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State Board of Geological Survey of Michigan for the Year 1906

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State Board of Geological Survey of Michigan for the Year 1906 REPORT In America ............................................................. 15 In Canada .............................................................. 15 OF THE In Michigan ............................................................ 15 STATE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Methods of prospecting................................................17 OF MICHIGAN Prospecting tools ................................................... 17 FOR THE YEAR 1906 Final sampling ....................................................... 17 Importance of thoroughly proving a deposit .......... 18 ALFRED C. LANE Factors affecting commercial value of deposits ...........18 STATE GEOLOGIST Market and transportation...................................... 18 SEPTEMBER 10, 1907. Area and depth ...................................................... 18 Physical condition.................................................. 18 BY AUTHORITY Deep bogs with thin stratum of peat with water or LANSING, MICHIGAN marl below ............................................................. 19 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS Sampling for other purposes than fuel .................. 19 1907 Chemical composition and ash ............................. 19 PEAT Possibilities of draining.......................................... 19 Character of the surface growth ............................ 19 ESSAYS ON ITS ORIGIN, USES AND Acidity .................................................................... 19 DISTRIBUTION IN MICHIGAN Sources of contamination producing high ash content.19 Importance of ash.................................................. 19 BY Flooding by streams .............................................. 19 CHARLES A. DAVIS Flooding by rain wash............................................ 19 Published by the State Board of Geological Survey, as a part Spring and terrace bogs ........................................ 20 of the report for 1906, and a contribution also to the Biological Shore wash in lakes .............................................. 20 Survey of the State, authorized by Act 250, Session 1905. Mineral matter from the water of lakes and PART III. ECONOMICS OF PEAT. streams.................................................................. 20 Dissolved Mineral Matter............................................20 BY CHARLES A. DAVIS. Precipitated by plants.............................................20 Relation of deposits of peat to the bottom. ..................21 Summary......................................................................21 Contents Color ...................................................................... 21 Weight.................................................................... 21 MISCELLANEOUS USES OF PEAT. .............................. 2 Texture................................................................... 22 Introductory.................................................................... 2 Relation of ash to commercial value ..................... 22 Uses in agriculture......................................................... 2 Location and extent of peat beds in Michigan..............22 Importance of muck soils in Michigan agriculture....2 Fuel value of peat.........................................................25 Difficulties in growing crops in muck or peat soils ...2 Compared with other fuels..................................... 26 Methods used in reclaiming swamp lands...............4 As affected by methods of preparation.................. 27 Peat as a fertilizer ....................................................4 As affected by cost of preparation......................... 30 Stable and barnyard litter on farms..........................5 Conclusions ........................................................... 30 Peat as a disinfectant for farm use ..........................6 MACHINERY FOR THE PREPARATION OP PEAT Peat as stock food ...................................................6 FUEL AND PEAT LITTER. .............................................31 Peat as a deodorizer and disinfectant in towns and The slayne or slane as used in different countries. .....31 cities............................................................................... 7 Machinery for making cut peat.....................................32 Destructive distillation of peat........................................ 7 Machines for compressing or condensing peat. ..........33 Peat coke and by-products ......................................8 Peat gas.................................................................11 Machines for drying and briquetting peat:....................36 Paper pulp, paper and cardboard................................ 12 Methods of coking peat. ...............................................39 Woven fabrics from peat.............................................. 13 Machinery for the preparation of peat litter. .................39 Packing material. ......................................................... 13 Devices for carrying peat from bogs to factory. ...........40 Roofing and sheathing paper. ..................................... 13 Peat factories and peat prospects in Michigan ............40 Non-conducting packing material. ............................... 13 Conclusion and acknowledgements. ...........................41 Paving and building blocks.......................................... 13 Peat as a source of electricity. .................................... 13 Peat dye....................................................................... 14 PEAT AS FUEL. ............................................................. 14 Historical development of the peat fuel industry in Europe ......................................................................... 14 Annual Report for 1906 / Davis on Peat - Part III – Page 1 of 42 List of Illustrations. has become possible, the muck soils have attracted more and more of the attention of progressive farmers, and from being considered nearly worthless, and entirely Plates. unproductive, they are now recognized as valuable and Plate XXIX. A peat bog, an old time slane, and an Ames highly productive types of soil for many crops, and it is slane.................................................................................2 as farm land, perhaps, that peat will yield the largest returns. In spite of this fact, however, there are still great Plate XXX. Peat fuel................................................................9 areas of such land in Michigan in a wild condition, which Plate XXXI. Leavitt peat machinary .......................................39 if they could be reclaimed, would add largely to the total wealth of the state, and to the individual resources of the Figures. owners. 1Towar, J. D., Loc. cit. Figure 18. Peat samplers. .....................................................17 Figure 19. Peat cutter after Brosowsky..................................32 Figure 20. Plans and section of peat factory inserted facing page ...............................................................................33 MISCELLANEOUS USES OF PEAT. Introductory: Peat is a substance of such common and abundant occurrence in the regions where it is found at all, and varies so much in texture and purity that it is not remarkable that it should be put to a variety of uses for which its composition, structure and other properties make it more or less perfectly fitted, especially in countries where other forms of raw materials are scarce and expensive, and where there is an abundance of various types of peat. Uses in Agriculture: Long before it was considered as a source of manufactured material, however, it was used as a soil upon which to grow crops, and in a number of other ways by the farmers, and methods of improving "swamp,” "marsh," "moor," "fen,” and "muck" lands have been important problems in agriculture from early times. Some geologists, and others, make a technical distinction between muck and peat, applying the name peat only to nearly pure deposits of vegetable matter, while the name muck is given to those which have a considerable admixture of mineral matter in the form of mud or other finely divided rock debris, but among the farmers of Michigan and adjoining regions no such distinction is made and all classes of soil, from pure peat, to that with much mineral matter mixed with it, are Plate XXIX. A peat bog, an old time slane, and an Ames called muck. slane. Importance of Muck Soils in Michigan Agriculture: Difficulties in Growing Crops in Muck Soils: It is Swamp lands, largely covered by peat and muck, are 1 apparent that there must be some reasons why swamp estimated according to Towar to form one seventh of lands are neglected to such an extent, and these the entire area of Michigan, and since they are quite appear, when it is learned that in many cases there are uniformly spread over the agricultural regions of the serious difficulties encountered in securing paying crops state, so that most farms of 100 acres or more have from soils of this type, after they have been made ready some part of their surface of this type of soil, it is for cultivation. apparent that they furnish a problem of some magnitude. The causes of these difficulties naturally group In the early days of farming in the state, these areas themselves under the following heads: were considered .worthless and were left in a wild and much neglected condition, as many still are, but as the (1) Those due to situation. higher and dryer lands have become less productive, (2) Those due to
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