Dibalik Keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati?

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Dibalik Keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? Willem Oltmans bron Willem Oltmans, Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? Aksara Karunia, Jakarta 2001 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/oltm003diba01_01/colofon.php © 2015 dbnl / erven Willem Oltmans v Untuk Rahmawati Soekarnoputri dan semua mahasiswa Universitas Bung Karno sebagai generasi penerus republik tercintanya. Willem Oltmans, Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? ix Pengantar Penerbit Masih segar dalam ingatan ketika Amerika Serikat, sesaat setelah Ibu Mega dikukuhkan sebagai presiden, menarik dokumen dan publikasi tentang keterlibatan CIA di seantero negara asing. Kenapa dokumentasi yang demikian berharga disingkirkan di era reformasi dan demokrasi, yang ironisnya didukung oleh negara adidaya Amerika? Sejak CIA dibentuk, bagi negara-negara yang menyimpang dari rel kebijakan politik Amerika, CIA itu bagaikan siluman dan tak terkalahkan. CIA ada dibalik beberapa kudeta pemimpin-pemimpin ‘left-wing’ dunia seperti Norodom Sihanouk, Ali Bhutto, Fidel Castro, Lumumba, Allende, Indira Gandhi, Soekarno. CIA bahkan diduga mendalangi pembunuhan Kennedy bersaudara dan Marthin Luther King. Keterlibatannya di Indonesia menjelang Gerakan 30 September 1965, diawali sejak keakraban hubungan Bung Karno dengan negara-negara komunis Rusia dan Cina. Amerika dan sekutunya menuduh Bung Karno sebagai seorang komunis. Di Indonesia Bung Karno dikenal cukup dekat dengan PKI, tetapi sebenarnya, beliau adalah nasionalis tulen. Sebagai figur sentral bangsa beliau ingin merangkul seluruh potensi negeri, yang sampai dengan 1959 begitu tercerai dalam kemajemukan, ke dalam Willem Oltmans, Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? x kekuatan politik NASAKOM. Upaya itu dimaksudkan untuk mengimbangi kekuatan militer (ABRI) yang siap menghadapi Belanda dan mengembalikan Irian Barat ke pangkuan Republik Indonesia. Kemudian, gagasan Bung Karno menyelenggarakan Konferensi Asia Afrika di Bandung bersama rekan-rekan senasib yang melahirkan Gerakan Non-Blok, sangat menyesakkan Amerika, karena mengubah keseimbangan tatanan dunia waktu itu. Peran dan keterlibatan CIA semakin nampak dalam dukungannya kepada perwira-perwira pemberontak di berbagai propinsi untuk menggulingkan Bung Karno. Seberapa jauh keterlibatan CIA dalam operasi tersebut dijelaskan pada beberapa dokumen rahasia yang dikupas oleh Prof. George McTurnan Kahin dalam bukunya Subversion as Foreign Policy. Demikian juga Willem Oltmans (76) seorang wartawan Belanda dan sahabat Bung Karno, terus menerus melacak kerja kotor CIA di berbagai negara, terutama di Indonesia sampai peristiwa kudeta 1965. Bukti-bukti tentang keterlibatan CIA dalam percobaan-percobaan pembunuhan serta kudeta beberapa pemimpin dunia yang tidak sepaham dengan kebijakan Amerika sudah banyak terangkap. Tetapi kontroversi tentang tragedi nasional Gestapu 1965 masih berlangsung hingga kini. Benarkah PKI yang membantai para jenderal dan seorang letnan Angkatan Darat? Apakah CIA terlibat? Willem Oltmans menulis bahwa CIA memerankan bagian yang dominan dalam tragedi Gestapu 1965, dengan menggunakan tangan (Angkatan Darat/Bersenjata) militer Indonesia sendiri. Untuk itu, kehadiran buku ini merupakan sumber informasi terbaru yang selama ini tidak pernah disebutkan dalam penulisan buku sejarah Willem Oltmans, Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? xi Indonesia, dan diharapkan dapat menguak tabir yang selama ini dibungkam atau sengaja dipendam oleh rejim Orde Baru. Jakarta, Oktober 2001 Aristides Katoppo Willem Oltmans, Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? 1 1 Kehidupan Emosional Bangsa-Bangsa Psikodinamika masuk dalam penelitian sejarah sejak paruh kedua abad ke-20. Peneliti sejarah dan ilmuwan sosial selangkah demi selangkah makin menyadari bahwa teori kepribadian selalu membayangi setiap upaya yang menjelaskan perilaku manusia. Di Institute of Psycho-History New York, misalnya, psikologi dan sejarah digabung menjadi ilmu baru mengenai motivasi psikologi dan sejarah. Hampir seabad yang lalu, Sigmund Freud mengisyaratkan bahwa ‘kita dapat berharap akan adanya seseorang yang berani mengembangkan ilmu yang mempelajari penyakit masyarakat berbudaya (dan berpolitik)’. Secara tradisional, sejarah mengajari kita cara peristiwa publik mempengaruhi kehidupan pribadi. Sebagai contoh, psiko-sejarah menelaah cara khayalan pribadi dimunculkan sebagai tindakan di pentas masyarakat. Piagam UNESCO bahkan mengungkapkan pendekatan baru ini ke pikiran manusia, dengan menyatakan bahwa ‘Perang berawal dalam pikiran manusia’. Analisis khayalan telah menjadi metode penelitian. Pada tahun 1969, saat Peter Loewenberg, seorang ilmuwan politik dan analis psikologi, dalam buku ‘Decoding the Past’ (University of California Press, Los Angeles), menulis Willem Oltmans, Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? 2 ‘Fasisme, nasionalisme, dan runtuhnya sosialisme demokratik adalah kekuatan sosial-politik yang berkembang sejak masa kecil saya di tahun 1930 dan 1940-an di Jerman’. Pengalaman masa mudanya itu membawanya pada kesimpulan bahwa kajian sejarah memerlukan pendekatan yang baru dan berbeda. Ia mengutip Rimbaud yang pernah mengatakan ‘Cinta perlu diciptakan kembali’. ‘Psiko-sejarah menggabungkan analisis sejarah dengan berbagai model ilmu sosial, kepekaan manusiawi, dan teori psiko-dinamika’, demikian tulis Loewenberg, ‘dan menggunakan wawasan klinik untuk menciptakan pandangan yang lebih penuh dan lebih bulat mengenai kehidupan di masa lalu. Ahli psikosejarah sadar akan dinamika interaksi dari watak, masyarakat, dan pikiran serta tindakan manusia.’ (hlm. 14) Dengan perkataan lain, para ahli sejarah telah memperluas dan memurnikan konsep mereka yang menjelaskan tindakan manusia dengan melibatkan ketidaksadaran dan emosi ketika mempelajari perilaku dan tindakan manusia dalam masa peralihan. Pemikiran itu berulang kali membersit di benak saya ketika saya berada di Indonesia untuk memperingati hari yang seharusnya menjadi hari ulang tahun Bung Karno yang ke-100, tanggal 6 Juni 2001. Apa sebenarnya yang menjadi dorongan keinginan dan kegilaan yang menguasai beberapa ratus juta pikiran orang Indonesia saat ini? Karena, dan ini jelas bagi dunia luar, sejarah Indonesia saat ini berada pada fase yang berbatasan dengan fase yang menegangkan syaraf. Berbagai peristiwa yang terjadi di Jakarta setelah lengsernya Soeharto di tahun 1998 harus disebut sebagai kejadian yang abnormal, tidak wajar, dan kacau balau. Kenyataan jadi bercampur dengan khayalan, dan demikian Willem Oltmans, Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? 3 pula sebaliknya, terjadi di seluruh negeri. Meminjam istilah psikoanalitik, Indonesia menjadi pasien sakit jiwa di antara bangsa-bangsa. Llyod de Mause, Direktur Institute of Psycho-History, menarik kesimpulan yang mirip pada tahun 1991 mengenai George Bush, yang menyerang Irak dengan 600.000 serdadu sekutu, termasuk negara-pengkhianat Arab, yang berpihak ke Washington melawan saudara-saudara sebangsanya. Ia menerbitkan makalah berjudul ‘The Gulf War as a Mental Disorder’. Dalam istilah klinik, reaksi Bush I atas perilaku buruk Saddam Hussein yang menyerbu Kuwait, adalah reaksi psikotik atas nama Presiden Amerika Serikat, yang berdampak luas pada seluruh wilayah Timur-Tengah. Pengungkungan Irak masih berlangsung di tahun 2001 dan terus meracuni situasi politik dan militer di bagian dunia yang mudah meledak itu. Bush I dan Saddam Hussein, keduanya seharusnya menggunakan nasihat psiko-analitik sehingga mereka dapat menyadari sepenuhnya akan derita yang mereka sebabkan bagi jutaan orang Irak, terutama anak-anak. Ribuan anak telah meninggal karena kelaparan dan tiadanya pelayanan kesehatan yang layak. Ramsey Clark, jaksa agungnya Lyndon B. Johnson tahun 1961-1968, pergi ke Irak dengan rekan-rekannya dan meneliti dampak malapetaka dari pemboman sekutu yang membabi-buta terhadap Irak. Ia segera membentuk komisi penyelidik bagi Pengadilan Kejahatan Perang Internasional (International War Crimes Tribunal). Ia juga membentuk Koalisi untuk Menghentikan intervensi AS di Timur-Tengah. Tahun 1992 ia menerbitkan laporan yang mengagetkan setebal 325 halaman berjudul ‘The Fire this Time’, dengan sub judul, ‘US War Crimes Willem Oltmans, Dibalik keterlibatan CIA. Bung Karno Dikhianati? 4 in the Gulf’. Ia sedang berada di Baghdad ketika sebuah bom presisi AS yang dikendalikan laser ditembakkan ke tempat perlindungan bawah tanah dan membunuh ratusan orang termasuk perempuan dan anak-anak. Angkatan Udara AS menjatuhkan 88.000 ton bom di Irak pada tahun 1991, jumlah yang setara dengan tujuh kali lipat yang dijatuhkan di Hiroshima. Hal ini tentu saja telah terlupakan sekarang, media Barat - apalagi koran Indonesia di zaman pemerintahan Soeharto - tidak melaporkan bahwa Pengadilan Kejahatan Perang Amerika (Tribunal for American War Crimes) di New York, yang dihadiri 22 hakim dari 18 negara menyimpulkan bahwa Amerika Serikat dan para pejabat terasnya dinyatakan bersalah atas ke-19 tuduhan kejahatan perang. Pengadilan itu dengan cermat menunjukkan bagaimana Bush I dan komplotannya telah melanggar Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan Konstitusi AS. Mantan Menteri Kehakiman AS itu terpaksa harus berpaling ke The Thunder's Mouth Press di New York untuk dapat menerbitkan laporannya dan menyediakannya bagi opini publik Amerika. Tidak satu penerbit pun berani menerbitkan berita tersebut. Itulah keadaannya di negara yang menggembar-gemborkan keberhasilan bahwa mereka telah dapat membangun masyarakat yang bebas dan berdemokrasi. Oleh sebab itu, tanpa
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