Research Article Measurements and Analysis of Secondary User Device Effects on Digital Television Receivers
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing Volume 2009, Article ID 510867, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2009/510867 Research Article Measurements and Analysis of Secondary User Device Effects on Digital Television Receivers Timothy R. Newman,1 Daniel DePardo,2 Alexander M. Wyglinski,3 Joseph B. Evans,2 Rakesh Rajbanshi,2 Victor R. Petty,2 Dinesh Datla,1 Frederick Weidling,2 Paul J. Kolodzy,4 Michael J. Marcus,5 Gary J. Minden,2 and James A. Roberts2 1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA 2 ITTC, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA 3 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA 4 Kolodzy Consulting, P.O. Box 1443, Centreville, VA 20120, USA 5 Marcus Spectrum Solutions LLC, 8026 Cypress Grove Lane, Cabin John, MD 20818, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Joseph B. Evans, [email protected] Received 7 July 2009; Accepted 12 August 2009 Recommended by K. Subbalakshmi This article presents results from a study of the potential effects of secondary users operating in unoccupied television spectrum. Television spectrum is known within the wireless communications community as being underutilized, making it a prime candidate for dynamic spectrum access. The proposed use of this open spectrum has prompted questions concerning the quantity of available channel space that could be used without negative impact on consumers who view digital television broadcasts and the viability of secondary use of open channels immediately adjacent to a digital television broadcast channel. In this work, we investigate secondary device operation in the channels directly adjacent to a desired television channel, and the effects upon a selection of consumer digital television (DTV) receivers. Our observations strongly suggest that secondary users could operate “White Space Devices” (WSDs) in unoccupied channel bandwidth directly adjacent to a desired digital television (DTV) channel, with no observable adverse impact upon the reception of the desired channel content. Copyright © 2009 Timothy R. Newman et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. Introduction shown that several spectral bands, including the television spectrum, are underutilized [1]. The growing demand for wireless services and applica- There have been regulatory and legislative efforts to allow tions shows no sign of slowing down. However, the cur- new wireless devices access to television (TV) band white rent command-and-control regulatory structure for licensing space on a per market basis. This approach, referred to as spectrum has been unable to cope with the dramatic growth dynamic spectrum access (DSA), allows unlicensed devices of the wireless industry. This has given rise to an “artificial to transmit in parts of the spectrum unoccupied by the scarcity” with regard to spectrum, resulting in prices for licensed signals. In June 28, 2006, the Senate Commerce spectrum licenses becoming so cost prohibitive that many Committee adopted “The Advanced Telecommunications small to medium size businesses are prevented from entering and Opportunity Reform Act of 2006” (S. 2686), which built the wireless market. Numerous studies have begun to upon the May 2004 Federal Communications Commission examine how licensed spectrum is actually used, with the (FCC) Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) [2] allowing goal of not only rethinking the spectrum licensing regime, unlicensed devices to utilize unused spectrum in the TV but also opening certain underutilized “prime” spectrum band. This legislation required the FCC to continue with rule to unlicensed and licensed secondary usage. It has been making procedures governing the opening of TV channels 2 EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing DTV broadcast In a DSA approach, the “secondary” users must not cause any “harmful interference” to the primary users as well as the other secondary users sharing the same portion of the spectrum. The definition of “harmful” is outside the scope of this article, but is typically associated with the affected applications and their hardware characteristics. “Sideband splatter” Since primary users hold exclusive rights to the spectrum, it is not their responsibility to mitigate any additional interference caused by secondary device operation. These 6MHz devices will need to periodically sense spectrum in order to detect primary and secondary user transmissions, and have the capability of adapting to the varying spectrum n − 1 Channel nn+1 conditions for mutual interference avoidance [3]. Groups representing traditional incumbent users, such as television Figure 1: Adjacent Channel Interference. broadcasters, feel that opening up the white space to DSA- enabled secondary users will cause unneeded interference and disrupt communications for television broadcasters and public safety communication systems. Recently the National Table 1: Adjacent channel measurements. Association of Broadcasters and Association for Maximum Service Television went so far as to sue the FCC over its Channel Receiver 1 Receiver 2 Receiver 3 decision to authorize the operation of WSDs in the unused Offset (set top) (LCD DTV) (set top) television channels. The availability of the underutilized −1 −34 dBm −30 dBm −29 dBm television spectrum is not disputed. However, there are two −1.5 −24 dBm −18 dBm −26 dBm remaining technical issues that the regulatory and business −2 −15 dBm −16 dBm −22 dBm communities must address. The regulatory community must determine the technical rules that devices must use −6N/A−15 dBm N/A − − when accessing this spectrum in order to prevent harmful 8N/A14 dBm N/A interference to the primary devices (i.e. DTV receivers). Additionally, the device manufacturing community must determine if cost effective devices can be created that meet Table 2: Co-channel desired/undesired ratio measurements. the technical rules for operation. The technical rules that are of particular interest to ATSC Receiver1 Receiver2 Receiver3 the FCC involve device in-band and out-of-band emissions (set top) (LCD) (set top) (OOBEs). The device manufacturers must comply with 20 15 17 these rules through the selection of appropriate modulation, Threshold (−102 dBm) (−96 dBm) (−97 dBm) amplifier, and filter characteristics in both the transmitter 13 11 12 and receiver chains of WSDs. The expected RF environment −68 dBm (−81 dBm) (−79 dBm) (−80 dBm) also has a direct impact on the receiver characteristics and 12 11 11 thus must be well understood. −61 dBm In this effort, we present a feasibility study of devices (−73 dBm) (−72 dBm) (−72 dBm) performing DSA in underutilized television bands when tele- vision signals are present. The study is divided into two parts. In the first part, the impact of transmissions on the video quality of digital television signals is determined for several 2–51 (54 MHz–698 MHz) for use by wireless broadband ser- scenarios. This will provide the basis in determining the vices and other DSA-enabled devices. The FCC proposal also emission levels that can be tolerated by DTV receivers. In the includes the reallocation of TV channels 52–69 (698 MHz second part, we focus on adjacent channel interference, and to 806 MHz) to public safety communications as well as measure the affects of a single adjacent channel secondary for auction. The NPRM specifies that any devices certified transmission on a selection of DTV receivers. to use TV spectrum white spaces should employ either agile or cognitive radio technology in a dynamic spectrum access configuration, such that these devices would not 2. Dynamic Spectrum Access Background interfere with primary rights holders, for example, television broadcasters. Further legislative direction was provided in Substantial research efforts have been aimed at the utilization the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (H.R.2015), Title III - Com- of vacant portions of FCC allocated television spectrum munications and Spectrum Allocation Provisions [15]. In using DSA techniques. IEEE 802.22 is a wireless standard that November 3, 2008, FCC commissioners voted unanimously focuses on reuse of the vacant TV spectrum without causing to officially approve the use of these bands by white space any harmful interference to the primary users [4]. Some of devices (WSDs). the important issues that have been addressed include the EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 3 75–50 Ohm broadband matching network 3dB Spectrum analyzer coupler ATSC receiver under test PC MPEG-2 analysis software OFDM modulator Video monitor QPSK/16 QAM/64 QAM 6MHzBW MPEG-2 stream 2 K/8 K carriers IEEE-1394 (FireWire/i.Link) Figure 2: KU White Space Device Emulator and Testbed (KUWSDET). feature detection of TV signals [5], collaborative sensing for or if there is significant out-of-band power leakage from improved detection capabilities [6], detection of the presence secondary transmissions into the primary user channels. of receivers in the vicinity of a secondary device [7], and In previous studies, we presented related results concern- effective methods for unoccupied TV spectrum access [8]. ing on the impact of TV transmissions on secondary users Our previous work explored the feasibility of secondary user at varying distances from a transmission tower, and we also communication from the side of the secondary users [9]. provided results that indicated typical current