Mapping of existing mariculture activities ... (Hatim Albasri)

MAPPING OF EXISTING MARICULTURE ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH-EAST “POTENTIAL, CURRENT AND FUTURE STATUS”

Hatim Albasri*) #, Wa Iba**), La Ode M. Aslan**), Geoff Gooley***) and Sena De Silva****)

*) Indonesian Center for Fisheries Aquaculture Research and Development **) Faculty of Fisheries & Marine Science, Haluoleo University, ***) Fisheries Victoria Department of Primary Industries, Australian Government ****) Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, NACA (Received 29 October 2010; Accepted 2 December 2010 )

ABSTRACT

The present study identifies existing mariculture activities and its constraints in SE Sulawesi, along with its geo-physical attributes in the Province.This allows for a better understanding the potential, current and future status of mariculture development in the area and making sure its sustainability. The study was conducted to map the existing mariculture activities in SE Sulawesi. Data collection was performed in June 2009. Spatial and attribute data of the existing mariculture were acquired by interviewing fish farmer using open-ended questionnaire and analyzed using ArcGIS 9.x. Key water quality parameters consisted of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, depth, clarity, and turbidity and analyzed using STORET Indeks. Three big clusters of existing mariculture activities are located in , Muna and areas, collectively serving as both a source of mariculture products and a market destination or transit location. All surveyed locations of existing mariculture activities in SE Sulawesi show relatively optimal water quality conditions. Site capacity and suitability analysis of existing or potential areas of mariculture activities and development have largely not been considered by stakeholders involved in managing coastal areas, resulting in crowded and unmanaged development with multiple overlapping economic activities in some areas. Piloting of integrated ‘value-adding’ mariculture industries (e.g. raw material, processed products and ‘ready to eat’ industries) might help ease some if not all of the existing economic problems of the mariculture sector.

KEYWORDS: existing mariculture, water quality, GIS,

INTRODUCTION a fisheries management program to monitor and In recent times, fisheries-based economic control fishing practices in the area (May & activities in Southeast Sulawesi have gradu- Coles, 2004). SE Sulawesi Province is currently ally been replaced by aquaculture due to deg- supporting mariculture as one of its long term radation of natural coastal and marine fisher- development goals, as evidenced by programs ies resources. One example is the significant such as pilot projects on abalone and grouper fish stock depletion in , mariculture, and capacity building for seaweed which has forced local government to initiate farmers (DKP Sultra, 2005).

# Corresponding author. Indonesian Center for Fisheries Aquaculture Research and Development, Jl. Ragunan 20, Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta 12540, Indonesia. Tel.: + 62 21 7805052 E-mail address: [email protected]

173 Indonesian Aquaculture Journal Vol.5 No.2, 2010

Among many cultured species in SE individuals, government agencies, research- Sulawesi, grouper, sea cucumber, lobster, sea ers and to the fish farmers themselves in order weed, pearl oyster and abalone are most fa- to develop sustainable yet profitable maricul- vored by producers, with abalone in particular ture in SE Sulawesi. gaining popularity in the past ten years due to high market demand and price. Other species MATERIALS AND METHOD have also been cultured such as shrimp, crabs and other fish species. Most fish farmers in SE Study Area Sulawesi use either traditional or semi-inten- The present study was conducted within sive mariculture techniques with limited inputs the region of South-East Sulawesi Province, and to increase final yield. A small number of well- focused on the mapping of existing maricul- established and well-funded producers have ture activities and related aspects in three re- applied intensive mariculture systems to boost gencies (Muna, South Konawe and Buton) and production and/or to culture high-value mari- two municipalities (Kota Kendari and Kota Bau- culture products such as grouper and pearl bau) (Fig. 1). oyster (Albasri & Szuster, 2010). The study location was chosen based on The objective of the present study was to the identification of mariculture farmer groups map the existing status and geo-physical at- (Dinas et al., 2009), where 47 villages were tributes of mariculture activities in the Prov- selected based on their significant contribu- ince, including seed source, production and tion and potential to the mariculture develop- distribution of key species, practiced maricul- ment in the corresponding regencies. ture techniques, key water quality and other bio-physical parameters to characterize the Data Collection existing mariculture activities in SE Sulawesi. It is expected that this study will provide valu- Data collection commenced on June 22, able information to key mariculture sector 2009 and lasted for 20 days. Spatial and at- stakeholders, including business entities and tribute data of existing mariculture activities

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121o0’0’’E 121o30’0’’E 122o0’0’’E 122o30’0’’E 123o0’0’’E 123o30’0’’E Figure 1. Map of study area (South-East Sulawesi)

174 Mapping of existing mariculture activities ... (Hatim Albasri) and key water quality parameters were the two simple random sampling to determine the loca- main categories of the required data in this tion of sampling stations (Clark & Hosking, study. 1986). Water quality parameters were consis- tently measured during daylight hours from Study Preparation 09.00 AM to 03.00 PM to limit bias. Water qual- ity data were then analyzed using IKA_STORET In order to minimize subjectivity and main- method (Centre, 1977) to depict the suitability tain data consistency, a set of open ended of the location with the existing mariculture questions were prepared in the form of a ques- activities, and compared to the standard water tionnaire to be asked to potential interviewees. quality parameter of the corresponding cul- The questions were about the mariculture ac- tured species. According to Centre (1977) tivities conducted by the interviewees, includ- water quality condition is determined as ‘good’ ing farmer’s details, technical aspects of prac- if the total score of Storet value is between -1 ticed activities, post harvesting techniques and -10. and market availability. The other preparation that was made for this study was acquiring digi- Data Analysis tal maps of the study area from Bakosurtanal (Coordinating Agency for National Mapping and Spatial and attribute data were analyzed Survey). These maps were 1999 Indonesian using ArcGIS 9.1. Locations of existing mari- Digital Map and 1991 Topographical Map of culture were plotted on digital basemaps to Southeast Sulawesi Regencies. Some key spa- depict their distribution across the landscape tial factors such as street, city location, har- of SE Sulawesi. bor, administrative boundary and topographi- cal contours were drawn from these maps, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION which then were refined using data from pre- Distribution of Existing Mariculture Activi- vious unrelated research. Base maps were also ties in South-East Sulawesi prepared from these maps in guiding the field survey and assisting interviewees. There were eight villages taken as samples of this research representing the existing mari- Spatial and Attribute Data culture activities in Muna region, seven in Collection Kendari region and 22 villages in Buton region. A list of villages and their attribute information Spatial and attribute data collection was is presented in Tables 1, 2, and 3. The location performed to depict the distribution of exist- of key mariculture activities in the three des- ing mariculture activities and its related as- ignated study areas within SE Sulawesi are pects. Location of mariculture activities were graphically depicted in Figures 2, 3, and 4 for plotted using a handheld GARMIN GPS to record Kendari, Muna and Buton respectively. In gen- village location, and a GARMIN GPS MAP 298/ eral, almost all existing mariculture activities 278 was used to record location of fish farms in SE Sulawesi practice similar techniques for and sampling stations of water quality param- the same species, and likewise face similar eters. Attribute data of the existing maricul- problems in business development. ture activities were acquired by interviewing fish farmers on location using the previously Seaweed mentioned questionnaire. Interviewees were randomly selected from each location/village. Eucheuma (Kappaphycus) cottonii is the One type of mariculture (i.e. grouper or aba- only seaweed species cultured in SE Sulawesi lone mariculture) was represented by one in- at the moment, although wild stock of other terviewee/fish farmer. species such as Gracilaria verrucosa can be found around and Buton. Rope or Water Quality Measurement “tali” on which seaweed is cultured is the com- mon term for the production unit used as a Key water quality parameters measured in measure of the scale of any one seaweed farm. this study consisted of temperature, dissolved On average, each producer in SE Sulawesi has oxygen (DO), pH, salinity, depth, clarity (Secchi 30–45 ropes. If one rope has an average length depth) and turbidity. All of these parameters of 100m, then each farmer typically has more were measured in situ. At every location, wa- than 3 km of 100 m ropes placed parallel to ter quality parameters were measured using each other and stretched from the beach to

175 Indonesian AquacultureJournalVol.5No.2,2010 176

Table 1. Attribute information of surveyed location in Kendari City, SE Sulawesi

Est. No. producers Cultured species Sub-district Village Po pulat io n No . Men Women Total

Petoaha 1392 44 0 44 Seaweed, grouper, spiny lobster Bungku toko 1502 102 2 104 Seaweed, grouper Tonddonggeu 804 30 9 39 Seaweed Abe li Sambuli 1108 102 4 106 Seaweed, grouper Lapulu - - - - Seaweed (middlemen only) Anggoeya - - - - Grouper (middlemen only)

Nth Kendari Kandai - - - - Seaweed, abalone (& middlemen)

Bokori 649 50 2 52 Spiny lobster, abalone, seaweed Mekar Jaya - - - - Seaweed, grouper, abalone Mekar 1027 - - - Grouper, spiny lobster Soropia Bajo Indah 713 - - - Grouper, abalone, sea c uc umber Leppe - - - - Grouper, abalone, sea c uc umber Tapulaga 273 - - - Grouper, abalone Table 2. Attribute information of surveyed location in Muna Island, SE Sulawesi

Est. No. producers Sub-district Village Population No. Cultured species Total Men Women

Duruka Bone Balanno 429 108 18 126 Seaweed Lagasa - - - - Sea cucumber, spiny lobster

Napabalo Renda 257 30 - 30 Seaweed, spiny lobster, grouper

Guali Tanjung Pinang 402 41 6 47 Seaweed, sea cucumber, grouper Mapping ofexistingmaricultureactivities...(HatimAlbasri) North Tiworo Belo (Tiga Isl) 449 32 4 36 Seaweed, abalone, grouper Santiri 573 188 18 200 Seaweed, abalone, grouper

Maginti Bangko 288381149Seaweed, abalone, grouper, sea Gala 400 120 15 135 Seaweed, sea cucumber 177 Indonesian AquacultureJournalVol.5No.2,2010 178 Table 3. Attribute information of surveyed location in Buton, SE Sulawesi

Po pulat io n Est. No. producers Sub-district Village Cultured species No. Total Men Women

Betoambari Sulaa 1394 100 0 100 Seaweed Lamangga 2548 250 0 250 Seaweed Bungi Palubusa 1789 106 0 106 Seaweed, pearl oyster East Lambusango 1600 104 100 204 Seaweed, pearl oyster Kapuntori Kamelanta - 100 0 100 Seaweed, pearl oy ster Tobea - 100 0 100 Seaweed, pearl oyster Kokaluna P. Makassar 4240 54 20 74 Seaweed, sea c uc umber, abalone, grouper Boneoge - 90 15 105 Seaweed, grouper Lakudo Lolibu 1000 208 0 208 Seaweed, sea cucumber, spiny lobster, grouper Waara - - - - Grouper, spiny lobster Wajogu - 150 0 150 Seaweed Lea-lea Lowu-lowu - 50 0 50 Seaweed Mawasangka - 50 0 50 S eaweed Mawasangka Watolo - 65 24 89 Seaweed, sea cucumber, sp. lobster, grouper, abalone Wakambangura 1547 75 25 100 Seaweed, grouper Miurhum Bone bone 5418 150 100 250 Seaweed Pasar Wajo Kombeli - - - - Grouper middlemen only S ampolaw a Katilo mbu 100 0 100 S e aw e e d Siompu Karae 75 5 80 Seaweed Siotapina Matanauwe 1300 44 0 44 Seaweed, sea c uc umber Sth Lasalimu Lasalimu 160 104 100 204 Seaweed, grouper Wabula Holimombo 5248 Grouper West Siompu Lalole 2028 200 50 250 Seaweed Watuampara 21132 100 50 150 Seaweed Wolio Batara Guru - - - - Abalone , sea c uc umbe r (& middle men) Wale - - - - Seaweed, sea c uc umber, abalone (& middlemen) Mapping of existing mariculture activities ... (Hatim Albasri)

122o33’0’’E

Legend:

Mariculture location District capital Major road Abalon (wild caught) Arterial street Grouper Unpaved street Sea cucumber Local street Seaweed Collector street Spiny lobster Coastline Pearl oyster District boundary Abalon middlemen River Grouper middlemen Sea water Sea cucumber Major harbor middlemen Seaweed middlemen

SE Sulawesi Province Sulawesi Island N

Map sources: 1. Indonesian digital basemap (1:1,000,000), 1999 2. Indonesian topographical map. Bakosurtanal (1:50,000), 1991 3. Field survey by collaborating institutions, 2009 Map projection: Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 51 South Grid system: Geographic Graticule Grid

122o33’0’’E Figure 2. Location of existing mariculture activities in Kendari Region

122o6’0’’E 122o15’0’’E 122o24’0’’E 122o33’0’’E 122o42’0’’E 122o51’0’’E

Legend:

Mariculture location District capital Major road Abalon (wild caught) Arterial street Grouper

30’0’’S 30’0’’S Unpaved street Sea cucumber o o 4 4 Local street Seaweed Collector street Spiny lobster Coastline Pearl oyster District boundary Abalon middlemen River Grouper middlemen Sea water Sea cucumber Major harbor

39’0’’S 39’0’’S middlemen o o

4 4 Seaweed middlemen

SE Sulawesi Province Sulawesi Island N 48’0’’S 48’0’’S o o 4 4

Map sources: 1. Indonesian digital basemap (1:1,000,000), 1999 2. Indonesian topographical map. Bakosurtanal (1:50,000), 1991 3. Field survey by collaborating institutions, 2009 57’0’’S 57’0’’S

o o Map projection: 4 4 Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 51 South Grid system: Geographic Graticule Grid

122o6’0’’E 122o15’0’’E 122o24’0’’E 122o33’0’’E 122o42’0’’E 122o51’0’’E Figure 3. Location existing mariculture activities in the sea. This practice has been the source of with seaweed that has been cultured for not several problems and conflicts with other more than 20 days. Seaweed is favoured by coastal users. farmers due to the limited effort required. The most common practice to cultivate Besides problems from epiphytic algae and seaweed in Muna Island and Kendari is using natural predators such as the herbivorous rab- long-line with seed plants tied along the ropes bit fish, Siganus siganus, “ice-ice” disease is with 15-20 cm gap. In Buton however, long- the most common problem faced by seaweed line and raft systems have both been used. farmers. Some seaweed farmers deal with this Seed is collected from farmers who specialize problem by not cultivating seaweed if news of in culturing seeds of seaweed or from farmers “ice-ice” outbreak is heard, or not cultivating

179 Indonesian Aquaculture Journal Vol.5 No.2, 2010

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Legend: 6’0’’S 6’0’’S o o 5 5 Mariculture location District capital Major road Abalon (wild caught) Arterial street Grouper Unpaved street Sea cucumber Local street Seaweed Collector street Spiny lobster

13’0’’S 13’0’’S Coastline o o Pearl oyster 5 5 District boundary Abalon middlemen River Grouper middlemen Sea water Sea cucumber Major harbor middlemen Seaweed middlemen 24’0’’S 24’0’’S o o

5 5 SE Sulawesi Province Sulawesi Island N 33’0’’S 33’0’’S o o 5 5 Map sources: 1. Indonesian digital basemap (1:1,000,000), 1999 2. Indonesian topographical map. Bakosurtanal (1:50,000), 1991 3. Field survey by collaborating institutions, 2009 42’0’’S 42’0’’S o o Map projection: 5 5 Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 51 South Grid system: Geographic Graticule Grid

122o15’0’’E 122o24’0’’E 122o33’0’’E 122o42’0’’E 122o51’0’’E 123 o0’0’’E 123o9’0’’E Figure 4. Location of existing mariculture activities in Buton Region in the periods when “ice-ice” is known to most fixed net cages attached to the back of their likely occur. Another problem with the devel- houses for reasons of security and practical- opment of this sector in SE Sulawesi is that ity in monitoring the fish. Additionally, some seaweed is sold as raw product with no pro- farmers in Buton are using ponds to culture cessing or other value-adding. There has been grouper, especially for tiger grouper. The high little effort in Indonesia in general to develop risk involved, lack of financial resources, tech- integrated seaweed industry that combines nical expertise and institutional support are mass production with supporting post-harvest the main constraints preventing farmers mov- industries. Final price of seaweed can be in- ing to better management practices for grou- creased significantly by processing to extract per culture in SE Sulawesi. thickeners/carageenans used as raw materi- Of the 15 genera and 159 species of als for cosmetics, food and medicinal products. groupers available in Indonesia, the most By developing such integrated industries in favored genera to be cultured in SE Sulawesi SE Sulawesi, seaweed production would be and Indonesia in general are Epinephelus and boosted, supply chains streamlined and mar- Mycteropera (Pierre et al., 2007). E. tauvina, gins and overall livelihood and well being in- Cromileptes altivelis and E. coioides are the creased for all stakeholders. most common species used in fixed and float- ing net cage culture in Muna, Kendari and Grouper Buton. From 47 villages surveyed in this study, There are two main sources of grouper five villages in Muna, eight villages in Kendari seedstock in SE Sulawesi. In Muna and Buton, and seven villages in Buton were identified to wild-caught seed is collected from surround- have existing grouper mariculture. The most ing coastal waters by the fish farmers them- sophisticated methods of culturing grouper selves or by local fishermen who then on-sell occur in the Kendari area where floating net to the farmers. In Kendari, wild-caught seed is cages are well constructed and equipped with collected and purchased from local fishermen, electricity, backup generator and in some and hatchery-bred seed is purchased from Bali. cases living quarters for staff (even including One particular fish farmer in Lolibu village, air-conditioning in one facility off Bokori vil- Buton, has tried hatchery-bred seed from Bali lage). Fixed net cages are also still widely used but with disappointing results, as most fish died to culture grouper in Kendari by traditional fish before they reached marketable size. Poor farmers. In Muna and Buton, most farmers use seed quality, unsuitable environment and in-

180 Mapping of existing mariculture activities ... (Hatim Albasri) correct handling techniques were blamed by Abalone the farmer, who subsequently relies only on Abalone mariculture in SE Sulawesi has re- wild-caught seed. cently been initiated by several agencies and Most grouper farmers using fixed net cage institutions with collective responsibility for systems in surveyed locations practice tradi- developing mariculture and associated produc- tional rearing and feeding techniques. In Muna tion systems in this Province. The commercial- and Buton, grouper are fed once or twice daily, ization of abalone culture in the Province is depending on the availability and supply of still fully dependent on supply of wild caught fresh trash fish supplied by local fishermen. In stock. Among 47 surveyed villages, three vil- Kendari, farmers have begun to use pelleted lages in Muna (Belo, Santiri, Bangko), five vil- feed to reduce the dependence on trash fish. lages in Kendari (Bokori, Mekar Jaya, Bajo Indah, Improved feeding techniques with measured Leppe and Tapulaga) and only two in Buton feeding rates of 5%–10% of total body weight/ (Watolo and Pulau Makassar) have marketed day apply for semi-intensive and intensive abalone from culture-based activities. floating net cage systems. Little is known about the post harvesting processes for grouper The development and adoption of abalone culture due to the fish being transported live culture by traditional fishers in SE Sulawesi outside the country to be sold, processed and faces several major problems, including de- served in restaurants in Hong Kong, China, creasing stock of wild-caught seed, a lack of Singapore, and Taiwan. hatchery-bred seed for regular supply to farm- ers, low level of expertise in abalone farming Sea Cucumber techniques, and a lack of support from local government in the form of training, capacity Out of 47 surveyed villages, only one vil- building and market information. lage in Kendari and five villages in Buton and Muna combined were identified as supporting Pearl Oysters sea cucumber culture activity, of which only Lolibu Village, , was still cultur- Buton is the only region where pearl oys- ing sea cucumber at the time of the field sur- ter (Pteria penguin) mariculture is undertaken vey. Other locations were identified as having in SE Sulawesi. Four villages are currently cul- sea cucumber culture activity based on infor- turing pearl oysters i.e. Palubusa, East mation from interviewees and previous surveys Lambusango, Kamelanta and Tobea, although as part of the ACIAR project. production is presently in decline. Decreas- ing water quality at the production sites, and In Lolibu Village, only one farmer cultures expansion of seaweed farming have collec- sea cucumber, the sandfish (Holothuria tively undermined prospects for pearl oyster scabra). Wild-caught seed is collected from farming in SE Sulawesi. nearby shores by the fish farmer himself, or by local fishers. The seeds are placed in tradi- The average size of each floating net cage tional stone ponds sized 125 x 50 m at a stock- is around 16 x10 m, consisting of 15 boxes in ing density of about 2,000 seed/pond. They which cultured pearl oysters are placed, each are fed once a week with crumbled sea urchin of which is stocked with 7.000-10.000 indi- and left over/trash fish. They reach market vidual, wild-caught seed oysters purchased size after about seven months, with a harvest from fishermen at Kapuntori bay. The boxes of 100-200 kg of fresh sea cucumber. Once are placed in steel frames and lowered to a harvested, they are cleaned and dried and sold depth of 15-25 m. The culturing period for pearl at market size to a buyer from Jakarta. oyster is up to six months before it can be harvested and sold to the local private pearl The major problem faced by the farmer in oyster farm for purpose of pearl production. Lolibu village, as for other sea cucumber farm- ers in the Province, is that it is difficult to con- With the recent expansion of seaweed farm- tain sea cucumber in traditional ponds (Fig. 9). ing in Buton regency, a major problem faced The farmer has expressed his concern by stat- by pearl oyster farmers is gaining ready and ing that “….. culturing sea cucumber is like safe access to net cage platforms. The plat- rearing genies. One day you stock 2,000 seeds, forms are increasingly surrounded by seaweed and the next day every one of them is gone, farming infrastructure, which is causing diffi- no matter how well you secure your pond”. culty in undertaking routine maintenance and

181 Indonesian Aquaculture Journal Vol.5 No.2, 2010 management. Recent developments in sea- which add value to raw materials through pro- weed farming where liquid fertilizer is being cessing and production of ‘ready to eat’ prod- used by farmers in the area to boost produc- ucts would be advantageous to the livelihood tion is posing another risk for the industry. of local fish farmers in particular and for the Decreasing water quality from pollution caused economy of SE Sulawesi in general. by boats and other small vessels passing the area has been also been claimed by one pearl Key Water Quality Parameters At oyster farmer in Palabusa village. There are no Mariculture Locations In SE Sulawesi local government planning provisions in place The general bathymetry of the coastal to ensure that pearl oyster mariculture can zone of SE Sulawesi, incorporating the major maintain its existence side by side with sea- mariculture production centres for the species weed farming. A designated management area of interest to this study, is provided in Fig. 5. based on site suitability analysis and spatial This highlights the extensive area of relatively layout for mariculture activities is required in shallow, protected coastal waters in which order to prevent impacts. existing mariculture activities take place in the Most producers in SE Sulawesi are still prac- Province. ticing traditional mariculture techniques, us- Considering the scale of this potential and ing wild-caught seed of local species sourced the current status of Indonesian aquaculture, and reared close to their homes. Locally avail- a precautionary approach to development is able materials are used for constructing pro- necessary to ensure the sustainability of duction facilities, including cages, pens and aquaculture activities and associated impacts platforms, with low input and density rearing on natural resources. Indeed, mariculture ac- techniques producing relatively low output. tivities should comply with national strategy The lack of financial support, knowledge and in developing coastal and marine areas skills, market information and institutional as- throughout Indonesia (Stead et al., 2002; sistance have made it difficult for these pro- GESAMP, 2001). Specifically, monitoring and ducers to enhance profitability and overall assessment of key water quality parameters welfare of livelihoods through mariculture ac- are critical factors determining the success tivities. and sustainability of any mariculture activities Mariculture site capability and suitability (Purnomo, 1992). analysis of existing mariculture activities and potential area for development in SE Sulawesi Muna Island has not been utilized by stakeholders involved IFrom six measured parameters, only pH and in coastal zone management. The lack of prop- water clarity are rated as ‘fair’, but both para- erly planned, integrated management areas for meters are typically variable and subject to multiple overlapping economic activities in the ambient weather and oceanic conditions. Province has resulted in crowded and poorly Under these conditions, one-off measurements managed coastal development. Sensitive mari- are of limited value in assigning overall ratings. culture activities, such as pearl oyster produc- tion, have been forced from the area due to a Temperature lack of adequate planning and management, particularly as a result of environmental impacts According to Gunarso (1985), most fishes form other activities. are sensitive to temperature variation. Optimal temperature for fish culture in tropical climates Finally, the supply chain for many maricul- is generally ranging between 27oC–32oC ture products in SE Sulawesi is relatively long, (Mayunar et al.,1995). Water temperature in the especially for seaweed, grouper and spiny lob- location of existing mariculture activities ster. Production locations with no land trans- around Muna Island varies between 28.5oC– portation (small islands), or which are geo- 30.6oC. This value is categorized as suitable graphically isolated from market centres, are for mariculture according to the standard by at a particular disadvantage. as farmers incur the KLH (2008). greater costs to get their products sold. Shorter, more integrated supply chains would Water Clarity reduce costs, and increase quantity and qual- ity of products and overall profitability of farm- In the present study, water clarity of wa- ers. Developing integrated local industries ters around Muna Island is still in good condi-

182 Mapping of existing mariculture activities ... (Hatim Albasri)

121o12’0’’E 121o48’0’’E 122o24’0’’E 123o0’0’’E 123o36’0’’E

N

W N E 0’0’’S 0’0’’S o S o 3 3

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Regency capital Sub-district

36’0’’S boundary 36’0’’S o o 3 River 3 > 200 m 100 - 200 m 75 - 100 m

12’0’’S 50 - 75 m 12’0’’S o o 4 25 - 50 m 4 0 - 25 m 48’0’’S 48’0’’S o o 4 4

Sulawesi Island 24’0’’S 24’0’’S o o 5 5

Map source: 1. Indonesian Digital Basemap, 1999 2. GEBCO Bathymetry Database 1 Min Arc, 2008 Projection: 0 12.5 25 50 75 100 0’0’’S 0’0’’S o UTM Grid Zone 51 South Kilometers o 6 6

121o12’0’’E 121o48’0’’E 122o24’0’’E 123o0’0’’E 123o36’0’’E Figure 5. General bathymetry of key mariculture areas of SE Sulawesi tion, with secchi disk depth ranging between above 11 being toxic to fish. Waters around 1.25–11 m. Based on the Storet analysis, water Muna Island during the present study had a pH clarity scored -1 which means that sunlight value between 6.4–8.3. Based on Storet analy- penetration in the water is ranging from ‘poor sis score of -2, this area is rated as suitable for to optimal’. By looking at the total score of mariculture activities. Storet index, the waters off Muna Island are classified into B class, which is an overall rat- Dissolved Oxygen ing of ‘good’. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is considered one of the most important factors in fish culture. It Water Depth is influenced by temperature, partial gas pres- Based on observation in the present study, sure (elevation/altitude) and salinity (Boyd & most fish farmers in the Muna area place their Licthkoppler, 1982). According to Cholik et al. net pens in water with a depth clearance of (1986) and Sunarti (1992), fish become inac- 1.25–41.5 m. For seaweed farmers, the depth tive and growth is limited if DO concentration for cultivation ranges between 0–30 m. in culture media is lower than 3 mg/L for pro- longed periods. Measured DO levels in waters pH off Muna Island during the present study var- ied between 4.2–7.9 mg/L. With a Storet index Boyd & Licthkoppler (1982) suggest that value of -2, DO levels in waters around Muna the optimum range of pH in fish culture is be- Island are rated as moderate to highly suitable tween 6.5–9, with pH levels lower than 4 and for mariculture.

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Salinity Depth Salinity variation occurs in coastal areas The inshore area of Kendari Bay is charac- due to tidal changes, freshwater run-off from terized by a relatively shallow seabed, with nearby land and evaporation. The range of sa- most mariculture activities located in water linity levels that is considered optimal for mari- depth of between 2.1–30.6 m. Some places in culture is different between species. Salinity Kendari Bay can be as deep as 150 m, and sea- levels in waters off Muna Island range between weed farming is the only mariculture activity 32.1–33.6 mg/L (ppt), and are considered opti- which can be placed in the deeper waters fur- mal for existing mariculture activities (KLH, ther from the shoreline of the Bay. 2004). Based on Storet analysis, salinity levels in waters off Muna Island scored 0, with a rat- pH ing of ‘good’ for mariculture activities in this Measured pH values around Kendari Bay region. ranged between 6.4–8.3. Storet analysis has given a -1 score for the area, which rates it as Kendari suitable for mariculture activities, especially All other surveyed sites were located in for seaweed farming. outer Kendari Bay, where impacts of develop- ment from Kendari city such as high sedimen- Dissolved Oxygen tation and pollution are less apparent. It is con- DO values ranged between 4.7–8.5 mg/L. sidered that outer Kendari Bay is a suitable lo- This condition is regarded as ‘good’ for any cation for mariculture, as shown by the rela- mariculture activities, following the standard tive success of existing activities in the area. of water quality for mariculture published by It is also verified by the Storet analysis where KLH (2004) where DO is considered optimal if it scored an overall total of -5, which is the its above 5 mg/L. Storet index value of -1 in optimal score of the Index. Kendari Bay rates DO as ‘good’ for mariculture.

Temperature Salinity Temperature variation within Kendari Bay Range of salinity of the waters within is very similar to that of other locations in SE Kendari Bay is between 29.0-33.3 mg/L (ppt), Sulawesi, ranging between 29.5oC–31oC. Storet and considered optimal for mariculture activi- analysis shows that Kendari Bay achieved an ties. Although two relatively big rivers and sev- overall Index score of -1, which rates the area eral small streams discharge into the inner area is suitable for existing mariculture activities. of Kendari Bay, salinity in the outer area does not fluctuate widely. Storet index value of -1 Water Clarity for salinity rates outer Kendari Bay as ‘good’ High sedimentation leading to a decline in for mariculture. water clarity is a major concern in Kendari Bay, Buton Region particularly within the inner area adjacent to the city. The unique geographic formation of Most mariculture activities around this re- the Bay resembles a bottleneck, which has gion are concentrated along Buton Strait and compounded the problem with water clarity along the coastline of Muna Island that belongs due to a lack of flushing effect, especially in to Buton Regency. The combination of a dis- the inner part. In the present study of mostly persed coastal population, limited sea trans- sites in outer Kendari Bay, water clarity (as portation traffic and fewer, large-scale indus- measured by secchi) ranged between 1.40– tries means this area is still in a relatively natu- 8.50 m, with an overall Storet Index score of - ral state compared to the other locations in 1, which rates the area suitable for existing the Province. However, relatively high sedi- mariculture activities, especially for seaweed. mentation was observed during the present This storet score is only valid for the outer study, which was caused by active water tur- part of Kendari Bay and not the inner part. In- bulence driven by the easterly monsoon winds deed, the government has banned any further along the Buton coastline that faces Arafura farming activities inside the Bay to avoid user Sea. Suspended sediments are predicted to conflict with increasing traffic of sea transpor- be highest during this period, as was evident tation in and out of the Bay. by consistently low water clarity in the area

184 Mapping of existing mariculture activities ... (Hatim Albasri) closest to the coastline. This might partly ex- Dissolved Oxygen plain the reason why seaweed farming, which Overall, DO variations around Buton Island is more tolerant of variable water quality con- are within the standard required by any cul- ditions, has gained more prominence compared tured species in this region, ranging between to the other mariculture activities. 3.7–9.7 mg/L. It is important to acknowledge that some species need higher DO concentra- Temperature tion than other species, and not all parts of During the present study, water tempera- Buton Island have waters with adequate DO ture in this region varied between 26.4oC– levels. 31.9oC, with an average of 28.9oC. The overall Storet Index score for water temperature in Salinity the area is -1, which rates the Buton region as Salinity varied between locations in Buton suitable for mariculture. Most areas have stable Island during the present study, ranging be- water temperature, although some locations tween 28–31mg/L, which is acceptable for near the mouths of rivers and coastal straits existing mariculture activities. However, one are likely to be periodically affected by sud- sampling station at Katilombu village had salin- den temperature drops caused by large addi- ity of 14 mg/L, well below the average for the tion of freshwater from monsoonal rains and/ Island as a whole. This location is surrounded or cooled oceanic seawater from tidal ex- by hills, and elevated run-off from a nearby change. river flowing into the area has made the salin- ity level drop to almost half of the standard of Water Clarity other locations. Salinity level is expected to In the present study, water clarity was poor return to background levels once normal river at some sites, varying between 1.0–11.2 m, with flows resume. an average of 6.0 m. The overall Storet index value for water clarity was -1, which is ad- CONCLUSION equate, although further study is required if ♦ Three big clusters of existing mariculture mariculture is proposed in one particular area. activities are located in Kendari, Muna and East monsoonal winds caused water turbulence Buton areas, collectively serving as both a resulting in high turbidity on the east coast- source of mariculture products and a mar- line of Buton Island. The western coastline is ket destination or transit location. relatively protected during this season be- ♦ cause it is located within Buton Strait. There- Most mariculture production in SE Sulawesi fore, most of the existing mariculture locations is based on traditional practices. in this area have relatively good water clarity. ♦ All surveyed locations of existing maricul- ture activities in SE Sulawesi show relatively Depth optimal water quality conditions. In general, most mariculture structures in ♦ A lack of financial support, knowledge, skill, Buton are built in shallow waters (e.g. for sea- market information and institutional support weed farming), although areas with deep wa- has prevented farmers from enhancing ter are also used if the mariculture construc- their livelihoods through mariculture activi- tion can be adapted (e.g. floating net cages). ties alone. The range of depths around existing maricul- ♦ Site capacity and suitability analysis of ture activities in this region varies between existing or potential areas of mariculture 1– 53.8 m. activities and development have largely not been considered by stakeholders in- pH volved in managing coastal areas, result- Measured pH values around existing mari- ing in crowded and unmanaged develop- culture locations in Buton are between 7.2– ment with multiple overlapping economic 7.9. The overall Storet Index score for pH val- activities in some areas. ues in the Buton region is 0, meaning that the ♦ Piloting of integrated ‘value-adding’ mari- water quality rating is ‘good’ (Class B; has not culture industries (e.g. raw material, pro- been polluted) for existing mariculture activi- cessed products and ‘ready to eat’ indus- ties around Buton Island. tries) might help ease some if not all of the

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existing economic problems of the mari- Teknik Penengkapan. Fakultas Perikanan culture sector. dan Ilmu Kelautan, IPB, Bogor, p. 150. ♦ Twice annual time series of water quality Kementrian Negara Lingkungan Hidup. 2003. measurements representing wet and dry Lampiran I Keputusan Menteri Negara No. seasons is required to depict the real con- 115 Tahun 2003 tentang Penentuan Sta- dition of water quality in SE Sulawesi, for tus Mutu Air dengan Metode Storet. Jakarta: both existing and proposed areas for de- Sekretariat Kementrian Negara Lingkungan velopment. Hidup. Kementrian Negara Lingkungan Hidup. 2008. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Lampiran 3 Keputusan Menteri Negara No. The present study was supported by Aus- 51 Tahun 2004 tentang Baku Mutu Air Laut. tralian Centre for International Agricultural Re- Jakarta: Sekretariat Kementrian Negara search (ACIAR) through Assessing Mariculture Lingkungan Hidup. Market Constraints and Potential in South-East May, D. & Coles, T. 2004. Proposed Strategy Sulawesi’ (SMAR/2007/225). for The Recovery of The Kaledupan Coastal Fisheries. Wanci: Opwall Trust, p.1-22. REFERENCES Mayunar, Purba, R., & Imanto, P.T. 1995. Pemilihan lokasi untuk usaha budi daya Albasri, H. & Szuster, B.W. 2010. Mariculture ikan laut. Dalam Sudradjat et al. (eds). and Marine Spatial Planning: Integrating Prosiding Temu Usaha Pemasyarakatan Local Ecological Knowledge at Kaledupa Teknologi Keramba Jaring Apung bagi Budi Island, Indonesia. Island Studies Journal, daya Laut. Puslitbang Perikanan, Badan Canada, 5(2) : 237– 250. Litbang Pertanian, p. 179-189. Boyd, C.E. & Lichtkoppler. 1982. Water Quality Pierre, S., Gaillard, S., Prevot-Dalvise, N., Aubert, Management in Pond Fish Culture. Auburn J., Rostaing-Capaillon, O., & Leung-Tack, D. University. Auburn Alabama, 30 pp. 2007. Grouper aquaculture: Asian success Centre, L.W. 1977. Environmental Impact As- and Mediterranean trials. Aquatic Conser- sessment. McGraw-Hill Company. Univer- vation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosys- sity of Oklahoma, USA. tems. Cholik, F., Wijono, A., & Arifudin. 1986. Penge- Purnomo, A. 1992. Pemilihan Lokasi Tambak lolaan Kualitas Air Kolam. Direktorat Udang Berwawasan Lingkungan. Badan Jenderal Perikanan. Jakarta, 52 pp. Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Clark, W.A.V. & Hosking, P.L. 1986. Statistical Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Methods for Geographers. John Wiley & Perikanan, p. 40. Sons, Inc, 513 pp. Stead, S.M., Burnell, G., & Goulletquer, P. 2002, DKP Sultra. 2005. Revitalisasi Perikanan Aquaculture and its role in integrated Budidaya 2006-2009, p. 275. coastal zone management. Aquaculture GESAMP. 2001. IMO/FAO/UNESCO IOC/WMO/ International, 10: 447-468. WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint group of experts Sunarti. 1992. Pengukuran parameter kualitas on the scientific aspects of marine envi- air pads longyam dengan tingkat ronmental Protection), Planning and man- kepadatan 10.000 ikan nila dan 3.000 ikan agement for sustainable coastal aquacul- mas. Laporan Praktek lapangan di Balai ture development. Rep.Stud.GESAMP, 68, p. Budidaya Air Tawar Sukabumi, p.97 . 90. The GEBCO_08 Grid, Version 20100927. 2008. Gunarso, W. 1985. Tingkah Laku Ikan dalam http://ww.gebco.net. Retrived August, Hubungannya dengan Alat, Metode, dan 2009.

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