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3 Biology Structure and Function of Cells [Compatibility Mode] Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. اازۀ ه ز و اا Structure and Function of Cells ن و ل ه هﮥ '&دات از ل $ #" ا! ر ل: ل وا ز ت ا ر ل ن : • ل وا ز ت ا • هﮥ ه ز از ل $#"! % ا • ل ه & ()' از ل ه از +* &د ا-د % • ل ه از واه ا0/.$ $#"! % او1د%ن 2)! % . د- ا, +$ ل ه +*( ا! هﮥ '&دات از ل $ #" ا! !/. 01 $ 23 ل ه* ا از ل ا(ا* : • ل ه در ل 5672 (8ل 9 % • ل ه ا &;ب و> % ا ، 0ر $< (2 ا B 2# 5- @A ?6دد 1 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. '5و5پ $ ' ا&ز" ' ده ل ه را .2 راﮥ '5و5پ !ر '8Compound light microscope 7 6+ – . ه C Bرت را ا(ا* ده • 9 . 2ا5 ر را از .?ر ده • 9 . % ا $E را رگ • E$ # . 9 را #5 ر '5و5پ ا-5و! 8Electron microscope 7 – ;رت در# ! :ن از '5و5پ !ر 9 ا • "و"پ ا7"2و ا Transmission electron microscope (TEM) ) 7(2 ): ا7"2ون ه از .?ر • "و"پ ا7"2و رو ( (Scanning electron microscope (SEM ): ا7"2ون ه +ا % را &I د و 2 "%$#ﮥ " !و پ ه$ ل ه ا&=ا >$ 5/! دار! 2 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. -1 ه ل ه L# ( Membrane ) % دار Phospholipid Bilayer 2 - ه ل ه Cytoplasm 5/+2 ( Cytoplasm ) دار Cytoplasm Plasma Membrane Cell Exterior (exocellular) -1 ه ل ه -3 ه ل ه 7ّ +و$O7 ،PQ و دارا RNA و DNA هرات دار ه26 3 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. Prokaryotic Cells '</$ ا!از" ل ر$ ( Eukaryotic Cell) 1. ان ه ر در در ا 2. از ل ه ر ل +ور$ ( Prokaryotic Cell) 3. دا&% $ وزوم ! د ( DNA )( 4. دا&% ه0اران ر/زوم ,ا!. در -,+* 5. ان ا1ا$ در -,+* 6. 5- 34 -2! ( -* دو binary fission 6( 7. 2د $ 5 8. 7ه دارا Pili و Flagellum و 8ل ودار. Prokaryotic Archaea and Bacteria Cell • دو دوP از ل ه +ور$ Structure • R 2 ه را ه26 • در زR* اد L;ا S' اه دار • $)56 د دو$ T 7$! • I 1ً8 $ از ل ه ر$ T 7$! Eukaryotic Cell Most kinds of living organisms • Protozoans • Algae • Fungi • Plants • Animals 4 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell Anatomy 1. ل ه ر$ P دوP از ل ه ه26 2. داP2% (?ه +و$Q ا" 7، %"! ل را VW 3. داP2% هES 26ر در L# وزوX درون Yن Cار دار (W& 9 وزوم) L 6& X Y !T 7$ .4&6 ا 5. دارا ا ا"ES ( Organelles ) Xر در L# ه26 – اP ا ا"X در C 5/+2ار B(2 و ه 2R 9ن و .! و> ا دار Plant Cell Anatomy Functions of Cells 1. ل ه وا ا? ت را 59 ' ده 2. @ و ا!ام ه را 59 ' ده 3. ال Bور ن را ا!3م ' ده – Y 5 ه و +و$PQ ه – ا ژ – (ل ه .\) – .! < (ل ه .E?) – 5 زدا (ل ه ?) – د(I اد زا (ل ه ? و ) Organelles of a Typical Cell "!ور ! 'ل Ribosome • Production of proteins – located ° The cell is the basic unit of structure and function attached to ER or free-floating in the body. Endoplasmic • Passageway for materials – Prokaryote v. Eukaryote Reticulum (ER ) • Are smaller than eukaryotic cells *Rough • Produces proteins & processes • Lack internal structures surrounded by membranes molecules for secretion • Lack a nucleus *Smooth • Produces lipids & detoxifies ° There are three principal parts: drugs & stores Ca ++ – plasma membrane (plasmalemma) Golgi Apparatus • Packages material for export & – cytoplasm and organelles processes macromolecules – nucleus.. Vacuole & vesicle • Storage.. 5 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. The Nucleus Contains the Cell’s Genetic Lysosome • Contains digestive enzymes. Each Information contains one specific enzyme. Nucleus contains chromatin, a network of Chloroplasts • Carries out photosynthesis: 6CO 2 + 6H2O C 6H12 O6 + 6O2 strands that condenses to form chromosomes • Chromosomes contain DNA which carries genes, the units of heredity Mitochondria • Aerobic cellular respiration: C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6CO 2 + 6H2O +ATP Cilia, flagella, • Surface projections – increase microvilli surface area & produce movement.. The Nucleus Contains the Cell’s Genetic Information Nucleus contains chromatin, a network of strands that condenses to form chromosomes • Chromosomes contain DNA which carries genes, the units of heredity • Nucleolus - dark region of chromatin with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, but has nuclear pores to permit passage of ribosomal subunits Anatomy of the Nucleus Organelles Endomembrane system: • Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) • Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes Energy-related organelles : • Mitochondria • Chloroplasts Storage organelles: • Vacuoles • Leucoplasts 6 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Ribosomes • Rough • non-membrane-bound particles – Ribosomes attach • Synthesize proteins – Protein synthesis • On rough ER • Smooth – No ribosomes – Lipid synthesis – Carbohydrate synthesis Animal Cell Anatomy Rough ER (RER) and Smooth ER (SER) Function of Ribosomes The Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesizes and Transports Proteins and Lipids The ER attaches to the nuclear envelope > Rough ER is studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins > Smooth ER lacks proteins and is where lipids are made Transport vesicles carry proteins and lipids to Golgi apparatus for modification 7 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. The Golgi Apparatus modifies and Golgi repackages proteins for distribution Apparatus (gray-green) • Golgi Body/Apparatus and transport – Package and process proteins & lipids vesicles – “Warehouse & finishing factory” – Receives vesicles from ER toward cytoplasm – Produces vesicles for finished products (proteins and lipids) • Vesicles are secreted from the cell membrane via exocytosis Pulse-labeled experiment - placed radioactive amino acids in the rough ER and observes the pathway of protein secretion Vesicles Endomembrane system Vesicles—sacs containing enzymes • Interconnecting membrane system • • Nuclear membrane Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi apparatus – Lysosomes lysosomes/vacuoles plasma membrane • Intracellular digestion • Destroy bacteria in white blood cells • Breaks down damaged organelles – Peroxisomes • Break down fatty acids & proteins • Detoxify alcohol & other toxic substances • Vacuoles—large vesicles for storing food & water – Only some eukaryotes Lysosomes digest macromolecules and cell parts Peroxisomes break down long-chain fatty acids Lysosomes - membrane-bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus • Peroxisomes - small, membrane-bound • Important in recycling cellular material and digesting worn-out organelles organelles resembling empty lysosomes • Tay Sachs disease – when a particular lysosomal enzyme is nonfunctional • Contain enzymes to digest excess fatty acids > Produces products used by mitochondria to make ATP • Produce cholesterol and phospholipids found in brain and heart tissue 8 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. The Organelles of the Endomembrane The Organelles of the Endomembrane System System Work Together Endomembrane System is a series of membranous organelles that work together and communicate via transport vesicles Includes: ER (rough & smooth) Transport Vesicles Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Vacuoles have varied functions in protists Various functions in protists and plants and plants • Central vacuole – found in plants, contains • Vacuoles – membranous sacs larger than • watery sap and maintains turgor pressure, vesicles and usually store substances • Storage (amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes) Examples: • toxic substances used in plant defense • trap and export waste • pH buffers • store various small molecules needed by plant • ‘protein bodied’ in seeds (needed for germination) Cells Carry Out Eukaryotes (plants) Energy Transformations Plastids ° Chlorloplasts Photosynthesis (energy from light) All actively metabolizing cells Only in plant cells carry out energy ° Leucoplasts Store starches, est.. transformation Specialized chloroplast ° Like mitochondria, may be artifact of ancient symbiotic relationship between prokaryotes & eukaryotes 9 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. Plant Cell Anatomy Plastids: 1. Chloroplasts • site of photosynthesis 2. Leucoplasts • site of energy storage Chloroplasts capture solar energy and Leucoplasts are also type of plastid produce carbohydrates Chloroplasts - type of plastid, an organelle Different types of Leucoplasts: bounded by a double membrane with a series of internal membranes separated by 1. Site for storage of starch (amyloplasts), a ground substance lipids (oleoplasts), proteins (proteinoplast) • Starch stored for energy by plants Some algae have 1, some plant cells have that do not actively do 100. photosynthesis year round Sight of photosynthesis 2. Site for synthesis of amino acids and some lipids Mitochondria break down carbohydrates and eukaryotes produce ATP • Mitochondria – Forms ATP (energy) from Mitochondria have a double membrane carbohydrates (as do some bacteria) – Requires oxygen – Site of cellular respiration • Often called the powerhouse of the cell – Similar to bacteria: have because they produce most of the ATP their own DNA & ribosomes • Cells that have high energy requirements • May be artifact of ancient symbiotic relationship (e.g., muscle) have high concentration of between prokaryotes & eukaryotes mitochondria 10 Hakim Sabzevari University, Dr M.R.Vaezi 17/04/2013 K. Mitochondrion structure Mitochondria in Muscle Tissue Mitochondria also contain DNA Malfunctioning mitochondria can cause human diseases (mtDNA) About 16,000 base pairs • Inadequate energy production, cause Function of this DNA … ??? energy loss of organism Perhaps contribute important genes for • DNA damage may causes disease mitochondrial specific proteins. Bi-products of ATP formation can Cytoskeleton damage mtDNA • Maintains Cell Shape (Internal shape & organization) and Assists Movement • Protein filaments
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