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Draft Wind River Subbasin Summary

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Draft Wind River Subbasin Summary Draft Wind River Subbasin Summary November 15, 2000 Prepared for the Northwest Power Planning Council Subbasin Team Leader Dan Rawding Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Wind River Subbasin Summary Wind River Subbasin Summary Table of Contents Fish and Wildlife Resources......................................................................................................1 Subbasin Description .........................................................................................................1 Fish and Wildlife Status .....................................................................................................4 Habitat Areas and Quality ................................................................................................ 19 Watershed Assessment..................................................................................................... 20 Limiting Factors .............................................................................................................. 23 Artificial Production ........................................................................................................ 24 Existing and Past Efforts.................................................................................................. 25 Subbasin Management ............................................................................................................ 30 Goals, Objectives, and Strategies ...................................................................................... 30 Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation Activities................................................................ 33 Fish and Wildlife Needs................................................................................................... 36 References ............................................................................................................................. 38 Subbasin Recommendations .................................................................................................... 40 FY 2001 Projects Proposals Review.................................................................................. 40 Projects and Budgets........................................................................................................ 40 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Activities................................................................. 47 Needed Future Actions..................................................................................................... 48 Actions by Others............................................................................................................ 48 Appendix – Spring Chinook HGMP Wind River Subbasin Summary Wind River Subbasin Summary Fish and Wildlife Resources Subbasin Description General Location The Wind River Subbasin, located in southwestern Washington, originates in McClellan Meadows in the western Cascades on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest (Wind River Ranger District) and enters Bonneville Reservoir at River Mile (RM) 154.5 near Carson, Washington (Figure 1). Figure 1. Location of the Wind in the Columbia River Subbasin Gorge Province Drainage Area Wind River, a fifth order stream, drains approximately 225 mi² of Skamania County over a distance of approximately 31 miles. Principle tributaries to Wind River include Little Wind River, Bear, Panther, Trout, Trapper, Dry, Nineteenmile, Falls and Paradise creeks. The largest tributary, Panther Creek, enters at RM 4.3 and drains 18% of the Wind River Wind River Subbasin Summary 1 subbasin (26,466 acres). Trout Creek, which drains 15% of the subbasin (21,732 acres), enters at RM 10.8. Climate Climatic patterns of the Wind River subbasin are controlled by marine-influenced air masses from the Pacific Ocean. The mean annual average precipitation in this watershed is 110 inches per year at Stabler, Washington (elevation 800 feet). Approximate 80% of the precipitation is delivered in the form of rainfall or snow between October and April. The average ambient air temperature is 66 F during the summer and 40 F in the winter. Topography/geomorphology The basin is oriented northwest to southeast with elevations ranging from 80 - 3,900 feet. Topography varies within the watershed; it is steep in the northwest and lower southeast, gentle in the northeast - McClellan Meadows area, and it is benchy in Trout Creek Flats and middle portions of the Wind River Valley. The mainstem of the Wind River drops 3,820 feet in 30.5 miles for an average gradient of 2.3%. Shipherd Falls, located at RM 2.0, is a series of four falls ranging from 8 to 12 feet that were a barrier to all anadromous salmonids except steelhead until the construction of a fish ladder in 1956. Stream flows in the watershed range from summer low flows to peak flows in the winter. Some streams only flow during high flow events and are dry the remainder of the year (ephemeral streams). Others such as the mainstem of the Wind River increase from an average daily flow of less than 250 cubic feet per second (cfs) during August and September to over 2,000 cfs in December and January. The largest stream flows typically occur in response to rain-on-snow events, when heavy rains combine with high air temperatures and high winds to cause widespread snowmelt. Low flows are maintained by late season snowmelt and areas of water retention or recharge. Geology and Soils The Wind River Watershed has been shaped through 25 million years of volcanic activity and glacial action. Most of the watershed was formed 12 and 25 million years ago with some younger flows out of Indian Heaven and Trout Creek Hill being dated between 350,000 to three million. The flows out of Trout Creek Hill are the youngest at about 300,000. The majority of the watershed is in the older volcaniclastic material. These areas are more susceptible to erosion and mass failure due to the weathering of the material to silts and clays. Glacial activity has had an effect on the landscape especially in the upper regions of the watershed by Indian Heaven, where volcanic flows have scoured and smoothed the land. Outwash and alluvial material from this time period have been eroding down through the Wind River Valley. Since the construction of Bonneville Dam, this material has been accumulating at the mouth of the Wind River. Other material that has been moving into the streams in the lower parts of the valley are flood deposits left from the Bretz Floods from ancient Lake Missoula. Sediment input has also resulted from large landslides in the watershed. Most subbasin soils originate from weathered bedrock. Alluvial soil is found along the river and some soils north of Paradise Creek were buried under a thin layer of ash and Wind River Subbasin Summary 2 pumice from Mt. St. Helens. Major woodland soils are deep and well drained but become shallow as elevation increases. Soils above 4,000 feet are subject to cold temperatures, while those along the Columbia River are subject to high winds. Vegetation Presently, vegetation is approximately 90% Douglas fir, western hemlock and grand fir. Prior to European settlement, the forest of the Wind River Basin contained either late- successional old growth or early-successional young growth. Late-successional stands contain trees over 21 inches in diameter with multiple canopy layers. Mid-successional stand also contain trees with diameters over 21 inches but with a single canopy layer consisting of nine to 21 inch trees. Early-successional stands consist of trees from 0 to 9 inches. Table 1 displays the number of acres in each successional class and how the proportions changed over time to the present day. Table 1. Amount of acres in each successional class and changes in vegetative seral stages from 1850 – present. Early- Mid- Late- Period Non-Forest Successional Successional Successional Circa 1850 6,700 40,700 12,485 83,556 Circa 1900 7,600 22,000 51,200 62,638 Current 9,887 34,118 67,628 31,816 Major Land Uses The Wind River Subbasin is part of the Yakama Indian Nation lands ceded to the United States in the Treaty of June 9, 1855. Within this area the tribe reserves the right to hunt and fish at all usual and accustomed places in common with citizens of the territory. The upper portion of the basin is situated within the legislated boundary of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest (GPNF) and federal ownership accounts for 127,682 acres (89%) of the watershed. Non-federal ownership includes Washington Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) at 3,757 acres (2%), private timber interests at 8,122 acres (6%), and other private ownership at 3,943 acres (3%). Most of the first six miles of mainstem river and its drainage are outside the GPNF, but a large portion of this area lies within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area (CRGNSA). The remaining 25 mainstem miles consist primarily of U.S. Forest Service (USFS) ownership. The President’s Forest Plan (ROD) categorizes the Wind River Basin as a Tier 1, Key Watershed that provides habitat for anadromous salmonids. The Wind River drainage has traditionally been managed for timber production; however, under the Northwest Forest Plan, much of the drainage has been designated as late successional reserves, wilderness areas (wilderness areas pre-dated the Forest Plan), riparian reserves, or reserved through other means. In addition to the GPNF and DNR, there is a limited amount of commercial timberland ownership in the lower valley. Those holdings within the CRGNSA are regulated by their land use regulations as administered
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