Romanticism Music • Start of what is known as Classical era in music • Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) – German composer and pianist – moved to Vienna in 1792 to study, though – dedicated his third symphony to Napoleon • but in 1804 crossed out Napoleon's name on the title page upon which he had written a dedication to him, as Napoleon's imperial ambitions became clear – at 28, he began to lose his hearing • it has variously been attributed to syphilis, lead poisoning, and typhus • Beethoven's hearing loss did not affect his ability to compose music, but it made concerts -- lucrative sources of income -- increasingly difficult – last public concert was in 1811 • Google honored Beethoven on his 245th birthday in 2015…

• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/12054422/How-well-do- you-know-Beethovens-most-famous-melodies-Google-Doodle-challenge-marks- genius-composers-245th-anniversary.html

• http://www.google.com/doodles/celebrating-ludwig-van-beethovens-245th-year

Romanticism Music • Richard Wagner (1813-1883) – German composer known for his operas – supported by Bavaria’s King Ludwig II who was obsessed with his operas – Wagner frequently accused Jews, particularly Jewish musicians, of being a harmful alien element in German culture • Characters in his operas like Mime in "Siegfried" and Kundry in "Parsifal,” are evil caricatures of the supposedly inferior Jews • His most controversial essay on the subject was "Jewry and Music” (1851) – He argued that Jewish musicians were only capable of producing music that was shallow and artificial, because they had no connection to the genuine spirit of the German people – "Wagner was more than an anti-Semite. He wanted the extermination of all Jews.” » Israeli journalist Noah Klieger in 2013 • referred to Jews as worms, rats, warts and trichinae (an intestinal parasitic worm)

Wagner and Hitler

• Wagner greatly influenced Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich – Hitler was 12 when he first heard Wagner’s music live in Austria in 1901 – Hitler was a student and admirer of Wagner's ideology and music, and sought to incorporate it into his heroic mythology of the German nation – In 1933, Hitler ordered that each Nuremberg Rally open with a performance of The Mastersingers of Nuremberg overture – "Richard Wagner taught us what the Jew is.” • Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels

• Joachim Köhler’s

2007 book, where he portrays Hitler as Wagner's creation – According to Köhler, Wagner was the forefather of the Holocaust • Even though Wagner died before Hitler's rise to power, the Wagner family had close ties with Hitler • Wagner's daughter-in- law Winifred Wagner (pictured here) often invited Hitler to a festival of the composer's operas in Bayreuth, Germany • When he was in prison writing "Mein Kampf," she even sent him ink, pencils and erasers Wagner’s daughter-in-law, Winifred, and Hitler Hitler visiting the Wagners' home in Bayreuth in 1938 (shown here with Winifred) Romanticism Music • Franz Schubert (1797-1828) – Austrian composer – Beethoven: "Truly, the spark of Divine genius resides in this Schubert!" – died early b/c of typhoid and mercury treatments for his syphilis • Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) – Polish pianist and composer of the Romantic era – Played for Russian tsar Alexander I at the age of 11 – Moved to Paris and became a musical sensation • Performed in the Tuileries at the court of Louis Philippe I – Had an affair with George Sand (real name: Aurore Dupin), a French novelist – Fled Paris in 1848 to escape revolution – died of tuberculosis – requested that Mozart’s Requiem be sung at his funeral Romanticism Music • Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840—93) – Russian composer – used Western European forms instead of Russian forms – composer of Swan Lake • He composed the music for the ballet, which was fashioned from Russian folk tales • tells the story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse – composer of The Nutcracker – composer of The 1812 Overture • Commemorates Russia’s defeat of Napoleon following his 1812 invasion • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BbT0E990IQ

Romanticism • Revolt against Neo-Classicism and the Enlightenment • Crystallized in England and Germany in 1790s until the 1840s • Belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity • Artists led Bohemian lives filled with emotional intensity – Rejected materialism and rationalism – choose to grow their hair long rather than wear powdered wigs • Believed development of one’s unique human potential was the purpose in life Enlightenment Industrial Revolution Progress Urbanization The Enlightenment Romanticism Reason Passion / Emotion Human Nature Nature Man Over Nature Nature Over Man Forward Looking Backward Looking Romanticism

• Enchanted by nature as a source of spiritual inspiration – Saw the growth of industry as ugly, brutal attack on their beloved nature – Rejecting the "truths" of logic and mathematics, the Romantics praised instead the powers of imagination and emotion • championed the individual's subjective right to discover his/her own "truths" • An artist’s imagination was God at work in the mind The Critique of Progress Romantic artists enjoyed painting landscapes.

Humans often take a back seat in Romantic The Lake of Zug, 1843 Joseph Mallord William Turner paintings. The Lake of Zug, 1843 JMW Turner

Romanticism

• Artists: –Caspar David Friedrich –Theodore Gericault –John Constable –Eugene Delacroix –J.M.W. Turner Caspar David Friedrich

• 1774-1840 • Germany’s greatest romantic painter • Showed beauty of northern German hillsides and even expressions of a religious mysticism • Related several paintings to the search for the meaning of life

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog Friedrich, Moonrise over the sea Friedrich, Man and woman contemplating the moon Friedrich, Morning Friedrich, Solitary Tree Riesengebirge Theodore Gericault

• 1791-1824 • French romantic painter • Influenced by Rubens • wanted to create a profound art based on real scenes of real people

The Raft of the “Medusa” • depicts the aftermath of a contemporary French shipwreck in which the incompetent captain had left the rest of the crew to die

The Raft of the Medusa • July 2, 1816, the Medusa, a French ship bound for Senegal, ran aground off the coast of West Africa – There weren’t enough lifeboats on board, so 150 people were packed onto a hastily-constructed raft – After 15 days of cannibalism and mutiny, 15 survivors were picked up • The incident became a national scandal • Gericault spoke to the survivors to understand how to paint the horror – The painting was first shown during the trial of the captain of the Medusa • The painting's notoriety stemmed from its indictment of a corrupt establishment, but it also dramatized a more eternal theme, that of man's struggle with nature – The freedom of all humanity will only occur when the most oppressed member of society is emancipated John Constable

• 1776-1837 • English romantic painter • Specialized in landscapes – Constable once remarked that “painting is but another word for emotion.” • his poetic approach to nature paralleled in spirit that of his contemporary, the poet Wordsworth Malvern Hall from the Lake 1809 Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop’s Grounds Salisbury Cathedral

• Portrayal of a stable world in which neither political turmoil or industrial development challenged the traditional dominance of the church • The sky looks as if a storm has just passed – The trees have withstood this storm, and the cathedral, which has stood since the Middle Ages, has come through intact Parham Mill at Gillingham Stonehenge Eugene Delacroix

• 1798-1863 • French romantic painter • Influenced by Michelangelo and Rubens • Picasso was heavily influenced by him Liberty Leading the People Liberty Leading the People • Shows the Paris Revolution of 1830, which Delacroix supported Massacre at Chios • The Greeks struggle for freedom and independence won the enthusiastic support of liberals and nationalists – Delacroix saw in the Greek struggle for independence against the Turks an affirmation of the ideal of liberty • The Ottoman Turks are portrayed as cruel oppressors holding them back Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi

• commemorated the defeat of the Greek nationalists • In the painting, Greece is personified as a young woman – The blood-spattered ruins on which she stands indicate defeat – symbolizes the defeat of a noble cause -1775-1851 -English Romantic Landscape Painter

Self portrait, oil on canvas, circa 1799 The Blue Rigi, Sunrise The New Moon J.M.W. Turner, The Slave Ship (1840)

The Slave Ship

• Turner was inspired to paint The Slave Ship after reading The History and Abolition of the Slave Trade by Thomas Clarkson • About the Zong massacre – In 1781, the captain of the slave ship Zong had ordered 133 slaves to be thrown overboard so that insurance payments could be collected • Argument for slavery to be outlawed throughout the entire world Romantic Literature

• Believed poetry was enhanced by freely following the creative impulses of the mind • British authors, playwrights, and poets – Mary Shelley – William Wordsworth – Lord Byron – Jane Austen – Charlotte and Emily Bronte Mary Shelley

• English author • 1797-1851 • her mother was Mary Wollstonecraft • Frankenstein (1818) – a critique of the excesses of science – Goal: Perfect man – Outcome: Monster William Wordsworth (1770-1850) • Loved simplicity of nature • Called the “poet of nature” • “. . . poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility...” • Said childhood was the bright period of creative imagination – Aging and urban living corrupted and deadened the imagination Lord George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)

• Was a member of the House of Lords and was very liberal in his writing • Don Juan, his satiric masterpiece – a prevailing focus on external beauty illustrating the shallowness of humans – Shows humans fascination with beauty • Fought in Greece for their independence in the 1820s where he died of cholera Jane Austen

• 1775-1817 • English novelist • Harsh social commentary • Wrote a series of comedies of manners of British society • Sense and Sensibility (1811) – About sisters with opposite temperaments – Elinor is the eldest daughter, and represents "sense" (reason), while Marianne is younger and represents “sensibility" (emotion) • Pride and Prejudice (1813) – courtship and marriage among the landed gentry in the early 19th century

Charlotte Brontë (bron-tay) (1816-1855)

• English novelist • Published her first novels under the pseudonym "Currer Bell" – Chose a male name to prevent readers from reading it with a prejudice – Including her most well-known novel, Jane Eyre (air), in 1847 Jane Eyre • a unique Victorian novel • Follows the life of Jane Eyre – Jane's childhood, where she is emotionally abused by her aunt and cousins – her education – Her time as governess (a paid servant of low social standing) at a manor for a young French girl • Including her relationship with the master of the estate • Through Jane, Brontë refutes Victorian stereotypes about women • sparked a movement in feminism in literature

• “…[women] suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags.” – Charlotte Brontë Emily Brontë (1818-1848)

• The younger sister of Charlotte • English novelist • published under the pen-name “Ellis Bell” • In 1847, she published her only novel, Wurthering Heights • Died of tuberculosis Wurthering Heights

• Story of the passionate, yet thwarted, love between two people, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them • Wuthering Heights is the Yorkshire manor that the novel is centered around Romantic Literature

• Scottish authors, playwrights, and poets – Robert Burns – Walter Scott Robert Burns (1759-1796)

• widely regarded as the national poet of Scotland • wrote passionately on nature, his country, and his country’s culture – Also wrote of social injustice, egalitarianism, and anti- authority themes • Wrote many famous poems, like Tam O'Shanter and Highland Mary • Also wrote songs, including Auld Lang Syne – about love and friendship in times past Walter Scott (1771-1832)

• introduced Scottish readers to their own history, and English readers to Scotland's history – Until then, Scotland had been, in the English view especially, a wild and lawless place that had to be subdued by force – Scott made it romantic, and this Scottish culture was spread by Britain around the world • Rob Roy (1818) – Takes place during the Jacobite Uprisings – Glorifies Rob Roy, a Jacobite rebel leader attempting to restore the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland Romantic Literature

• German authors, playwrights, and poets –Johann Wolfgang von Goethe –Johann Gottfried Herder –The Brothers Grimm • Bebelplatz in Berlin • the site of the book burning ceremony held on May 10, 1933 by members of Hitler’s SA and Nazi youth groups – burned around 20,000 books • students at Humboldt University hold a book sale in the square every year on that day

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (“gur-tuh”) (1749-1832)

• Known mostly for his poem Faust – His literary masterpiece – best known version of the classic Faust story – Considered to be the greatest work of German literature

Faust

• The devil makes a bet with God – he says that he can deflect God's favorite human being (Heinrich Faust) away from righteous pursuits • Faust makes a pact with the devil, exchanging his soul for greater knowledge Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) • Resented French cultural dominance in Germany • Revived German folk culture by urging the collection and preservation of distinctive German songs and sayings • Led to emergence of nationalism in Germany The Brothers Grimm

• Jakob (1785-1863) and Wilhelm (1786-1859) Grimm – Followers of Herder and his German nationalism • desire to help create a German identity – Famous for their collection of fairy tales • Wrote a German dictionary, the Deutsches Wörterbuch – the first major step in creating a standardized "modern" German language since Luther’s translation of the Bible into German • 1857 Children’s and Household Tales – contained 86 German fairy tales

The Brothers Grimm • Children’s and Household Tales – one of the most frequently read books in the world • Aside from the Luther Bible, it is the considered to be the most widely distributed literary work of German origin – Stories included Red Riding Hood, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Hansel and Gretel, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and Rapunzel – Connection to Nazism • Stressed discipline, obedience, authoritarianism, glorification of violence and nationalism, which became part of the national character • Led to the Allies banning the book in schools after WWII

Romantic Literature

• French authors, playwrights, and poets – George Sand – Flora Tristan – Victor Hugo – Alexander Dumas George Sand (1804-1876) • George Sand was the pen-name of a woman by the name of Aurore Dupin – French novelist – Adopted a male pen-name in hopes of greater success in the literary world • Strong advocate for women’s rights • Her female characters were educated, intelligent individuals, unafraid to speak their minds and admired by men George Sand • Indiana (1832) – the heroine Indiana is a young woman married to an older man • She doesn’t love him but is bound to him and subservient to his wishes by custom and law – Indiana to her husband… • "I know that I am the slave and you are my lord. The law of the land has made you my master. You can bind my body, tie my hands, govern my actions: you are the strongest, and society adds to your powers; but with my will, sir, you are powerless." • “You may impose silence upon me, but you can not prevent me from thinking.” • “I have been breathing the air of liberty, to show you that you are not morally my master, and that I depend upon myself alone on this earth.” Flora Tristan (1803-1844)

• French novelist and activist • Advocate of women’s rights • wrote newspaper articles and books to inspire the workers of France to form unions together and fight for their rights – The Workers' Union (1843) • “Divided, you are weak and fall, crushed underfoot by all sorts of misery! Union makes power. You have numbers in your favor, and numbers mean a great deal.” • Through union dues, she insists on plans to provide… – the workers’ children with safe havens and increased access to education – to build homes for the ill and wounded workers • acknowledges the need for the liberation of women in order to complete the emancipation of the working class – women’s liberation will lead to the greatest good for the greatest amount of people Victor Hugo (1802-1885)

• Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) – His first full-length novel; deals with social injustice • Les Miserables (1862) – about social misery and injustice of France • Hugo urged his fellow artists to free themselves from the restrictions imposed by the French classical style of theatre • Equated freedom in literature with liberty in politics and society – Supporter of republicanism Alexander Dumas (1802-1870)

• became a captain in the artillery of the National Guard • The Three Musketeers (1844) – Set in 1625, dealing with Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIII • The Count of Monte Cristo (1845) – originated his acquaintance with Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, whose younger son Dumas took occasionally on short educational journeys • The Man in the Iron Mask – concludes the epic adventures of the three Musketeers • Traveled to Naples in 1860 where the political insurgent Giuseppe Garibaldi, who would later lead Italy to unification, had requested his presence – he supported Garibaldi and Italy's struggle for independence Romantic Literature

• Russian authors, playwrights, and poets – Alexander Pushkin Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837)

• Considered Russia’s greatest poet • Rejected attempts to force Russian poetry into a classical mold • Czar Alexander I exiled Pushkin to the south of Russia because of the political ideas in his 1820 poem "Ode to Liberty" – When Alexander’s brother, Nicholas I, came to power in 1825, he invited Pushkin back to the capital, and gave him a government post – However, Nicholas acted as his personal censor, making sure that Pushkin didn't publish anything that would hurt the government • They opened his mail, had spies follow him, and cut out whole stanzas from Pushkin's manuscripts Romantic Literature

• Polish authors, playwrights, and poets – Adam Mickiewicz

Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855)

• Polish poet who wrote passionately about Poland and its history and greatness • Met and worked with Goethe and Chopin • 1828’s Konrad Wollenrod poem – Spoke of the burning hatred which had characterized the long feuds of the Russians and Poles • Adam Michnik called him “the greatest poet of anti-Russian protest” • in 1855, he organized a Polish legion against Russia during the Crimean War • “For the Polish nation did not die: its body lieth in the grave, but …the soul shall return to the body, and the nation shall arise and free all the peoples of Europe from slavery… And as after the resurrection of Christ bloody offerings ceased in all the world, so after the resurrection of the Polish nation wars shall cease in all Christendom.” – The Books of the Polish Nation (1832), written in response to the crushed Polish uprising of 1830-1831 statue of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznan, Poland Romantic Philosophy Romantic Philosophy • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) – German – Most important philosopher of the Romantic period – developed the philosophical concept of Dialectics • understand the way things are and the way things change – Ideas develop in an evolutionary fashion that involves conflict • Thesis (set of ideas), antithesis (conflicting ideas that challenge the thesis), and synthesis (new ideas emerge and becomes the new thesis)

Romantic Architecture

• Look back to Middle Ages as a time of social stability and religious reverence – Many medieval churches were restored and many more were built to resemble their medieval forerunners British Houses of Parliament Neuschwanstein Neuschwanstein

• built in 1886 in German state of Bavaria by King Ludwig II – “the Swan King” – Reigned from 1864-1886 – Obsessed with the work of German composer Richard Wagner – The building almost bankrupt the Bavarian monarchy • In Fussen, Germany amidst the Bavarian Alps One of Hitler’s watercolor paintings

• Charlotte Bronte (bron-tay) – Jane Eyre (air) Caspar David Friedrich Sunset Abbey with Oak Trees

• represents both the church shaken by the Reformation and the transparency of earthly things

Theodore Gericault A Mameluke of the Imperial Guard Defending a Wounded Trumpeter against a Cossack

• a print depicting the Napoleonic Wars • Nostalgic look at the glory of the empire • Shows the French interest in Near Eastern and Northern African cultures Study of Hands and Feet Heads Severed Pity the Sorrows of a Poor Old Man Series on the Insane • Gericault was commissioned to do a series of 10 portraits of the insane – They were patients of a friend, Dr. Etienne-Jean Georget, a pioneer in psychiatric medicine, with each subject exhibiting a different affliction • Dr. Georget wanted them for use as a diagnostic tool – of which only 5 survive of the insane • each subject exhibited a different affliction: – Portrait of a Woman Suffering from Obsessive Envy – Portrait of a Woman with Gambling Mania – Portrait of a Kleptomaniac – Portrait of a Child Kidnapper – Portrait of a Man Suffering from Delusions of Military Rank Portrait of a Woman Suffering from Obsessive Envy Portrait of a Woman with Gambling Mania Portrait of a Kleptomaniac Portrait of a Child Kidnapper John Constable A View in a Garden at Hampstead Delacroix Delacroix

• Interest in going to Northern Africa – Looking for inspiration, both in figures and colors – Shows the history and people of Northern Africa – Same with Gauguin in the late 1800s Algerian Women John Keats (1795-1821)

• “The great beauty of Poetry is, that it makes every thing, every place interesting” • Rivalry with Lord Byron – “You speak of Lord Byron and me - There is this great difference between us. He describes what he sees - I describe what I imagine - Mine is the hardest task.” • Harshly criticized in his time that his work was not original

Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829) • married the daughter of Moses Mendelssohn • Lucinde (1799) attacked prejudices against women as being little more than lovers and domestics – described Lucinde as equal to any male hero • became opposed to the principles of political and religious freedom Madame de Staël (1766-1817) • Permanently banished from France by Napoleon in 1803 for criticizing his dictatorial rule • Urged France to overthrow their worn-out classical models – Urged experimentation, emotion, and enthusiasm – the keys to creativity • Criticized by most men, except Lord Byron, who called her “the most eminent woman author of this, or perhaps any, century.” • Fought for women’s rights -Portrait of "Cosette" by Emile Bayard, from the original edition of Les Miserables Robert Burns • In 1801, some of Burns' friends and admirers decided to honor the departed poet with a dinner, thus starting Burns Night (January 25th) – Includes the traditional Scottish dish of haggis served with "neeps and tatties" (turnips and potatoes) and a "dram" (a glass of Scotch whisky) • Haggis is a sheep’s heart, liver, and lungs minced with onion, oatmeal, and spices, and boiled in the sheep’s stomach lining – haggis was a popular dish for the poor, as it was very cheap, being made from leftover, otherwise thrown away, parts of a sheep (the most common livestock in Scotland)

Goethe • The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) – Written as a collection of letters written by Werther, a young artist who is highly sensitive sent to his friend Wilhelm • Werther commits suicide after not being able to be with the woman he loves as she is married – led to some of the first known examples of copycat suicide; supposedly more than 2,000 readers committed suicide as Werther did » “Werther fever” – Napoleon considered it one of the great works of European literature Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) • German Jew • Loved Germany, but hated vulgar German nationalism – Books later burned by Hitler in the 1930s • “Where they have burned books, they will end in burning human beings.” – From his play Almansor (1821) “Where they have burned books, they will end in burning human beings.” George Sand on marriage • found marriage as a male dominant system that enslaved women • “[Marriage is nothing but] conditions of inequality, inferiority, and of dependence of one sex upon the other.” • “I cannot advise anyone to enter into a marriage, sanctioned by the civil law which continues to support the dependence, inferiority and social nullity of the woman.” • “The laws which still govern a woman’s existence in wedlock, in the family, and in society are unjust and barbarous.” • “Most women…are so desperate not to lose the men they love that they allow these men to rule their lives absolutely.” Victor Hugo (cont.) • elected to the Legislative Assembly and the Constitutional Assembly following the 1848 Revolution • But he declared Napoleon III a complete traitor to France when he took over complete power in 1851 – Fearing for his life, he went into self-imposed exile outside the country for the next 19 years – While in exile, Hugo published political pamphlets against Napoleon III, which were subsequently banned in France • When Napoleon III fell, Hugo returned to France in 1870, where he was promptly elected to the National Assembly and the Senate