 (11). 31. Although it may be argued that it was the First Home Rule Bill and the divisions it caused within the English Liberal Party that effectively ended the Home Rule cause for a generation. 32. Edwards, ‘The Soul of Man under Hibernicism’, 11. 33. See Lewis and Smith, Oscar Wilde Discovers America, 215. 34. See W. J. McCormack, ‘Wilde and Parnell’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 1998), 95–102 (101). 35. Quoted in Tony Claydon, ‘The Political Thought of Charles Stewart Parnell’, Parnell in Perspective, eds D. George Boyce and Alan O’Day (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), 151–70 (163). 36. A. E. Dyson, ‘Oscar Wilde: Irony of a Socialist Aesthete’, The Crazy Fabric: Essays in Irony (London: Macmillan, 1965), 141. 37. Quoted in Paul Bew, C. S. Parnell (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1980), 33. 38. James Joyce argued that ‘Nations have their ego, just like individuals...’ ‘Ireland, Island of Saints and Sages’, The Critical Writings of James Joyce, 154. 39. L. P. Curtis, Apes and Angels: the Irishman in Victorian Caricature (Washington D. C. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 41–4. 40. Newman, Letters and Diaries, vol. 30, 32–3. See also Alderson, Mansex Fine, 79. 41. Kiberd, Irish Classics, 332. 42. Benjamin Tucker, Instead of a Book By a Man Too Busy to Write One (1881; New York, 1969), 414. 43. Quoted in Mikhail, Oscar Wilde, 92. 44. Wratislaw, Oscar Wilde, 13. 45. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Robbie Ross, 21 April 1900, Letters, 1183. 46. Eamonn Hughes, ‘Joyce and Catholicism’, Irish Writers and Religion, ed. Robert Welch (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1992), 116–38 (125). 47. Henry Edward Manning, Miscellanies, 3 vols (London: Burns and Oates, 1877–88), vol. 1, 229. 48. Ibid., 179. 49. This was made absolutely explicit in the papal encyclical Quadragesimo Anno, but, as Andrew Greeley makes clear, the high tradition is merely following and formalising a widespread low tradition, whose origins are difficult if not impossible to locate. No Bigger Than Necessary: an Alternative to Socialism, Capitalism, and Anarchism (New York: New American Library, 1977). 50. Richard Sonn, Anarchism and Cultural Politics in Fin de Siècle France (Lincoln- London: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 278. For this encyclical and Catholic social policy in general, see Donal Dorr, Option for the Poor: a Hundred Years of Catholic Social Teaching (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1983). 51. Dorr, Option for the Poor, 12. 206 Notes, pp. 133–43

52. Oscar Wilde, ‘Review of Mr Froude’s Blue Book (The Two Chiefs of Dunboy: or An Irish Romance of the Last Century)’, Pall Mall Gazette 13 April 1889, in Collected Works, vol. XIII, 476–82. 53. Christopher Morash, Writing the Irish Famine (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 11–29. 54. Quoted in ibid., 14. 55. This is not to suggest at any point that there was not a great deal of sympathy and distress experienced in England at what was happening during the Famine. It is merely to point out, as has been argued by a great many Famine historians, that the English population in general, and the English government in particular, seemed trapped in the privileged discourses, in which the spectre of the Famine dead was a self-perpetuating heresy. See Peter Gray, Famine, Land and Politics. 56. For this lecture, see Kevin O’ Brien, ‘ “The House Beautiful”: a Reconstruction of Oscar Wilde’s American Lecture’, Victorian Studies 17 (1974), 395–418.

5. Art and Life: the Politics of Ritualism in The Importance of Being Earnest

1. This chapter will mostly use The Importance of Being Earnest, ed. Russell Jackson (London: Ernest Benn, 1980), but will occasionally draw attention to lines from the Licensing Copy which now lies in the British Library. Act and Line number will appear in parentheses in the main text. See also Russell Jackson, ‘A Classic without Danger: the National Theatre’s Importance of Being Earnest’, Critical Quarterly 25: 2 (1983), 73–80. 2. Christopher Craft, ‘Alias Bunbury’, Another Kind of Love: Male Homosexual Desire in English Discourse, 1850–1920 (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1994), 112–13. 3. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Tendencies (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1993), 63 4. Ibid. 5. Quoted in John Shelton Reed, Glorious Battle, 235. 6. Ibid., 142. 7. Ibid., 236. 8. Reprinted in Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England, 194. 9. Patricia Flanagan Behrendt, Oscar Wilde: Eros and Aesthetics (London: Macmillan, 1991), 171. 10. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Robert Ross, 5 June 1897, Letters, 884. 11. On King, see Norman, Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England, 109–18. 12. Reed, Glorious Battle, 28. 13. John Francis Bloxham, founded the ill-fated Oxford magazine, the Chameleon; he met Wilde through George Ives’s rooms at the Albany (E. 4). 14. For a useful collection, dealing with Kingsley and others of the same ideology, see Donald E. Hall, ed., Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 15. Both these quotations can be found in the Licensing Copy of the play now in the British Library. See Appendix III, ‘Longer Textual Notes’, in the Russell Jackson edited edition we are using, 127. 16. Quoted in Reed, Glorious Battle, 211. Notes, pp. 144–59 207

17. For the construction of ‘homo-’ and ‘hetero-’ sexuality, see Sinfield, Wilde Century. 18. Hilliard, ‘Unenglish and Unmanly’, 181. 19. The scandals were fairly tame stuff. In 1850 at St Saviour’s church in Leeds, a Sunday school teacher and a choirboy were caught up to no good. The Benedictine establishment of Fr Ignatius in Norwich was a den of iniquity if we are to believe press reports, and a fairly innocuous love letter from the choirmaster Brother Augustine to a choir member was published to great fuss in the Norwich News. See Hilliard, ‘Unenglish and Unmanly’, 181–3. 20. See Joseph Bristow, ‘Wilde, Dorian Gray, and Gross Indecency’, Sexual Sameness: Textual Differences in Lesbian and Gay Writing, ed. Joseph Bristow (London: Routledge, 1992), 44–63. Also, Ed Cohen, Talk on the Wilde Side: Towards a Gene- alogy of a Discourse on Male Sexualities (New York and London: Routledge, 1993). 21. See Craft, ‘Alias Bunbury’, passim. Also Jan B. Gordon, ‘ “The Wilde Child”: Structure and Origin in the Fin-De-Siècle Short Story’, English Literature in Transition 15: 4 (1972), 277–90. 22. For this, see Claudia Nelson, ‘Sex and the Single Boy: Ideals of Manliness and Sexuality in Victorian Literature for Boys’, Victorian Studies 32: 4 (Summer 1989), 527–50. 23. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Railway Journey: the Industrialisation and Perception of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century (Berkley: University of California Press, 1986). 24. Sedgwick, Tendencies, 58. 25. Octavius J. Ellis, Some Time Among Ritualists (London: Hatchards, 1868), 10–11. 26. Quoted in G. W. Soltau, A Letter to the Working Classes on Ritualism (London, 1873). 27. See Reed, Glorious Battle, 239 28. For drag, see Marjorie Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety (London-New York: Routledge, 1992). 29. Sedgwick, Tendencies, 59. 30. James Laver, A Concise History of Costume and Fashion (New York: Scribners, 1969), 182. 31. Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), 85. 32. In this she is the opposite of Lord Henry Wotton, who says all the wrong things but never does anything dangerous. 33. Quoted in Karl Beckson, London in the 1890s: a Cultural History (New York and London: Norton, 1992), 132. 34. Otto Reinert, ‘Satiric Strategy in The Importance of Being Earnest’, College English 18 (October 1956), 14–18 (17). 35. See note 14 above. 36. Regenia Gagnier, Idylls of the Marketplace: Oscar Wilde and the Victorian Public (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1987), 112. 37. Sedgwick, Tendencies, 65. 38. See note 14 above. 39. Kiberd, Irish Classics, 331. 40. Gauri Viswanathan, Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998). 41. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 1992). 208 Notes, pp. 162–78

6. Realism and Romance: Between Protestantism and Catholicism in Wilde’s Final Writings

1. Although Ian Small, in his new edition of De Profundis (part of the authoritative Complete Works from Oxford University Press), suggests that it may have been written prior to January 1897 (The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, vol. 2, De Profundis; Epistola: In Carcere et Vinculis, ed. Ian Small (Oxford: Clarendon, 2005)). 2. Gagnier, Idylls of the Marketplace, 177–95. 3. Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence, 95. 4. Arata, ‘Oscar Wilde and Jesus Christ’, 265. 5. Ibid., 262. 6. Ian Small, ‘Love-Letter, Spiritual Autobiography, or Prison Writing? Identity and Value in De Profundis’, Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions, ed. Joseph Bristow (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 86–100. 7. For this genre, see Pals, Victorian. 8. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 454. 9. See Elaine Scarry for a study of the effects of The Body in Pain: the Making and Unmaking of the World (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985). 10. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 465. 11. Ibid., 469. 12. For the importance of orality to Wilde, see Deirdre Toomey, ‘The Story Teller at Fault: Oscar Wilde and Irish Orality’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 24–35. 13. Quoted in Edwin Hodder, The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G., 3 vols (London: Cassell, 1887), vol. 3, 164. 14. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Lord Alfred Douglas, January–March 1897, Letters, 748. Subsequent page numbers will be placed in the main text. 15. Small, ‘Love-Letter’, passim. 16. Arata, ‘Oscar Wilde’, 263–4. 17. For Matthew Arnold’s study of the Bible and of Jesus, see Literature and Dogma. 18. Letter to Robert Ross, 1 April 1897, Letters, 782. 19. Ibid., 781. 20. Small, ‘Love-Letter’, 92. 21. Owen Chadwick, A History of the Popes, 1830–1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), 220. 22. Ibid., 181–214. 23. Eamonn Duffy, Saints and Sinners: a History of the Popes (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1997), 228. 24. Aubrey De Vere, Poetical Works, vol. 5, xxxi. 25. Aubrey De Vere, Irish Odes and other poems (New York: The Catholic Publication Society, 1869), 159–60. 26. Sir William Wilde, Irish Popular Superstitions, 34. 27. Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 102. 28. Quoted in Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 495. 29. Ibid., 496. 30. The most recent reading of the event argues that it did not happen in this way at all. Merlin Holland and Rupert Hart-Davis point out that Stewart Headlam claimed that Wilde simply asked him to send for a Jesuit priest to Notes, pp. 179–88 209

engage in the religious discussion that they were having in the house, and that ‘it is implausible that Wilde would have considered exchanging one form of confinement for another’. Letters, 842. At the moment neither view has been accepted as authoritative, although Professor Owen Dudley Edwards tells me that he believes Headlam’s version of events has more evidence to back it up, as Wilde had other friends waiting to see him. That Wilde could act impulsively, without giving due notice to his friends’ opinions, however, was well demonstrated in the weeks leading up to his trial. I find the version given above more persuasive, especially since Wilde’s letters while in prison indicated a fear of the outside world. See also Horst Schroeder, Additions and Corrections to Richard Ellmann’s Oscar Wilde, 2nd edn (Braunschweig: privately published, 2002), 187. Schroeder also believes that the story is a ‘jest’ or a ‘myth’ invented by Ada Leverson, 191. 31. Letter to Robert Ross, 1 April 1897, Letters, 781. 32. ‘Preface’ to the Poems in the Collins’ Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, ed. Merlin Holland (Glasgow: Collins, 1999), 739–43 (742). 33. See Coakley, Oscar Wilde, 210–11; Norman Page, ‘Decoding The Ballad of Reading Gaol’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandalescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 305–11. Lucy McDiarmaid, ‘Oscar Wilde’s Speech from the Dock’, The Wilde Legacy, ed. Eiléan Ní Chuileanáin (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003), 113–35. 34. Karen Alkalay-Gut, ‘ “The Thing He Loves”: Murder as Aesthetic Experience in The Ballad of Reading Gaol’, Victorian Poetry 35 (1997), 349–66. 35. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Robert Ross, 3 June 1897, Letters, 877. 36. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Robert Ross, Friday 8 October 1897, Letters, 956. 37. William E. Buckler, ‘Oscar Wilde’s “chant de cygne”: The Ballad of Reading Gaol in Contextual Perspective’, Victorian Poetry 28: 3–4 (1990), 33–41 (41 footnote 2). 38. Lady Wilde, Notes on Men, Women and Books: Selected Essays (London: Ward and Downey, 1891), 183. 39. Seamus Deane, Strange Country: Modernity and Nationhood in Irish Writing since 1790 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 72.

Conclusion

1. Robert Ross, quoted in W. S. Blunt, My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914 (London: Martin Secker, 1920), part two, 126. 2. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 549. 3. Quoted in Hanson, Decadence and Catholicism, 257. 4. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Robert Ross, 31 May 1897, Letters, 866. 5. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Lord Alfred Douglas, 6 June 1897, Letters, 886. 6. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Frank Harris, 13 June 1897, Letters, 895. 7. Father Cuthbert Dunne’s Narrative, Letters, 1224. 8. Coulson Kernahan, ‘Oscar Wilde’, Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections, 2 vols, ed. E. H. Mikhail (London: Macmillan, 1979), vol. 2, 316–17. 9. Oscar Wilde, Letter to Robert Ross, 31 May 1897, Letters, 866. 10. See Lady Wilde, Ancient Legends, 1–10; Sir William Wilde, Voyage Around Madeira. 11. On which see my unpublished PhD Thesis, ‘Religion, the Nation, and Oscar Wilde’, University College Dublin, 2001. Bibliography

1. Works by the Wilde Family

(a) Oscar Wilde The Collected Works of Oscar Wilde, ed. Robert Ross (originally published as The First Collected Edition of the Works of Oscar Wilde, 15 vols (London: Methuen, 1908–22; London: Routledge, 1993)). Collins Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, ed. Merlin Holland (London: Harper Collins, 1999). Complete Shorter Fiction, ed. Isobel Murray (London: Oxford University Press, 1979). The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, vol. 1, Poems, eds Karl Beckson and Bobby Fong, under the general editorship of Ian Small (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, vol. 2, De Profundis; Epistola: In Carcere et Vinculis, ed. Ian Small (Oxford: Clarendon, 2005). The Importance of Being Earnest, ed. Russell Jackson (London: Ernest Benn, 1980). Lady Windermere’s Fan, Salome, A Woman of No Importance, An Ideal Husband, and The Importance of Being Earnest, ed. Peter Raby (Oxford Drama Library; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). The Picture of Dorian Gray, ed. Isobel Murray (Oxford English Novels; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974). The Picture of Dorian Gray, Authoritative Texts, Backgrounds, Reviews and Reactions, Criticism, ed. Donald L. Lawler (New York-London: Norton, 1988).

(b) Lady Wilde Ancient Cures, Charms and Usages of Ireland: Contributions to Irish Lore (London: Ward and Downey, 1890). Ancient Legends, Mystic Charms, and Superstitions of Ireland; with Sketches of the Irish Past, to which is appended a chapter on ‘the ancient races of Ireland’, by the late Sir William Wilde (London: Ward and Downey, 1887). Notes on Men, Women and Books: Selected Essays (London: Ward and Downey, 1891). Poems by Speranza (Dublin: James Duffy, 1864).

(c) Sir William Wilde The Beauties of the Boyne and its Tributary the Blackwater (Dublin: McGlashan and Gill, 1849). The Census of Ireland for the Year 1852 (Dublin, 1856). Ireland Past and Present (Dublin: McGlashan and Gill, 1864). Irish Popular Superstitions (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1979). Memoir of Gabriel Beranger (London: Bentley, 1880).

210 Bibliography 211

2. Secondary Works

Adams, James Eli, Dandies and Desert Saints: Styles of Victorian Masculinity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995). Alderson, David, Mansex Fine: Religion, Manliness and Imperialism in Nineteenth Century British Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998). Alkalay-Gut, Karen, ‘ “The Thing He Loves”: Murder as Aesthetic Experience in The Ballad of Reading Gaol’, Victorian Poetry 35 (1997), 349–66. Altholz, Josef L., ‘The Warfare of Conscience with Theology,’ Religion in Victorian Britain, vol. 3, Interpretations, ed. Gerald Parsons (Manchester University Press, 1988), 150–69. Althusser, Louis, ‘Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (Notes towards an Investigation)’, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, transl. Ben Brewster (London: New Left Books, 1971), 127–86. Arata, Stephen, ‘Oscar Wilde and Jesus Christ’, Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions, ed. Joseph Bristow (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 254–72. Arnold, Matthew, Culture and Anarchy, with Friendship’s Garland and Some Literary Essays, The Complete Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, vol. 5, ed. R. H. Super, assist. Sister Marion Hoctor (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1965). ——, Literature and Dogma: an Essay towards a better appreciation of the Bible, The Complete Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, vol. 6, Dissent and Dogma, ed. R. H. Super (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1968). ——, ‘On the Study of Celtic Literature’, The Complete Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, vol. 3, Lectures and Essays in Criticism, ed. R. H. Super, assist. Sister Marion Hoctor (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962), 291–386. Arnstein, Walter L., Protestant versus Catholic in Mid-Victorian England: Mr Newdegate and the Nuns (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1982). Auerbach, Nina, Woman and the Demon: the Life of a Victorian Myth (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982). Balée, Susan, ‘Reply to Merlin Holland’, Victorian Studies 39: 4 (1996), 542–3. ——, ‘Review of Knox, Melissa, Oscar Wilde: a Long and Lovely Suicide’, Victorian Studies 38: 2 (1995), 319–21. Beckson, Karl, London in the 1890s: a Cultural History (New York and London: Norton, 1992). Beckson, Karl, ed., Oscar Wilde: the Critical Heritage (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970). Behrendt, Patricia Flanagan, Oscar Wilde: Eros and Aesthetics (London: Macmillan, 1991). Bergler, Edmund, ‘ “Salome”, the Turning Point in the Life of Oscar Wilde’, Psychoanalysis Review 43: 1 (1956), 97–103. Bergonzi, Bernard, The Turn of a Century: Essays on Victorian and Modern English Literature (London: Macmillan, 1973). Berki, R. N., Socialism (London: J. M. Dent, 1975). Bernheimer, Charles, ‘Fetishism and Decadence: Salome’s Severed Heads’, Fetishism as Cultural Discourse, eds Emily Apter and William Pietz (Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press, 1993), 72–83. Bew, Paul, C. S. Parnell (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1980). Bhabha, Homi K., The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994). 212 Bibliography

Blanshard, Brand, Reason and Belief (London: Allen and Unwin, 1974). Blunt, W. S., My Diaries: Being a Personal Narrative of Events, 1888–1914 (London: Martin Secker, 1920). Bourke, Angela, ‘The Baby and the Bathwater: Cultural Loss in Nineteenth Century Ireland’, Ideology and Ireland in the Nineteenth Century, eds, Tadhg Foley and Sean Ryder (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998), 79–92. ——, ‘The Virtual Reality of Irish Fairy Legend’, Éire-Ireland 31: 1–2 (1996), 7–25. Bowen, Desmond, The Protestant Crusade in Ireland, 1800–70: a Study of Protestant- Catholic Relations between the Act of Union and Disestablishment (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1978). Bowlby, Rachael, ‘Promoting Dorian Gray’, Shopping with Freud (London: Routledge, 1993). Boyce, D. G., ‘ “The Marginal Britons”: the Irish’, Englishness: Politics and Culture, 1880–1920, ed. Robert Colls and Phillip Dodd (London: Croom Helm, 1986), 230–53. Bristow, Joseph, ‘ “A complex multiform creature”: Wilde’s Sexual Identities’, The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, ed. Peter Raby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 195–218. ——, ‘Wilde, Dorian Gray, and Gross Indecency,’ Sexual Sameness: Textual Differences in Lesbian and Gay Writing, ed. Joseph Bristow (London: Routledge, 1992), 44–63. Bristow, Joseph, ed., Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004). Brooke, R. S., Recollections of the Irish Church (London: Macmillan, 1877). Brophy, Liam, ‘An Immortal Dandy’, The Divine Word (1954), 6–8. Buckler, William E., ‘Oscar Wilde’s “chant de cygne”: The Ballad of Reading Gaol in Contextual Perspective’, Victorian Poetry 28: 3–4 (1990), 33–41. Burke, Edmund, ‘Oscar Wilde: the Final Scene,’ London Magazine 1: 2 (May 1961), 37–43. Bynum, Caroline Walker, Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion (New York: Zone Books, 1991). ——, Holy Feast and Holy Fast: the Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1987). Chadwick, Owen, A History of the Popes, 1830–1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998). Chapman, Raymond, Faith and Revolt: Studies in the Literary Influence of the Oxford Movement (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970). Chesterton, G. K., The Catholic Church and Conversion (London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne, 1926). Chillingworth, William, The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation. Or, an Answer to a book entitled Mercy and Truth, or, Charity maintain’d by Catholiques [written by Matthew Wilson under the pseudonym Edward Knott], which pretends to prove the contrary (Oxford: Leonard Litchfield, 1638). Church, R. W., The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years, 1833–1845 (London: Macmillan, 1891). Claydon, Tony, ‘The Political Thought of Charles Stewart Parnell’, Parnell in Perspective, eds D. George Boyce and Alan O’ Day (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), 151–70. Coakley, Davis, Oscar Wilde: the Importance of Being Irish (Dublin: Town House and Country House, 1994). Bibliography 213

Cohen, Ed, Talk on the Wilde Side: Towards a Genealogy of a Discourse on Male Sexualities (New York and London: Routledge, 1993). Cole, G. D. H., A History of Socialist Thought, vol. 2, Socialist Thought: Marxism and Anarchism, 1850–1890 (London: Macmillan, 1954). Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 1992). Connolly, S. J., Priests and People in Pre-Famine Ireland, 1780–1845 (Dublin: Four Courts, 2001). Cook, Lucius, ‘French Sources of Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray’, Romantic Review 19 (1928), 25–34. Craft, Christopher, Another Kind of Love: Male Homosexual Desire in English Discourse, 1850–1920 (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1994). Cragg, Gerald R., From Puritanism to the Age of Reason: a Study of Changes in Religious Thought within the Church of England, 1600 to 1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950). Curtis, L. P., Apes and Angels: the Irishman in Victorian Caricature (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1971). ——, Apes and Angels: the Irishman in Victorian Caricature (Washington D.C and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997). D’Arch Smith, Timothy, Love in Earnest: Some Notes on the Lives and Writings of English ‘Uranian’ Poets from 1889 to 1930 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970). Danson, Lawrence, ‘Oscar Wilde, W.H., and the Unspoken Name of Love’, English Literary History 58: 4 (Winter 1991), 979–1000. ——, Wilde’s Intentions: the Artist in His Criticism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997). De Breffny Brian, ‘The Paternal Ancestry of Oscar Wilde’, The Irish Ancestor 5: 2 (1973), 96–100. ——, ‘Speranza’s Ancestry – Elgee, the Maternal Lineage of Oscar Wilde’, The Irish Ancestor 4: 2 (1972), 94–103. De Vere, Aubrey, Irish Odes and other poems (New York: The Catholic Publication Society, 1869). ——, Poetical Works (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1884–90), 6 vols. De Vere White, Terence, The Parents of Oscar Wilde: Sir William and Lady Wilde (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1967). Deane, Seamus, The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing (Derry: Field Day, 1991), 3 vols. ——, Strange Country: Modernity and Nationhood in Irish Writing since 1790 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997). Derrida, Jacques, Of Grammatology, transl. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). Dijkstra, Bram, Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-de-Siécle Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986). Dollimore, Jonathan, Sexual Dissidence: Augustine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). Donnelly, James S., Jr, ‘Pastorini and Captain Rock: Millenarianism and Sectarianism in the Rockite Movement of 1821–4’, Irish Peasants: Violence and Political Unrest, 1780–1914, eds Samuel Clarke and James S. Donnelly Jr (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 102–39. 214 Bibliography

Doody, Noreen, ‘Oscar Wilde: Nation and Empire’, Palgrave Advances in Oscar Wilde Studies, ed. Frederick S. Roden (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 246–66. Dorr, Donal, Option for the Poor: a Hundred Years of Catholic Social Teaching (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1983). Dowling, Linda, Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1994). Duffy, Eamonn, Saints and Sinners: a History of the Popes (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1997). Dyson, A. E., The Crazy Fabric: Essays in Irony (London: Macmillan, 1965). Eagleton, Terry, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger: Essays in Irish History (London: Verso, 1998). ——, The Idea of Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000). ——, Saint Oscar (Derry: Field Day, 1989). Edgeworth, Maria, Belinda, ed. Kathryn Kirkpatrick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). Edwards, Owen Dudley, ‘The Impressions of an Irish Sphinx’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 47–70. ——, ‘Oscar Wilde: the Soul of Man under Hibernicism’, Irish Studies Review 11 (Summer 1995), 7–13. Edwards, Owen Dudley, ed., The Fireworks of Oscar Wilde (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1989). Eliot, George, Essays of George Eliot, ed. Thomas Pinney (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963). Ellis, Octavius J., Some Time Among Ritualists (London: Hatchards, 1868). Ellmann, Richard, Oscar Wilde (London: Penguin, 1989). Eltis, Sos, Revising Wilde: Society and Subversion in the Plays of Oscar Wilde (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996). Evans, E. Estyn, Irish Folk Ways (London: Routledge, 1957). Eynat-Confino, Irene, ‘Oscar Wilde and Dramatic Strategies’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 127–36. Fairweather, E. R., ed., The Oxford Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964). Fischer, Walther, ‘The “Poisonous Book” in Oskar Wilde’s Dorian Gray’, Englische Studien 51: 1 (1917), 37–47. Flaubert, Gustave, Trois Contes (Paris: Gallimard, 1973). Foster, John Wilson, ‘Against Nature? Science and Oscar Wilde’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 113–24. Foster, R. F., Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London: Allen Lane, 1988). Fox, L. C. P., ‘People I Have Met’, Donahoe’s Magazine 53: 4 (1905), 397. Gagnier, Regenia, Idylls of the Marketplace: Oscar Wilde and the Victorian Public (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1987). Garber, Marjorie, Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety (London- New York: Routledge, 1992). Geertz, Clifford, ‘Religion as a Cultural System’, The Religious Situation: 1968, ed. Donald Cutler (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), 639–88. Gillispie, C. C., Genesis and Geology (New York: Harper and Row, 1959). Godkin, James, Ireland and Her Churches (London: Chapman and Hall, 1867). Goode, John, ‘Gissing, Morris, and English Socialism’, Victorian Studies 12: 2 (December 1968), 201–26. Bibliography 215

Gordon, Jan B., ‘ “The Wilde Child”: Structure and Origin in the Fin-De-Siécle Short Story’, English Literature in Transition 15: 4 (1972), 277–90. Gray, Peter, Famine, Land and Politics: British Government and Irish Society 1843–50 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1999). Greeley, Andrew, No Bigger Than Necessary: an Alternative to Socialism, Capitalism, and Anarchism (New York: New American Library, 1977). Greenblatt, Stephen, Hamlet in Purgatory (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001). Guy, Josephine M., ‘ “The Soul of Man under Socialism”: a (Con)Textual History’, Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions, ed. Joseph Bristow (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), 59–85. Guy, Josephine M., and Ian Small, Oscar Wilde’s Profession: Writing and the Culture Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Hadfield, Miles, A History of British Gardening (London: John Murray, 1979). Hall, Donald E., ed., Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Hallam, Henry, Introduction to the Literature of Europe, 3 vols (1837–39; rpt, New York: Johnson, 1970). Hanson, Ellis, Decadence and Catholicism (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997). ——, ‘Wilde’s Exquisite Pain’, Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions, ed. Joseph Bristow (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 101–23. Harris, Frank, Oscar Wilde, incl. My Memories of Oscar Wilde, by George Bernard Shaw. Introd. Lyle Blair (New York: Dorset Press, 1989). Hasseler, Terri A., ‘The Physiological Determinism Debate in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray’, The Victorian Newsletter 84 (Fall 1993), 31–5. Heer, Friedrich, The Intellectual History of Europe, trans. Jonathan Steinberg (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1966). Hick, John, Faith and Knowledge (London: Macmillan, 1967). Hilliard, David, ‘Unenglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and Homosexuality’, Victorian Studies 25: 2 (1982), 181–210. Hodder, Edwin, The Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, K. G., 3 vols (London: Cassell, 1887). Holland, Merlin, ‘Comments on Susan Balée’s Review of Oscar Wilde: a Long and Lovely Suicide, by Melissa Knox’, Victorian Studies 39: 4 (1996), 539–41. Holland, Merlin, and Rupert Hart-Davis, eds, The Complete Letters of Oscar Wilde (London: Fourth Estate, 2000). Holland, Vyvyan, Son of Oscar Wilde, foreword by Merlin Holland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). Hughes, Eamonn, ‘Joyce and Catholicism’, Irish Writers and Religion, ed. Robert Welch (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1992), 116–38. Hunter-Blair, David, ‘Oscar Wilde as I Knew Him’, Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections, 2 vols, ed. E. K. Mikhail (London: Macmillan, 1979), vol. 1, 3–12. Huysmans, Joris-Karl, Against Nature, trans. Robert Baldick (London: Penguin, 1959). Hyde, Douglas, ed., Beside the Fire: Irish Folk Tales (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1978). Hyde, H. Montgomery, Oscar Wilde (London: Methuen, 1976). Hyde, H. Montgomery, ed., The Trials of Oscar Wilde (Edinburgh: William Hodge, 1948). 216 Bibliography

Hyman, Erin Williams, ‘Salome as Bombshell, or How Oscar Wilde Became an Anarchist’, unpublished paper, University of California, Los Angeles. Jackson, Russell, ‘A Classic without Danger: the National Theatre’s Importance of Being Earnest’, Critical Quarterly 25: 2 (1983), 73–80. Joost, Nicholas, and Franklin E. Court, ‘Salome, the Moon, and Oscar Wilde’s Aesthetics: a Reading of the Play’, Papers on Language and Literature 8 (1972), 96–111. Joyce, James, The Critical Writings of James Joyce, eds Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann (New York: The Viking Press, 1959). Kearney, Richard, ed., The Irish Mind (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1985). Kelly, James, ‘The Genesis of “Protestant Ascendancy”: the Rightboy Disturbances of the 1780s and Their Impact upon Protestant Opinion’, Parliament, Politics and People: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Irish History, ed. Gerard O’Brien (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989), 93–128. Ker, Ian, John Henry Newman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988). Kernahan, Coulson, ‘Oscar Wilde’, Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections, 2 vols, ed. E. H. Mikhail (London: Macmillan, 1979), vol. 2, 316–17. Kiberd, Declan, Inventing Ireland: the Literature of the Modern Nation (London: Penguin, 1998). ——, Irish Classics (London: Granta, 2000). ——, ‘The London Exiles: Wilde and Shaw,’ The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, vol. 2, ed. Seamus Deane (Derry: Field Day, 1991), 272–515. ——, ‘Oscar Wilde: the Resurgence of Lying’, The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, ed. Peter Raby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 276–94. ——, ‘Preface’ to the Poems in the Collins Complete Works of Oscar Wilde, ed. Merlin Holland (Glasgow: Collins, 1999), 739–43. Killeen, Jarlath, ‘Religion, the Nation, and Oscar Wilde’, Unpublished PhD thesis, University College Dublin, 2001. King, Mary, ‘Typing Dorian Gray: Wilde and the Interpellated Text’, Irish Studies Review 9: 1 (2001), 15–24. Kingsley, Charles, His Letters and Memories of His Life, ed. Francis E. Kingsley (London: Macmillan, 1901), 3 vols. Knox, Melissa, Oscar Wilde: a Long and Lovely Suicide (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1994). Kohl, Norbert, Oscar Wilde: the Works of a Conformist Rebel, transl. David Henry Wilson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Kopelson, Kevin, ‘Wilde, Barthes, and the Orgasmics of Truth’, Genders 7 (1990), 22–31. Kuryluk, Ewa, Salome and Judas in the Cave of Sex: the Grotesque: Origins, Iconography, Techniques (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1987). Larkin, Emmet, ‘The Devotional Revolution in Ireland, 1850–1875’, The Historical Dimensions of Irish Catholicism (Dublin: Four Courts, 1997), 57–90. Laver, James, A Concise History of Costume and Fashion (New York: Scribners, 1969). Lawler, Donald, ‘The Gothic Wilde’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 249–68. Leerssen, Joep, Remembrance and Imagination: Patterns in the Literary Representations of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century (Cork: Cork University Press in association with Field Day, 1996). Leslie, Sir Shane, ‘Oscar Wilde and Catholicism’, The Month 28: 4 (October 1962), 234–7. Bibliography 217

Levine, George, The Realistic Imagination: English Fiction from Frankenstein to Lady Chatterley (Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press, 1981). Lewis, Lloyd, and Henry Justin Smith, Oscar Wilde Discovers America, 1882 (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1967). Lloyd, David, Anomalous States: Irish Writing and the Post-Colonial Moment (Dublin: Lilliput, 1993). ——, Ireland after History (Cork: Cork University Press, 1999). ——, Nationalism and Minor Literature: James Clarence Mangan and the Emergence of Irish Cultural Nationalism (London; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). Lodge, David, The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature (London: Edward Arnold, 1977). Longstaffe-Gowan, Todd, The London Town Garden, 1700–1840 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001). Macauley, George C., ‘New Views of Shakespeare’s Sonnets: the “Other Poet” Identified’, Blackwood’s Magazine 135 (June 1884), 727–61; 137 (June 1885), 774–800; 139 (March 1886), 327–50. McCormack, Jerusha, ‘Introduction: the Irish Wilde’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 1–5. ——, John Gray: Poet, Dandy and Priest (Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1991). ——, The Man Who Was Dorian Gray (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000). ——, ‘The Once and Future Dandy’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 269–73. ——, ‘The Wilde Irishman: Oscar as Aesthete and Anarchist’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 82–94. ——, ‘Wilde the Pervert: Catholicism as Subversion’, unpublished paper given at the Oscar Wilde Autumn School, Bray, Co. Dublin, October 2000. ——, ‘Wilde’s Fiction(s)’, The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde, ed. Peter Raby (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 96–115. McCormack, Jerusha, ed., Wilde the Irishman (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). McCormack, W. J., The Dublin Paper War of 1786–88: a Bibliography and Critical Inquiry, including an Account of the Origins of Protestant Ascendancy and Its ‘Baptism’ in 1792 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1993). ——, ‘Wilde and Parnell’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven-London: Yale University Press, 1998), 95–102. McDiarmaid, Lucy, ‘Oscar Wilde’s Speech from the Dock’, The Wilde Legacy, ed. Eiléan Ní Chuillieanáin (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2003), 113–35. McHugh, Roger, and Maurice Harmon, A Short History of Anglo-Irish Literature from Its Origins to the Present Day (Dublin: Wolfhound, 1982). McKenna, Neil, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde (London: Arrow Books, 2004). Maguire, J. Robert, ‘Oscar Wilde and the Dreyfus Affair’, Victorian Studies 41: 1 (1997), 1–30. Manning, Henry Edward, Miscellanies (London: Burns and Oates, 1877–88), 3 vols. Marcus, Jane, ‘Salome: the Jewish Princess Was a New Woman’, Bulletin of the New York Public Library 78 (1974–75), 95–113. Marez, Curtis, ‘The Other Addict: Reflections on Colonialism and Oscar Wilde’s Opium Smoke Screen’, English Literary History 64 (1997), 257–87. 218 Bibliography

Marsh, Joss Lutz, ‘ “Bibliolatry” and “Bible-Smashing”: G. W. Foote, George Meredith, and the Heretic Trope of the Book’, Victorian Studies 34: 3 (Spring 1991), 315–36. ——, Word Crimes: Blasphemy, Culture, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century England (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1998). Mason, Stuart, Bibliography of Oscar Wilde, intro. Timothy d’Arch Smith (London: Bertram Rota, 1967). Maturin, Charles Robert, Melmoth the Wanderer, ed. Douglas Grant, introd. Chris Baldick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). Meltzer, Françoise, Salome and the Dance of Writing: Portraits of Mimesis in Literature (Chicago-London: University of Chicago Press, 1987). Melville, Joy, Mother of Oscar: the Life of Jane Francesca Wilde (London: Allison and Busby, 1999). Mikhail, E. H., ed., Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections (London: Macmillan, 1979), 2 vols. Miller, David, Anarchism (London and Melbourne: Dent, 1984). Millett, Kate, Sexual Politics (London: Hart-Davis, 1971). Monsman, Gerald, ‘Pater’s Aesthetic Hero’, University of Toronto Quarterly 40: 2 (1971), 136–51. Morash, Christopher, Writing the Irish Famine (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995). Murray, Isobel, ‘Oscar Wilde and Individualism: Contexts for The Soul of Man’, Durham University Journal 83: 2 (July 1991), 195–207. Nassaar, Christopher S., ‘Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray’, Explicator 57: 4 (Summer 1999), 216–17. Nelson, Claudia, ‘Sex and the Single Boy: Ideals of Manliness and Sexuality in Victorian Literature for Boys’, Victorian Studies 32: 4 (Summer 1989), 527–50. Newman, John Henry, Apologia pro Vita Sua (London: Fount Paperback, 1977). ——, Letters and Diaries, eds Charles Stephen Dessain et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961–), 32 vols. ——, Sermons Preached on Various Occasions (London: Longmans, Green, 1908). Norman, E. R., Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968). ——, Roman Catholicism in England from the Elizabethan Settlement to the Second Vatican Council (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985). ——, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987). Norton, David, A History of the Bible as Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 2 vols. O’Brien, Kevin, ‘ “The House Beautiful”: a Reconstruction of Oscar Wilde’s American Lecture’, Victorian Studies 17 (1974), 395–418. ——, Oscar Wilde in Canada: an Apostle for the Arts (Toronto: Personal Library, 1982). O’Farrell, Patrick, ‘Millennialism, Messianism and Utopianism in Irish History’, Anglo-Irish Studies 2 (1976), 45–68. O’Malley, Patrick R., ‘Religion’, Palgrave Advances in Oscar Wilde Studies, ed. Frederick S. Roden (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 167–88. Oates, Joyce Carol, ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray: Wilde’s Parable of the Fall’, Contraries: Essays (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 3–16. Oliver, Hermia, The International Anarchist Movement in Late Victorian London (London: Croom Helm, 1983). Page, Norman, ‘Decoding The Ballad of Reading Gaol’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandalescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 305–11. Bibliography 219

Pals, D. L., The Victorian ‘Lives of Jesus’ (San Antonio, Texas: Trinity University Press, 1982). Parsons, Gerald, ‘Biblical Criticism in Victorian Britain: From Controversy to Acceptance?’, Religion in Victorian Britain, vol. 2, Controversies, ed. Gerald Parsons (Manchester University Press, 1988), 238–57. Pater, Walter, Selected Writings of Walter Pater, ed. Harold Bloom (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974). Pearce, Joseph, The Unmasking of Oscar Wilde (London: HarperCollins, 2000). Pepper, Robert D., ed., Oscar Wilde, ‘Irish Poets and Poetry in the Nineteenth Century.’ A Lecture delivered in Platt’s Hall, San Francisco on Wednesday, April Fifth, 1882 (San Francisco: Book Club of California Press, 1972). Pick, John, ‘Divergent Disciples of Walter Pater’, Thought 23 (March 1948), 114–28. Pine, Richard, The Thief of Reason: Oscar Wilde and Modern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1995). Powell, Kerry, ‘The Mesmerizing of Dorian Gray’, Victorian Newsletter 65 (1984), 10–15. ——, ‘Tom, Dick and Dorian Gray: Magic Picture Mania in Late-Victorian Fiction’, Philological Quarterly 62 (Spring 1983), 147–70. Prickett, Stephen, Words and The Word: Language, Poetics and Biblical Inter- pretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). Quigley, Austin E., ‘Realism and Symbolism in Wilde’s Salomé’, Modern Drama 37 (1994), 104–19. Raby, Peter, Oscar Wilde (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). Reed, John Shelton, Glorious Battle: the Cultural Politics of Victorian Anglo- Catholicism (Nashville, Tennessee: Tufton Books, 1996). Reinert, Otto, ‘Satiric Strategy in The Importance of Being Earnest’, College English 18 (October 1956), 14–18. Roden, Frederick S., Same-Sex Desire in Victorian Religious Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002). Roditi, Edouard, Oscar Wilde (New York: New Directions, 1986). Rogerson, John, Old Testament Criticism in the Nineteenth Century: England and Germany (London: SPCK, 1984). Rose, David, ‘Oscar Wilde: Socialite or Socialist?’, The Importance of Reinventing Oscar: Versions of Wilde during the Last 100 Years, eds Ewe Boker, Richard Corballis and Julie Hibbard (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2002), 35–55. Sammells, Neil, ‘Rediscovering the Irish Wilde’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 62–70. Sandulescu, C. George, ed., Rediscovering Oscar Wilde (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994). Satzinger, Christa, The French Influences on Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray and Salome (Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1994). [Savile, George, 1st Marquis of Halifax], A Letter to a Dissenter, Upon occasion of His Majesties Late Gracious Declaration of Indulgence (London, 1687). Scarry, Elaine, The Body in Pain: the Making and Unmaking of the World (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985). Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, The Railway Journey: the Industrialisation and Perception of Time and Space in the Nineteenth Century (Berkley: University of California Press, 1986). Schroeder, Horst, Additions and Corrections to Richard Ellmann’s Oscar Wilde, 2nd edn (Braunschweig: privately published, 2002). 220 Bibliography

——, Oscar Wilde, The Portrait of Mr. W. H. – Its Composition, Publication and Reception (Braunschweig: Technische Universität Braunschweig, 1984). Schuchard, Ronald, ‘Wilde’s Dark Angel and the Spell of Decadent Catholicism’, Rediscovering Oscar Wilde, ed. C. George Sandulescu (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994), 371–96. Schweik, Robert C., ‘Oscar Wilde’s Salome, the Salome Theme in Late European Art, and a Problem of Method in Cultural History’, Twilight of Dawn: Studies in English Literature in Transition, ed. O. M. Brack, Jr (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1987), 123–36. Schweitzer, Albert, The Quest of the Historical Jesus: a Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, trans. W. Montgomery, intro. James M. Robinson (New York: Macmillan, 1968). Seagroatt, Heather, ‘Hard Science, Soft Psychology, and Amorphous Art in The Picture of Dorian Gray’, Studies in English Literature 1500–1900 38: 4 (1998), 741–59. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, Tendencies (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1993). Shapiro, Barbara J., Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth Century England: a Study of the Relationship between Natural Science, Religion, History, Law, and Literature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983). Shell, Alison, Catholicism, Controversy, and the English Literary Imagination, 1558–1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). Sherard, Robert Harborough, The Life of Oscar Wilde (New York: Werner Laurie, 1906). Shpayer-Makov, Haia, ‘Anarchism in British Public Opinion, 1880–1914’, Victorian Studies 31: 4 (Summer 1988), 487–516. Sinfield, Alan, The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde, and the Queer Movement (London: Cassell, 1994). Small, Ian, ‘Love-Letter, Spiritual Autobiography, or Prison Writing? Identity and Value in De Profundis’, Wilde Writings: Contextual Conditions, ed. Joseph Bristow (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 86–100. ——, Oscar Wilde: Recent Research: a Supplement to ‘Oscar Wilde Revalued’ (Greensboro, North Carolina: ELT Press, 2000). Soltau, G. W., A Letter to the Working Classes on Ritualism (London, 1873). Sonn, Richard, Anarchism and Cultural Politics in Fin de Siècle France (Lincoln-London: University of Nebraska Press, 1989). Stanley, Brian, The Bible and the Flag: Protestant Missions and British Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Leicester: Apollos, 1990). Stephens, John Russell, The Censorship of English Drama, 1824–1901 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). Steven, K. Vincent, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism (New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984). Stillingfleet, Edward, A Rational Account of the Grounds of the Protestant Religion (London, 1665). Sutherland-Gower, Lord Ronald, My Reminiscences (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1883), 2 vols. Thomas, J. D., ‘ “The Soul of Man under Socialism”: an Essay in Context’, Rice University Studies 51: 1 (1965), 83–95. Thomas, Keith, Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991). Bibliography 221

Thornton, R. K. R., The Decadent Dilemma (London: Edward Arnold, 1983). Toomey, Deirdre, ‘The Story Teller at Fault: Oscar Wilde and Irish Orality’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 24–35. Tucker, Benjamin, Instead of a Book By a Man Too Busy to Write One (1881; New York, 1969). Tumbleson, Raymond D., Catholicism in the English Protestant Imagination: Nationalism, Religion, and Literature, 1660–1745 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Upchurch, David, Wilde’s Use of Irish Celtic Elements in The Picture of Dorian Gray (New York: Lang, 1992). Vance, Norman, Sinews of the Spirit: the Ideal of Christian Manliness in Victorian Literature and Religious Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). Vanita, Ruth, Sappho and the Virgin Mary: Same-Sex Love and the English Literary Imagination (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996). Vincent, K. Steven, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism (New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984). Viswanathan, Gauri, Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998). Waldrep, Shelton, ‘The Aesthetic Realism of Oscar Wilde’s Dorian Gray’, Studies in the Literary Imagination 29: 1 (Spring 1996), 103–12. Walsh, Walter, The Secret History of the Oxford Movement (London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1899). Warner, Alan, A Guide to Anglo-Irish Literature (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1981). Watt, Ian, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding (London: Chatto and Windus, 1957). Whelan, Irene, ‘The Stigma of Souperism’, The Great Irish Famine, ed. Cathal Poirteir (Cork: Mercier Press, 1995), 135–54. White, Heather, Forgotten Schooldays: Oscar Wilde at Portora (Fermanagh: Principia Press, 2002). White, Victoria, ‘Women of No Importance: Misogyny in the Work of Oscar Wilde’, Wilde the Irishman, ed. Jerusha McCormack (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998), 158–65. Willoughby, Guy, Art and Christhood: the Aesthetic of Oscar Wilde (London and Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 1993). Woodcock, George, The Paradox of Oscar Wilde (New York: Macmillan, 1950). Worth, Katherine, Oscar Wilde (London: Macmillan, 1983). Wratislaw, Theodore, Oscar Wilde: a Memoir (London: Eighteen Nineties Society, 1979). Wyndham, Horace, Speranza: a Biography of Lady Wilde (London: T. V. Boardman, 1951). Yates, Nigel, Anglican Ritualism in Victorian England, 1830–1910 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999). Yeats, W. B., Autobiographies (London: Macmillan, 1926). ——, W. B. Yeats and T. Sturge Moore: Their Correspondence, ed. Ursula Bridge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1953). Zagona, Helen Grace, The Legend of Salome and the Principle of Art for Art’s Sake (Geneva: Ambilly-Annemasse, 1960). Zimmerman, G. D., ed., Songs of Irish Rebellion: Political Street Ballads and Rebel Songs, 1780–1900 (Dublin: Allen Figgis, 1967). Zola, Émile, Thérèse Raquin (Paris: Bordas, 1989). Index

Act of Union (1801), 2 Bowlby, Rachael, 83 Adams, James Eli, 15 ‘Bridge of Sighs’ (Hood), 33 Against Nature (Huysmans), 63, Bristow, Joseph, 52 84, 85–6 British Association, 7 Alderson, David, 18 British Magazine, 142 Alkalay-Gut, Karen, 180 Buchez, Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin, Althusser, Louis, 22 114 Amalgamated Society of Watermen Buckler, William, 183 and Lightermen, 129–30 Butt, Sir Isaac, 2, 9 anarchism, 109–37 Angelico, Fra, 30 Cabet, Étienne, 114 antiquarianism, 106–7 Caravaggio, Michelangelo Antiquities of the Jews ((Josephus), 62 Merisi da, 62 Apologia pro Vita Sua (Cardinal John Catherine of Siena, St, 66, 70, 76, 77 Henry Newman), 14, 171 The Catholic Church and Conversion The Apparition (Mareau), 62 (Chesterton), 42–3 Aran Islands, 7 Catholic Emancipation, 2 Arata, Steven D., 50, 154 Catholicism, 16–18, 22, 23–4, 30, Arnold, Matthew, 80, 104, 106, 107, 33–4, 36, 37, 45–50, 59–62, 110, 112, 117–19, 164, 170, 172 84–8, 112, 126–37, 166, 168, Arnold, Thomas, 47, 140–1 170, 172–8, 179–85, 186–9 Auerbach, Nina, 28 English, 14–16, 18, 19, 24, 25, Augustine of Hippo, 169, 170, 171 34–5, 38, 40–3, 44, 53–4, 59–61, 89–95, 97–100, 138, Barbes, Armand, 114 140–9, 152, 154, 156–8, Barlas, John, 118–19 159, 161, 171–2, 173, 186 Bazard, Saint-Armand, 114 Irish, 1, 2, 3, 6, 13–14, 18–19, Beardsley, Aubrey, 16 21, 22, 25–34, 35, 37, 38, Belinda (Edgeworth), 80 44, 45, 65–77, 89, 127, Benedict XVI, 130 128, 158–61, 162, 171, Bennet, William, 67 173–8, 183–5, 188 Bergler, Edmund, 64 Cellini, Benvenuto, 127, 128 Berki, R. N., 112–13 Celticism, 6, 10, 19, 36, 104–8, Bernheimer, Charles, 64 118–19, 176 Bew, Paul, 123 Chesterton, G. K., 42–3 Bhabha, Homi, 149 Chicago Anarchists, 119 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 51 Chillingworth, William, 46 Blanc, Jean-Joseph-Charles-Louis, 114 Christian Socialism, 114–15, 178 Bloxham, J. R., 141, 142 Coakley, Davis, 10–11, 118 Blunt, Wilfrid, 164 Colenso, J. W., 49 Bourke, Angela, 8, 77 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 48 Bowden, Rev. Sebastian, 16 Columbkille, St, 72 Bowdler, Thomas, 51, 54 communism, 110

222 Index 223

Confessions (Augustine of Hippo), 168 Elcho, Lord, 111 Confessions (Rousseau), 170 Eliot, George, 48, 80–1, 83, 84 Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit Ellis, Octavius, 147 (Coleridge), 48 Ellmann, Richard, 16–17, 26, 36, Connolly, S. J., 39 86, 87, 186 Considérant, Victor Prosper, 114 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 110, 111 Craft, Christopher, 139, 140 Enfantin, Barthélemy Prosper, 114 The Creed of Christendom (Greg), 47 Engels, Friedrich, 110, 113 Culture and Anarchy (Matthew The English Flower Garden (Robinson), Arnold), 117 101, 103 Cummins, J., 141 Enlightenment, 80, 81, 87, 134 Essay on the Right Interpretation of Daily Chronicle, 83 Scripture (Thomas Arnold), 47 Dallas, Rev. Alexander, 69, 72 Essay on Ritualism (Gladstone), 41 Danson, Lawrence, 44, 52 Essays and Reviews, 49 Dante Alighieri, 51, 182, 183 Darwin, Charles, 48, 81, 88, 89, 94, 95, Faber, Fr Frederic William, 141 99, 103, 110, 134, 142, 145–6, Fairbairn, Rev. Patrick, 49–50 151, 152 Famine, Irish, 4, 5, 65, 69–72, Davidson, Samuel, 49 76–7, 84, 132–7, 146, 159, Davis, Thomas, 3, 4 173, 175 Davitt, Michael, 183 Fénéon, Félix, 116 De Vere, Aubrey, 35, 37, 174 fenianism, 116, 118, 124–5 Deane, Seamus, 9, 184 Ficino, Marsilio, 53 Derrida, Jacques, 20 Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (Deane), 9 (Hume), 80 First Vatican Council, 60, 173 Dickens, Charles, 84 Five Sermons on the Errors of Catholicism Dijkstra, Bram, 63–4 (Maturin), 67 Discourse on Inequality (Rousseau), 104 Flaubert, Gustave, 63 Dollimore, Jonathan, 20, 163–4, 168 Florio, John, 53 Donisthorpe, Herbert, 111 folklore, 6, 7–8, 12–13, 21, 23, 28–34, Douglas, Lord Alfred, 26, 67, 162, 35, 61–2, 73–7, 100, 104–8, 109, 163, 167–8, 169, 174, 175, 162, 165, 171, 175–9, 188 180, 183, 187 Foote, G. W., 48–9 Dowling, Linda, 53 Fors Clavigera (Ruskin), 115 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Stevenson), Fortnightly Review, 82, 110 82, 146 Foster, John Wilson, 88 Dublin University Magazine, 134, 135 Foucault, Michel, 113 Duffy, Charles Gavin, 5 Fourier, François-Marie-Charles, 114 Dunne, Fr Cuthbert, 16, 186, 187 Fox, Fr Prideaux, 13 Dürer, Albrecht, 62 Frankenstein (Shelley), 82 Dyson, A. E., 123 Frazer, Sir James, 106 Freemasons, 38, 157, 187 Eagleton, Terry, 1, 12, 84, 96 Freethought, 48–50 Ecce Homo (Seeley), 48, 165 Froude, James Anthony, 133 Edgeworth, Maria, 80 Edwards, Owen Dudley, 11, 13, Gagnier, Regenia, 163, 164 35, 119 Gardening (Robinson), 101–2 224 Index

Gautier, Théophile, 84 Hughes, Eamonn, 128 Geertz, Clifford, 27–8 Hughes, Thomas, 114, 115 Gladstone, W. E., 41, 107, 120 Hume, David, 80 Glories of the Sacred Heart Hunter-Blair, David, 15–16, 30 (Manning), 173 Huxley, Thomas, 88 Godwin, William, 118 Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 18, 63, 84, 85–6 The Golden Bough (Frazer), 106 Hyde, Douglas, 8 Gonne, Maud, 113 Hyman, Erin Williams, 116 Goode, John, 113 Gourmont, Remy de, 116 Illanroe Cottage, 7 Grave, Jean, 116 Immortale Dei (Leo XIII), 129 Gray, John, 16, 18, 84–5 Impartial Reporter, 32 Greenblatt, Stephen, 22 Individualism, 111, 123–4, 133 Greer, Rev. Samuel, 31 Inquiry concerning the Origin of Greg, W. R., 47 Christianity (Hennell), 47 Gregg, Rev. Tresham, 68 ‘Ireland: 1851’ (de Vere), 174 Guide to Anglo-Irish Literature Irish Society, 5 (Warner), 9 Irving, Henry, 122, 128 Guy, Josephine M., 22, 110–12, 115, 119, 124 Johnson, Lionel, 16 Josephus, Flavius, 62 Halifax, Marquess of, 46–7 Jowett, Benjamin, 49, 54–5 Hallam, Henry, 52 Joyce, James, 17, 84 Hamlet (Shakespeare), 22 Jung, Carl, 148 Hanson, Ellis, 1, 17–18, 21 Harmon, Maurice, 9 Keble, John, 14 Harper’s Weekly, 103 Kernahan, Coulson, 187–8 Harris, Frank, 21, 187 Kiberd, Declan, 9–10, 110, 125, Hassler, Terri, 88, 89 158, 180 The Head of John the Baptist King, Edward, 15, 141, 186 (Rubens) 62 Kingsley, Charles, 103, 114, 115, Headlam, Stewart, 178 142, 143 The Hebrew Monarchy (Francis Kipling, Rudyard, 180, 183 Newman), 47 Knox, Melissa, 26–7, 33 Henley, William, 183 Kopelson, Kevin, 44 Hennell, Charles, 47 Kropotkin, Peter, 110, 118 Herbert, Auberon, 111 Kuryluk, Ewa, 64 Herodias (Flaubert), 63 Higher Criticism, 23, 45, 47–50, Lamennais, Abbé Félicité Robert de, 114 54–62, 78, 79, 162, 165 Land League, 112, 120–7, 130, 183 Hilliard, David, 42, 144 Larkin, Emmet, 19 Hobbes, Thomas, 128 Lawler, Donald, 36 Holland, Vyvyan, 25 Leo XIII, 126, 129, 130–1, 137 Home Rule, 2, 9, 30, 112, 120–7, 130 Leonardo da Vinci, 87 Homer, 36 Leslie, Sir Shane, 17 Hood, Thomas, 33 Letter on Toleration (Locke), 128–9 Housman, A. E., 180 Levy, Joseph, 111 Howard, Anne, 146 Liberty and Property League, 111 Hubbard, John, 140 The Life of Jesus (Strauss), 48 Index 225

Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine, Norfolk News, 41 79, 82 Norman, E. R., 90 Lloyd, David, 23 Locke, John, 128–9 O’ Brien, Flann, 84 Lodge, David, 80, 84 O’ Connell, Daniel, 73 Ludlow, J. M., 114 O’ Shea, Katherine, 119–20 ‘Ode: Against False Freedom’ McCormack, Jerusha, 1, 11–12, 84–5, (de Vere), 35 97, 99, 118 On the Study of Celtic Literature McCormack, W. J., 121 (Matthew Arnold), 104, 118 MacCumhaill, Fionn, 8 The Origin of Species (Darwin), 48, 81, McHugh, Roger, 9 103, 145 McKay, Thomas, 111 Oscar Wilde (Coakley), 10 McKenna, Neil, 84 ‘The Oval Portrait’ (Poe), 84 MacPherson, James, 8, 104 Oxford Movement, 14–15, 19, 42, 97, Mademoiselle de Maupin 140, 159 (Gautier), 84 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 63 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 9, 11, 112, Mahaffy, John Pentland, 15, 30 119–26, 128, 130, 132, 137 Malthus, Rev. Thomas, 133 Pater, Walter, 18, 84, 86–7 Manning, Cardinal Henry, 90, 112, Pecquer, Constantin, 114 113, 114, 129–30, 173 Phoenix Park Murders, 124 Mareau, Gustave, 62–3 Pick, John, 86 Marius the Epicurean (Pater), 84 Pigott, E. F. S., 64 Marx, Karl, 113 Pine, Richard, 11 Mary Spencer (Howard), 146 Pius IX, 15, 90, 126, 127, 128, Maturin, Charles Robert, 3, 39, 67, 172–3, 187 84, 179 Plato, 53, 54–5 Maurice, F. D., 114 Platonism, 53–5, 57, 59 Melmoth the Wanderer (Maturin), 3, 39, Poe, Edgar Allen, 84 84, 179 Ponsonby, Spencer, 64 Meltzer, Françoise, 63 Portora Royal School, 9, 11, 31–2 Merrill, Stuart, 116 Powell, Kerry, 83 Michelangelo, 87 Pratt, E. W., 86 Miller, David, 115 Pre-Raphaelites, 28 Millett, Kate, 64 Primitive Culture (Tylor), 105–6 Mills, Dean, 141 La Princesse Maleine (Maeterlinck), 63 Mitchel, John, 4 Protestant Ascendancy, 2, 7 Montaigne, Miguel de, 53 Protestantism, 22, 34, 39, 46–50, 60–1, Morris, William, 110, 113 170–2, 181, 182 Moytura House, 7, 120 English, 14–16, 18, 34, 40–3, Murray, Isobel, 44, 83–4, 110, 111 52–3, 57–8, 59, 79, 96, 114–15, 117, 142–9, 152, Nation, 4, 5 160, 164–8, 178 Newman, Francis, 47 Irish, 2–3, 5, 7–8, 11, 12–13, 18, 19, Newman, Cardinal John Henry, 14, 31–2, 61, 65–77, 135, 137, 165 15, 34, 37, 41–2, 59–60, 61, Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 110, 118 89–95, 97, 100, 125, 130, Punch, 42, 134, 148 141, 160, 171 Pusey, Edward, 14 226 Index

Quarterly Review, 142 Scobell, Rev., 147–8 Queensberry, Marquess of, 44, 163 Scots Observer, 82 ‘Quest for the Historical Jesus’, 48–50, Sebastian, St, 3, 39, 179–80 57–61, 162, 164, 165–8, 175 Seagrott, Heather, 88–9 ‘Sebastian Melmoth’, 3, 39, 178–80 Raby, Peter, 63 The Second Spring (Cardinal John Raffalovitch, Marc-André, 16 Henry Newman), 35, 90–2, A Rational Account of the Christian 97, 100 Religion (Stillingfleet), 46 secret societies, 38–9, 76–7 realism, 78, 79–82, 83–4, 87, 108 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, 139–40, 147, Reformation, 2, 33, 39, 46, 97, 171 148, 157 The Religion of Protestants Seeley, John, 165 (Chillingworth), 46 Sexual Politics (Millett), 64 The Renaissance (Pater), 86–7 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 165 Renan, Ernest, 48, 62, 110, 164 Shakespeare, William, 22, 44, Republic (Plato), 54 50–62, 72 Rerum Novarum (Leo XIII),130–1 Sonnets, 44, 50–62 Retté, Adolphe, 116 Shaw, George Bernard, 10, 12, Revelation Readings (Dallas), 72 110, 119 Ribbonmen, 38 Sheares, John, 4 Ripon, Marquess of, 38 Sheares, Henry, 4 Ritualism, 15, 19, 24, 38, 41, 138, Shelley, Mary, 82 140–9, 152, 154, 156–8, 159, Sherard, Robert Harbourough, 25 161, 186 Shpayer-Makov, Haia, 115, 116 Ritualism (Cummins), 141 Singer, Joseph, 67 Roden, Frederick S., 18 Small, Ian, 21, 22, 24, 164, 168, 172 Rubens, Peter Paul, 62 Smith, Timothy d’Arch, 53 Robinson, William, 101–4 Smith, William Robinson, 49 Rockites, 76 socialism, 109–17 Roditi, Edourd, 37 Sonn, Richard, 131 Ross, Robert, 16, 128, 163, 165, 168, Spencer, Herbert, 110, 152 169, 172, 178–9, 182, 186, 188 Spirit of the Nation, 4 Rossetti, D. G., 28 Steele, Frederick, 31 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 104, 105, Sterne, Laurence, 84 170, 171 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 82 Rouvroy, Claude Henri de, 114 Stillingfleet, Edward, 46 Royal Irish Academy, 6, 9 Strauss, David Friedrich, 48, 164 Ruskin, John, 113, 114–15 Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas), 45–6 Saint Oscar (Eagleton), 12 Sutherland-Gower, Ronald, 15 Saint-Simon, Comte de, 114 Swift, Jonathan, 133 Salmon, George, 67 Symons, Arthur, 18 Salome bringing the Head of John the Symposium (Plato), 53, 55 Baptist (Dürer), 62 Salome Dancing (Mareau), 62 Tertullian, 60 Salome with the Head of John the Baptist Theatre, 109 (Caravaggio), 62 Thérèse Raquin (Zola), 82 Schuchard, Ronald, 1, 17 Thomas, J. D., 110 Schwob, Marcel, 116 Thomas Aquinas, 45–6, 95, 98 Index 227

Time and Tide (Ruskin), 115 Wilde, John, 5 The Times, 124 Wilde, Oscar Tractarianism, 14–15, 54, 138, 140, 159 and Catholicism, 1, 13–18, 19, Tracts for the Times, 14, 97 20, 21, 22, 23–4, 25–43, 44, Travers, Mary, 26, 28 49, 59–62, 65–77, 84–8, Trollope, Anthony, 84 89–95, 97–100, 108, Tucker, Benjamin, 126 126–37, 138, 140–9, Tumbleson, Raymond, 47 152, 154, 156–61, 162, The Two Chiefs of Dunboy (Froude), 133 166, 168, 170, 172–8, Two Sermons on the Interpretation of the 178–85, 186–9 Bible (Thomas Arnold), 47 and folklore, 6, 7–8, 12–13, 21, 23, Tylor, Edward, 105–6 28–34, 35, 61–2, 73–7, 100, 104–8, 109, 162, 165, 171, Ulysses (Joyce), 84 175–9, 188 Unto this Last (Ruskin), 115 and Ireland, 1, 3, 8–13, 16, 18, Upchurch, David, 105 21, 22, 23–4, 25–34, 35–7, 43, 44, 49, 61–2, 65–77, 89, Vanita, Ruth, 42 100, 103–8, 109, 112, The Vatican Decrees (Gladstone), 41 116–26, 127, 130–7, 146, Victoria, Queen, 150 158–61, 162, 173–8, 179, Vie de Jésus (Renan), 48 183–5 Viswanathan, Gauri, 159 and Protestantism, 3, 11, 12–13, 15, 16, 18, 31–3, 34, 35, Walmesly, Charles (‘Pastorini’), 72 39, 40–3, 56–60, 135, 137, Ward, William Welmsford, 15, 34 142–9, 152, 160, 162, Warner, Alan, 9 164, 165–8, 170–2, 178, Warren, Emily, 5 181, 183, 185, 187, Warren, Captain Samuel, 5 188, 189 Washington Post, 103 works: Commonplace Books, 55; Watt, Ian, 79–80 De Profundis, 16, 17, 24, 36, Webb, Sidney, 110 50, 126, 162, 163–78; Weitling, Wilhelm, 113–14 ‘The English Renaissance’, Westminster Review, 80–1 120; The Happy Prince and Whelan, Irene, 72 other stories, 41, 86; ‘The White, Victoria, 64 House Beautiful’, 136; Whiteboys, 76 The Importance of Being Wilberforce, William, 42, 143 Earnest, 9, 24, 138–61; The Wild Garden (Robinson), 101 The Picture of Dorian Wilde, Isola, 23, 25–34 Gray, 23, 78, 79–108; Wilde, Lady Jane (née Elgee), 2, 3–5, 6, The Portrait of Mr W. H., 8, 9, 12–13, 14, 26, 29–30, 32, 33, 16, 23, 44–62, 77, 168; 35, 36, 61, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, ‘Requiescat’, 23, 25, 27–34; 100, 105, 109, 118, 120, 125, 135, The Rise of Historical Criticism, 159, 160, 174, 176, 177, 183, 188 178; ‘Rome Unvisited’, works: Ancient Cures, 8, 35, 74; 30; Salome, 23, 44–5, 50, Ancient Legends, 8, 29–30, 32, 62–78; ‘San Miniato’, 30; 35, 105, 176; ‘The Brothers’, 4; The Sphinx, 13, 23, 25, 35–9, ‘The Enigma’, 4; ‘Jacta Alea Est’, 127, 179; ‘The Sphinx without 5, 6, 125, 159; Poems, 9 a Secret’, 23, 25, 39–43 228 Index

Wilde, Ralph, 5 Wilson, Henry, 16 Wilde, Sir William, 2, 5–8, 10, 12–13, Wiseman, Cardinal Nicholas, 90 14, 19, 26, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, Woman’s World, 107 38–9, 50, 61, 77, 100, 109, 118, Woodcock, George, 110 120, 135, 174, 176, 177, 188 Working Men’s College, 114 works: Beauties of the Boyne, 8; Wratislaw, Theodore, 107 ‘Ireland – Past and Present’, 50; Irish Popular Superstitions, 6, 8, Yeats, W. B., 2, 10, 36 19, 177; Lough Corrib, 8; Young Irelanders, 3–5, 9, 73, 76–7 Narrative of a Voyage, 6, 36 Willoughby, Guy, 50 Zola, Émile, 81–2, 86