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Introduction Nikola Tesla STEM High School Introduction We are proud to present the sixth edition of our annual student research publication. The Nikola Tesla STEM Research Journal enables STEM students to share their research with the academic and business communities. The investigations included in this edition demonstrate both the increasing depth and diversity of our studies. In addition, we have included a list of the awards and honors earned by Tesla STEM students this year. Our thanks to the Tesla STEM staff for ensuring all students are afforded every opportunity to showcase their knowledge and talents and to our students, for their dedication to STEM Literacy. Many thanks to the dedicated student researchers and mentors, your long hours and hard work made this publication possible. Editor: Ms. Debi Welcome Creative Director/Cover Design: Mr. Chase Nordhoy, Mr. Arvin Thyagarajan Journal Promotion: Ms. Kate Allender, Dr. Megan Stockbridge, Ms. Lori Zebrack-Smith Program Support: Ms. Chase Covington, Mr. Gerald Lenocker, Ms. Madison Messina, Dr. Maura Shelton To view current and past Research Journals online go to https://tesla.lwsd.org/academics Nikola Tesla STEM High School Lake Washington School District 4301 228th Ave NE, Redmond, Washington 98053 (425) 936-2770 * tesla.lwsd.org Principal: Cindy Duenas Associate Principal: Cynthia Burt Table of Contents Biomedical Engineering 3D Printed, Body Powered Arm Prosthetic for Children with Adjustable Arm Lengths . 1 Building a Durable and Modular Backcountry Splint . 5 Creating a 3 D Printed Orthotic to Increase Stature . 10 Creating and Testing an Orthotic for Patients Suffering from Hand Dystonia . 14 Detachable Prosthetic Device for Writing . 18 Development of 3D-Printable Prosthetic Foot for Syme’s Amputees. 25 Engineering a New Carpal Tunnel Brace by Innovating Existing Designs . 30 Enhancing the Shock-Absorption of Socket Prostheses in Trans-Femoral Amputees. .34 Orthotic Sole Implant to Increase Stature . 40 Pinky Orthotic to Allows Minimally Impaired Typing and Improved Airflow . 43 Silicone grip pads and joints of 3-D printed prosthetic hand . 46 Testing the Model of a Finger Prosthetic . 50 The Effect of a Forearm Cuff on Handwriting Speed and Agility in Patients with Arthritis and Parkinson’s . .. 53 Engineering Color Management in Image Capture and Display Leveraged with the Ambient Color Sensor . 57 Environmental Science Determing the Most Effective Salt Concerntration of Irrigation Water for Tricoderma Harzianum . 61 Medicine FasL Induced Apoptosis for the Bioartificial Pancreas. 67 Synergism or Antagonism between Docetaxel and Finasteride in Prostate Cancer model . 70 Medicine (cont.) The Effects of Ascorbic Acid on the Binding Between Collagen and Catechin . 73 A Novel Machine Learning and Western Blotting Approach to Understand Genomic Differences Between E-Cigarette . 75 Drug Combinations with Antibiotics and Curcumin to Combat Antibiotic Drug Resistance . 83 Identification of Potential Drug to Drug Interactions in the Cardiovascular System for Drugs . 87 Neurosciences Implementing Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness Principles Within an App to . 94 Improving Bitemark Analysis in Forensic Odontology . 99 The Correlation Between Posting Publicly on Social Media and Anxious Sleep Patterns in Teenagers . 103 Using Involuntary Muscle Contractions to Determine if Someone is Lying or Telling the Truth. 108 Awards and Achievements . 112 Biomedical Engineering 3D Printed, Body Powered Arm Prosthetic for Children with Adjustable Arm Lengths Prerna Sheokand Abstract: The number of people around the world with limb deficiencies is very large and those in developing countries have few opportunities to get the proper accessories they need due to high costs of prosthetics. Young children who very quickly outgrow limb prosthetics need something that can be used for a longer period of time but keep its functionality. In other words, an arm prosthetic that is low cost, convenient, functional and adjustable needs to be designed. A model of child’s arm was created and 3D printed with two forearm pieces. The model was assembled in a way that the two forearm pieces were placed on top of each other with three holes correlating to three different arm lengths the arm can be set to and designed to be completely body powered through the elbow. The functionality of the arm was tested by doing a functional test of picking up four common objects that children use (rubber duck, unicorn stuffed animal, blanket and a water cup) and checking for success or failure at each of the three different settings.The results show that the arm was successful in picking up all the objects at each of the settings except for the blanket, which was unsuccessful at all three settings. The overall arm design was a success as it worked well enough to be effective in countries where money is scarce, proper medical care is rare, and advanced technology is a leisure. According to the World Health Organization, durable and reliable results (O’Neill 2014; Dally et there are about 650 million people worldwide who al 2015). Although they might not be as high func- have physical disabilities, 80% of which live in tioning as motorized prosthetics which can cost up- developing countries. In those countries only about wards of a thousand dollars, a body controlled 3D 1-2% have access to services that can provide them printed prosthetic seems a much more practical and with the proper services they need (World Health feasible option for families in developing countries. Organization 2012). Of those with physical disabil- Along with high costs, prosthetic arms for chil- ities the population of children with the disabilities dren need constant adjustments and alterations to present problems of their own that need attention keep up with the speed of the child’s growth which when talking about potential prosthetic designs. is all very time consuming (Resnik 2011). Frequent Kids outgrow everything from toys to clothes to visits to the doctors to get these adjustments made shoes within months, leaving parents frustrated with are not practical for families in developing coun- having to spend money repetitively for basic needs tries that have children with arm prosthetics. For of their child. Now imagine having a child who some families even having a doctor to advise them doesn’t have an arm and having to spend hundreds may not even be an option. All the obstacles result of dollars on purchasing a quality and function- in high demand of a prosthetic that is designed for al prosthetic only to have it be too small within a usability, is user friendly, customizable and durable couple months. In developing countries this problem giving both engineering and medical professionals is more serious due to lack of money which many a task to complete. Body powered mechanisms that times leaves young children without arm prosthetics are used for some prosthetics, although are less and only one functional arm (Krebs et al 1991). With efficient than motor powered, cost less and still do the recent boom in technology use in the medical the job and should also be considered when making field to bring to patients’ low cost but effective prod- potential designs (Shaperman et al 1995). So, the ucts, these problems seem more solvable. 3D print- next logical step is to try to make a low cost pros- ing has grown in popularity and shown immense thetic that allows you to use one prosthetic for a potential in helping solve the problem of costs in all long period of time, an adjustable design. fields all around the world due to its low cost but 1 Methods: causing the fingers to close inwards into a fist. Since the intended design is to create one prosthetic arm Designing the model. The intended design in with multiple different arm length adjustments so one of a body powered, 3D printed, adjustable length that the life of one prosthetic can be extended. This arm prosthetic for young children. A basic arm body was done so by placing the two forearm pieces on powered prosthetic design was taken from Thingi- top of each other to achieve three lengths 6cm, 8cm, verse and the 3D building software, TinkerCAD and and 10cm. At each of the lengths a hole was made 3D builder were used to make changes and edits through the prosthetic big enough to fit a screw and to the original design to fulfil the desired design. washer. The purpose of this is so that when a child Average finger lengths of 6 year old were taken and outgrows the length of the arm, the screw and wash- set as the length of the 3D printed fingers (Hohen- er can simply be taken out and the forearm pieces dorff et all 2010). The length of the forearm was also can be separated to meet the next length require- increased before being printed and split into two sep- ment of the child and reassembles easily. arate pieces before being printed as the forearm will create the adjustable part of the prosthetic. The final Testing the model. Four objects (unicorn design was printed on a MakerBot 5th generation stuffed animal, water cup, blanket, rubber dick), with PLA material filament. that children of the intended ages (4 -6) are likely to use, were used to test the workings of the prosthetic. Assembling the model. The 3D printed forearm At each of the three length settings of the forearm, and upper arm cuff were molded into a curved shape the arm was tested by attempting to pick of each by placing the prints in boiling water and then mold- of the five objects and success or failure to pick up ing them into a circular shape by placing them on the item was recorded. To change the length of the a circular wood block. All the pieces were attached forearm the washer and screw were taken out of the together using pins and bolts that were also 3D print- hole, the forearm pieces were separated to line up ed.
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