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Hallux Valgus
MedicalContinuing Education Building Your FOOTWEAR PRACTICE Objectives 1) To be able to identify and evaluate the hallux abductovalgus deformity and associated pedal conditions 2) To know the current theory of etiology and pathomechanics of hallux valgus. 3) To know the results of recent Hallux Valgus empirical studies of the manage- ment of hallux valgus. Assessment and 4) To be aware of the role of conservative management, faulty footwear in the develop- ment of hallux valgus deformity. and the role of faulty footwear. 5) To know the pedorthic man- agement of hallux valgus and to be cognizant of the 10 rules for proper shoe fit. 6) To be familiar with all aspects of non-surgical management of hallux valgus and associated de- formities. Welcome to Podiatry Management’s CME Instructional program. Our journal has been approved as a sponsor of Continu- ing Medical Education by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education. You may enroll: 1) on a per issue basis (at $15 per topic) or 2) per year, for the special introductory rate of $99 (you save $51). You may submit the answer sheet, along with the other information requested, via mail, fax, or phone. In the near future, you may be able to submit via the Internet. If you correctly answer seventy (70%) of the questions correctly, you will receive a certificate attesting to your earned credits. You will also receive a record of any incorrectly answered questions. If you score less than 70%, you can retake the test at no additional cost. A list of states currently honoring CPME approved credits is listed on pg. -
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome Authors: Professor L. Clauser1 and Doctor M. Galié Creation Date: June 2002 Update: July 2004 Scientific Editor: Professor Raoul CM. Hennekam 1Department of craniomaxillofacial surgery, St. Anna Hospital and University, Corso Giovecca, 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. [email protected] Abstract Keywords Disease name and synonyms Excluded diseases Definition Prevalence Management including treatment Etiology Diagnostic methods Genetic counseling Antenatal diagnosis Unresolved questions References Abstract Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome (SCS) is an inherited craniosynostotic condition, with both premature fusion of cranial sutures (craniostenosis) and limb abnormalities. The most common clinical features, present in more than a third of patients, consist of coronal synostosis, brachycephaly, low frontal hairline, facial asymmetry, hypertelorism, broad halluces, and clinodactyly. The estimated birth incidence is 1/25,000 to 1/50,000 but because the phenotype can be very mild, the entity is likely to be underdiagnosed. SCS is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with a high penetrance and variable expression. The TWIST gene located at chromosome 7p21-p22, is responsible for SCS and encodes a transcription factor regulating head mesenchyme cell development during cranial tube formation. Some patients with an overlapping SCS phenotype have mutations in the FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) gene; especially the Pro250Arg mutation in FGFR3 (Muenke syndrome) can resemble SCS to a great extent. Significant intrafamilial -
Loss of Correction in Cubitus Varus Deformity After Osteotomy
Loss of correction in cubitus varus deformity after osteotomy Chao You Shenzhen children's hospital Yibiao Zhou Shenzhen children's hospital https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9754-1089 Jingming Han ( [email protected] ) Research article Keywords: cubitus varus osteotomy Loss of correction Posted Date: May 5th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-26279/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/14 Abstract Purpose Cubitus varus deformity in the pediatric population is an infrequent but clinically important disease to orthopedic surgeons. Since these patient populations are different in many respects, we sought out to investigate the rates of loss of correction over time as well as the factors associated with loss of correction in pediatric patients undergoing osteotomy for treatment of cubitus varus deformity. Methods Between 2008-7 and 2017-7, we treated 30 cases of cubital varus had underwent the the osteotomy. We compared preoperative and postoperative clinical and imaging parameters (H-cobb angle,Baumman angle) for all patients. Postoperative evaluation was performed by telephone interview. Results In our study,there were 30 patients,included 17 males and 13 females.the mean age was 75 months old.In the rst follow-up,Approximately 80 % of patients had a loss of correction of H-cobband 83% of patients at the second follow-up. The Baumann angle also had a loss of correction,about 57% was lost at the rst follow-up,and 43% was lost at the second follow-up. The average interval between the rst follow-up and the second follow-up was 24 days The H-cobb angle mean loss was 2.4°.There was a statistically signicant difference between the H-cobb angle measured before surgery and the angle measured after surgery (p <0.05). -
Angular Limb Deformities in Foals: Treatment and Prognosis*
Article #4 CE Angular Limb Deformities in Foals: Treatment and Prognosis* Nicolai Jansson, DVM, PhD, DECVS Skara Equine Hospital Skara, Sweden Norm G. Ducharme, DVM, MSc, DACVS Cornell University ABSTRACT: This article presents an overview of the clinical management of foals with angular limb deformities. Both conservative and surgical treatment options exist; the choice of which to use should be based on the type, severity, and location of the deformity as well as the age of the foal. Conservative measures include controlled exercise, rigid external limb support, and corrective hoof trimming. Surgical treatment modalities comprise tech- niques for manipulating physeal growth and, after physeal closure, various corrective osteotomy or ostectomy methods. The prognosis is generally good if treatment is initi- ated well in advance of physeal closure. ngular limb deformities and their treat- Conservative Treatment ment in foals and young horses constitute In most foals born with mild to moderate a significant part of the orthopedic prob- angular deformities, spontaneous resolution A 2 lems that veterinarians must manage. This article occurs within the first 2 to 4 weeks of life. In discusses the clinical management and prognosis newborn foals, periarticular laxity is the most of these postural deformities. likely cause, and these foals require no special treatment other than a short period of con- TREATMENT trolled exercise. In our opinion, mildly and The absence of controlled studies has moderately affected foals should not be confined impaired the accumulation of scientific data to a stall because exercise is important for nor- guiding the management of angular limb defor- mal muscular development and resolution of the mities in foals (Table 1). -
114.3 Cmr: Division of Health Care Finance and Policy Ambulatory Care
114.3 CMR: DIVISION OF HEALTH CARE FINANCE AND POLICY AMBULATORY CARE 114.3 CMR 40.00: RATES FOR SERVICES UNDER M.G.L. c. 152, WORKERS’ COMPENSATION ACT Section 40.01: General Provisions 40.02: General Definitions 40.03: Service and Rate Coverage Provisions 40.04: Provisions Affecting Eligible Providers 40.05: Policies for Individual Service Types 40.06: Fees 40.07: Appendices 40.08: Severability 40.01: General Provisions (1) Scope, Purpose and Effective Date. 114.3 CMR 40.00 governs the payment rates effective April 1, 2009 for purchasers of health care services under M.G.L. c. 152, the Workers’ Compensation Act. Payment rates for services provided by hospitals are set forth in 114.1 CMR 41.00. Program policies relating to medical necessity and clinical appropriateness are determined pursuant to M.G.L. c. 152 and 452 CMR 6.00. (2) Coverage. The payment rates set forth in 114.3 CMR 40.06 are full payment for services provided under M.G.L. c. 152, § 13, including any related administrative or overhead costs. The insurer, employer and health care service provider may agree upon a different payment rate for any service set forth in the fee schedule in 114.3 CMR 40.00. No employee may be held liable for the payment for health care services determined compensable under M.G.L. c. 152, § 13. (3) Administrative Bulletins. The Division may issue administrative bulletins to clarify substantive provisions of 114.3 CMR 40.00, or to publish procedure code updates and corrections. For coding updates and correction, the bulletin will list: (a) new code numbers for existing codes, with the corresponding cross references between existing and new codes numbers; (b) deleted codes for which there are no corresponding new codes; and (c) codes for entirely new services that require pricing. -
Knee Arthroplasty in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ann. rheum. Dis. (1974), 33, 1 Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.33.1.1 on 1 January 1974. Downloaded from Knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis B. BLUM,* A. G. MOWAT, G. BENTLEY, AND J. R. MORRIS Rheumatology Unit, Nuffield Departments ofMedicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, University ofOxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford MacIntosh metallic tibial plateau prostheses have based upon the failure of conservative therapy mani been used in the Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre since fested by unrelievable pain, limitation of function, and 1966 in the knees of patients with rheumatoid arthri- deformity. In all cases there was greater articular surface tis, following the description of the use of these damage than could be expected to be improved by synovectomy. The radiographic appearances were prostheses for the relief of pain and the correction of otherwise not important unless there was gross joint deformity by MacIntosh (1966). Since that time collapse or destruction, since there was considerable thfre have been several reports of the use of these discrepancy between the radiographic appearances and prostheses in both rheumatoid and osteoarthrotic the findings at operation. knees (Potter, 1969; MCCollum, Goldner, and Lang, 1970; Clary and Couk, 1972; Jessop and Moore, Methods 1972; Kay and Martins, 1972; MacIntosh and METHOD OF REVIEW Hunter, 1972; Potter, Weinfeld, and Thomas, 1972). At final review the patients were interviewed and examined In view of the different indications for and the by an independent orthopaedic surgeon (B.B.), followingcopyright. results of the operation described by these various a standard protocol* which assessed the technical success authors, it seemed valuable to undertake an in- of the procedure and stressed functional improvements dependent review of the patients treated in this and difficulties. -
Conformational Limb Abnormalities and Corrective Farriery for Foals
Conformational Limb Abnormalities and Corrective Farriery for Foals For the past couple of years the general public has questioned the horse industry, and one of the questions is “Are we breeding horses more prone to breakdown with injuries”? It seems that we hear more often now that there are more leg and foot problems than ever before. Is it that we are more aware of conformational deficits and limb deviations, or are there some underlying factors that make our horses prone to injury? To improve, or even just maintain the breed, racing should prove soundness as well as speed and stamina. 1 The male side is usually removed from the bloodline if unable to produce good results at the racetrack. However, the female may have such poor conformation that she never even gets into training, but yet she enters the broodmare band. The generational effect of this must surely lead to an increase in the number of conformational deficits in our foals and yearlings.1 Something that we hear quite often is “Whoever saw the perfect horse”? and “There are plenty of horses with poor conformation that win races”. That doesn’t mean we should not continue to attempt to produce horses with good conformation. There is an acceptable range of deviation from the ideal, and therefore these deformities have to be accepted if it does not jeopardize the overall athletic soundness of the horse. Although mild conformational deficits may not significantly impact soundness, more significant limb deformities cause abnormal limb loading, lameness, gait abnormalities, and interference issues. 2 Developmental deformities of the limb include angular, flexural, and rotational limb deformities. -
Realignment Surgery As Alternative Treatment of Varus and Valgus Ankle Osteoarthritis
CLINICAL ORTHOPAEDICS AND RELATED RESEARCH Number 462, pp. 156–168 © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Realignment Surgery as Alternative Treatment of Varus and Valgus Ankle Osteoarthritis Geert I. Pagenstert, MD*; Beat Hintermann, MD*; Alexej Barg, MD*; André Leumann, MD†; and Victor Valderrabano, MD, PhD† In patients with asymmetric (varus or valgus) ankle osteo- Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the arthritis, realignment surgery is an alternative treatment to Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of fusion or total ankle replacement in selected cases. To deter- evidence. mine whether realignment surgery in asymmetric ankle os- teoarthritis relieved pain and improved function, we clini- cally and radiographically followed 35 consecutive patients Surgical treatment for patients with symptomatic ankle with posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis treated with lower osteoarthritis (OA) is controversial, particularly in me- leg and hindfoot realignment surgery. We further questioned if outcome correlated with achieved alignment. The average chanically induced, malaligned ankle OA in which joint patient age was 43 years (range, 26–68 years). We used a cartilage is partially preserved. These patients typically are standardized clinical and radiographic protocol. Besides dis- in their economically important, active middle ages be- tal tibial osteotomies, additional bony and soft tissue proce- cause early trauma is the predominant (70–80%) etiology dures were performed in 32 patients (91%). At mean fol- of their ankle OA.49,58 Currently, treatment recommenda- lowup of 5 years (range, 3–10.5 years), pain decreased by an tions after failed nonoperative therapy are polarized be- average of 4 points on a visual analog scale; range of ankle tween fusion2,11,33 and total ankle replacement motion increased by an average of 5°. -
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita Part 1: Clinical and Electromyographic Aspects
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.35.4.425 on 1 August 1972. Downloaded from Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, anid Psychiatry, 1972, 35, 425-434 Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita Part 1: Clinical and electromyographic aspects E. P. BHARUCHA, S. S. PANDYA, AND DARAB K. DASTUR From the Children's Orthopaedic Hospital, and the Neuropathology Unit, J.J. Group of Hospitals, Bombay-8, India SUMMARY Sixteen cases with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita were examined clinically and electromyographically; three of them were re-examined later. Joint deformities were present in all extremities in 13 of the cases; in eight there was some degree of mental retardation. In two cases, there was clinical and electromyographic evidence of a myopathic disorder. In the majority, the appearances of the shoulder-neck region suggested a developmental defect. At the same time, selective weakness of muscles innervated by C5-C6 segments suggested a neuropathic disturbance. EMG revealed, in eight of 13 cases, clear evidence of denervation of muscles, but without any regenerative activity. The non-progressive nature of this disorder and capacity for improvement in muscle bulk and power suggest that denervation alone cannot explain the process. Re-examination of three patients after two to three years revealed persistence of the major deformities and muscle Protected by copyright. weakness noted earlier, with no appreciable deterioration. Otto (1841) appears to have been the first to ventricles, have been described (Adams, Denny- recognize this condition. Decades later, Magnus Brown, and Pearson, 1953; Fowler, 1959), in (1903) described it as multiple congenital con- addition to the spinal cord changes. -
Osteotomy Around the Knee: Evolution, Principles and Results
Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc DOI 10.1007/s00167-012-2206-0 KNEE Osteotomy around the knee: evolution, principles and results J. O. Smith • A. J. Wilson • N. P. Thomas Received: 8 June 2012 / Accepted: 3 September 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract to other complex joint surface and meniscal cartilage Purpose This article summarises the history and evolu- surgery. tion of osteotomy around the knee, examining the changes Level of evidence V. in principles, operative technique and results over three distinct periods: Historical (pre 1940), Modern Early Years Keywords Tibia Osteotomy Knee Evolution Á Á Á Á (1940–2000) and Modern Later Years (2000–Present). We History Results Principles Á Á aim to place the technique in historical context and to demonstrate its evolution into a validated procedure with beneficial outcomes whose use can be justified for specific Introduction indications. Materials and methods A thorough literature review was The concept of osteotomy for the treatment of limb defor- performed to identify the important steps in the develop- mity has been in existence for more than 2,000 years, and ment of osteotomy around the knee. more recently pain has become an additional indication. Results The indications and surgical technique for knee The basic principle of osteotomy (osteo = bone, tomy = osteotomy have never been standardised, and historically, cut) is to induce a surgical transection of a bone to allow the results were unpredictable and at times poor. These realignment and a consequent transfer of weight bearing factors, combined with the success of knee arthroplasty from a damaged area to an undamaged area of joint surface. -
Skeletal Malalignment and Anterior Knee Pain: Rationale, Diagnosis, and Management
Ch11.qxd 10/07/05 7:20 PM Page 185 11 Skeletal Malalignment and Anterior Knee Pain: Rationale, Diagnosis, and Management Robert A. Teitge and Roger Torga-Spak Introduction Association of Skeletal Any variation from optimal skeletal alignment Malalignment and Patellofemoral may increase the vector forces acting on the patellofemoral joint causing either ligament fail- Joint Pathology ure with subsequent subluxation or cartilage Abnormal skeletal alignment of the lower failure as in chondromalacia or arthrosis or both extremity has been associated with various ligament and cartilage failure (Figure 11.1). patellofemoral syndromes and biomechanical Anterior knee pain may result from these abnor- abnormalities. Our understanding of these asso- mal forces or their consequences. ciations continues to develop as many refer- The mechanical disadvantage provided by a ences consider only one aspect of the analysis. skeleton with a geometrical or architectural flaw In the frontal plane, malalignment has been distributes abnormal stresses to both the liga- shown to influence the progression of patello- ments and the joints of the misaligned limb. femoral joint arthritis.4,12 Varus alignment Ligament overload and subsequently failure increases the likelihood of medial patello- (insufficiency) may occur with a single traumatic femoral osteoarthrosis progression while valgus episode as well as repetitive episodes of minor alignment increases the likelihood of lateral trauma or chronic overload. Skeletal malalign- patellofemoral osteoarthrosis progression. ment may cause chondromalacia patella and Fujikawa13 in a cadaveric study found a marked subsequently osteoarthritis by creating an alteration of patellar and femoral contact areas increased mechanical leverage on the with the introduction of increased varus align- patellofemoral joint that can exceed the load ment produced by a varus osteotomy. -
Does the Patellofemoral Joint Need Articular Cartilage?—Clinical Relevance
Review Article Page 1 of 6 Does the patellofemoral joint need articular cartilage?—clinical relevance Lars Blønd1,2 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aleris-Hamlet Parken, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Zealand University Hospital, Koege, Denmark Correspondence to: Lars Blønd, MD. Falkevej 6, 2670 Greve Strand, Denmark. Email: [email protected]. Abstract: The patellofemoral joint (PFJ) is enigmatic and we know the pathomorphology for anterior knee pain (AKP) is multifaceted. This paper review alignment and biomechanical factors associated with AKP both in the younger generation with or without cartilage changes and discusses the importance or obscurity of cartilage in the PFJ pathoanatomic changes such as trochlear dysplasia (TD), patella alta, increased femoral anteversion, lateralized tibial tubercle, external tibial torsion and valgus deformity affects the patellofemoral articulation. In order to achieve effective and durable results, it is of importance that any significant deviation in patellofemoral alignment should be corrected by realignment surgery, before considering cartilage procedures in the PFJ Patellofemoral alignment factors in both the frontal plane, the transverse plane and as well as the sagittal plan needs to evaluated thoroughly by not only clinical examination and X-ray, but also by MRI scans or CT scans. Keywords: Patellofemoral; malalignment; cartilage repair; anterior knee pain (AKP); trochlear dysplasia (TD); osteoarthritis Received: 01 January 2018; Accepted: 02 May 2018; Published: 24 May 2018. doi: 10.21037/aoj.2018.05.01 View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/aoj.2018.05.01 The patellofemoral joint (PFJ) is enigmatic and we know not established the precise link between pain and cartilage the pathomorphology for anterior knee pain (AKP) is lesions (1).