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9712201120 Content.Pdf The Quest for Nitrogen Fixation in Rice Edited by J.K. Ladha and P.M. Reddy 2000 IRRI INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today IRRI is one of 16 nonprofit international research centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is cosponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its membership comprises donor countries, interna- tional and regional organizations, and private foundations. As listed in its most recent Corporate Report, IRRI receives support, through the CGIAR, from a number of donors including UNDP, World Bank, European Union. Asian Development Bank, and Rockefeller Foundation, and the international aid agencies of the following governments: Australia, Belgium, Canada, People’s Republic of China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea, The Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, and United States. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. The designations employed in the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IRRI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Copyright International Rice Research Institute 2000 Los Baños, Philippines Mailing address: MCPO Box 3127, 1271 Makati City, Philippines Phone: (63-2) 845-0563, 844-3351 to 53 Fax: (63-2) 891-1292, 845-0606 Email:[email protected] Home page: http://www.cgiar.org/irri Riceweb: http://www.riceweb.org Riceworld: http://www.riceworld.org Courier address: Suite 1009, Pacific Bank Building 6776 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines Tel. (63-2) 891-1236, 891-1174, 891-1258, 891-1303 Suggested citation: Ladha JK, Reddy PM, editors. 2000. The quest for nitrogen fixation in rice. Proceedings of the Third Working Group Meeting on Assessing Opportunities for Nitrogen Fixation in Rice, 9-12 Aug. 1999, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Makati City (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 354 p. EDITOR: Bill Hardy COVER DESIGN: Emmanuel Panisales PAGE MAKEUP AND COMPOSITION: Ariel Paelmo ISBN 971-22-0112-0 Contents FOREWORD vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix The potential role of biological nitrogen fixation 1 in meeting future demand for rice and fertilizer D. Dawe Retrospective on biological nitrogen fixation 11 R. H. Burris Frontier Project on nitrogen fixation in rice: looking ahead 25 K.S. Fischer Steps toward nitrogen fixation in rice 33 J.K. Ladha and P.M. Reddy Novel nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with 47 the root interior of rice T. Hurek, Z. Tan, N. Mathan, T. Egener, M. Engelhard, P. Gyaneshwar, J.K. Ladha, and B. Reinhold-Hurek Evaluating diazotrophy, diversity, and endophytic 63 colonization ability of bacteria isolated from surface-sterilized rice J.R. Stoltzfus and F.J. de Bruijn Diazotrophic enterobacteria: What is their role 93 in the rhizosphere of rice? W.L. Barraquio, E.M. Segubre, M.S. Gonzalez, S.C. Verma, E.K. James, J.K. Ladha, and A.K. Tripathi Endophytic diazotrophs associated with rice 119 E.K. James, P. Gyaneshwar, W.L. Barraquio, N. Mathan, and J.K. Ladha Xylem colonization of rice and Arabidopsis 141 by Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 E.C. Cocking iii Colonization of rice and other cereals by 151 Acetobacter diazotrophicus, an endophyte of sugarcane M. Sevilla and C. Kennedy Progress in multinational collaborative studies on 167 the beneficial association between Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and rice EB. Dazzo, KG. Yanni, R. Rizk, EJ. de Bruijn, J. Rademaker, A. Squartini, V. Corich, P. Mateos, E. Martinez-Molina, E. Velazquez, J.C. Biswas, R.J. Hernandez, J.K. Ladha, J. Hill, J. Weinman, B.G. Rolfe, M. Vega-Hernandez, J.J. Bradford, R.I. Hollingsworth, P. Ostrom, E. Marshal/, T. Jain, G. Orgambide, S. Philip-Hollingsworth, E. Triplett, K.A. Malik, J. Maya-Flores, A. Hartmann, M. Umali-Garcia, and M. L. lzaguirre-Mayoral Beneficial effects of inoculated nitrogen-fixing bacteria on rice 191 M.S. Mirza, G. Rasul, S. Mehnaz, J.K.Ladha, R.B. So, S. Ali, and K.A. Malik Release of nitrogen: a key trait in selecting bacterial 205 endophytes for agronomically useful nitrogen fixation D.A. Phillips, E. Martinez-Romero, G.P. Yang, and C.M. Joseph Critical parameters in facilitating the evolution of N2 -fixing 219 symbiosis between diazotrophs and cereals I.R. Kennedy, L. Pereg-Gerk, R. Deaker, C. Wood, K. Gilchrist, D. McFadden, and N. Islam Realizing the genetic predisposition of rice for symbiotic 241 nitrogen fixation P.M. Reddy, J.K. Ladha, H. Kouchi, G. Stacey, R.J. Hernandez-Oane, M.C. Ramos, R.B. So, O. R. Angeles, V.S. Sreevidya, R.B. Day, J. Cohn, and S. Koh Characterization of rice ENOD40: Do ENOD40s accomplish 263 analogous functions in legumes and nonlegumes? H. Kouchi, K. Takane, R.B. So, J.K. Ladha, and P.M. Reddy Chitin perception in legumes and rice: what distinguishes 273 a nodulating plant? G. Stacey, R.B. Day, P.M. Reddy, J. Cohn, S. Koh, M. Okada, Y. Ito, N. Shibuya, and J.K. Ladha iv Rhizobium nodulation and interaction with legumes and nonlegumes 291 B.G. Rolfe, U. Mathesius, J. Prayitno, F. Perrine, J.J. Weinman, J. Stefaniak, M. Djordjevic, N. Guerreiro, and F.B. Dazzo Exploring genetic programs for root endosymbioses 311 C. Gough and J. Denarie Prospects for constructing nitrogen-fixing cereals 327 R. Dixon, Q. Cheng, and A. Day APPENDIX 337 PARTICIPANTS 351 Contents v Foreword The world’s population has surpassed 6 billion. And the world will need about 60 percent more rice than today’s global production to feed the extra billions who will rely on it within the next three decades. Because nitrogen is the critical nutrient for agricultural production, global agriculture now relies heavily on N fertilizers derived from nonrenewable energy resources such as petroleum and natural gas to meet the demand for food grain. It is estimated that twice as much fixed nitrogen will be re- quired to increase rice production to supplement the food requirements of people in 2020. Awareness is growing, however, that such an increase in agricultural produc- tion needs to be achieved without endangering the environment. Industrially pro- duced N fertilizer depletes nonrenewable resources and, if not managed properly, can pose a hazard to humans and the environment. Environmentally adverse inputs must be reduced to meet the challenge of feeding the world’s growing population of rice consumers on a sustainable and equitable basis. Nowhere is this challenge more seri- ous than in supplying environmentally friendly N resources for crop production. For this, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) has the advantages of lower cost and reduced environmental hazards and is more consistent with the development of sustainable agriculture. To achieve food security through sustainable agriculture, the requirement for fixed nitrogen must be increasingly satisfied by BNF rather than by industrial nitro- gen fixation. In view of the importance of BNF to sustainable agriculture. it is im- perative to improve existing BNF systems and develop nitrogen-fixing nonlegume crops, particularly important cereal crops such as rice. To meet this challenge, IRRI organized a think-tank workshop in 1992 to assess the feasibility of nitrogen fixation in rice. Based on the research strategies recommended, IRRI launched a global col- laborative initiative in 1993, the Frontier Project on Nitrogen Fixation in Rice. The long-term goal of this project is to enable rice plants to fix their own nitrogen. Rice, as a model cereal plant, is particularly well suited for such investigations. In addition, emerging knowledge of functional genomics and new biotechnology tools will enor- mously benefit such research endeavors. This Frontier Project involves a committed group of scientists from several research institutes around the world. The project also has a working group, through which IRRI facilitates communication among scien- tists worldwide with active research interests in nitrogen fixation in rice and other cereals. Since the project began, remarkable scientific progress has been made in providing new knowledge. The working group periodically reviews the progress to evaluate how such new knowledge has furthered the probability of success in meet- ing this long-term goal. Two BNF working group meetings were held previously, at vii IRRI (Philippines) in 1995 and at the National Institute for Biotechnology and Ge- netic Engineering (Pakistan) in 1996, and the reports of the meetings were widely disseminated. In the recently held third BNF working group meeting at IRRI, 9-12 August 1999, several significant results emanating from the Frontier Project were presented. This book features the proceedings of the meeting, encompassing the lat- est research advances made in developing nitrogen-fixing rice. We hope that this book will encourage more research in this area. Ronald P. Cantrell DIRECTOR GENERAL viii Foreword Acknowledgments Many researchers contributed to the success of the Third Working Group Meeting of the Frontier Project on Assessing Opportunities for Nitrogen Fixation in Rice, upon which this book is based. In conjunction with the Working Group meeting, a project review was also held. We thank Frans J. de Bruijn, chairperson of the Working Group, and John Bennett, chairperson of the Project Review Task Force, for their help in developing the program of the meeting. We also thank other distinguished scientists, who chaired the sessions at the meeting, and rapporteurs for their contributions. We are grateful to the Review Panel members, Alfred Puhler (chairperson), John Beringer, Robert H.
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