EthicalMUN III

American Revolution British

Chairs: Alex Power and Jackson Davis

Crisis Directors: Josh Sacca, Owen Park, and Nick Shiland EthicalMUNEthicalMUN IIIII

Dear Delegates,

We are delighted to welcome you to EthicalMUN III, and we are looking Theo Dassin forward to two full and exciting days of debate. The topic of the committee is the Co-Secretary General , and we are excited to see your innovative directives and ideas from both sides. We hope that this topic will stimulate your creativity and make for an Iva Knezevic amazing weekend. Co-Secretary General We have seven experienced chairs and crisis directors who are eagerly anticipating the conference. Please take time to thoroughly read the background guide CormacAlex Keswani Thorpe and conduct research of you own so that you can have the best position papers Co-SecretaryChief of Staff General possible. This background guide is simply a starting point for your research, and more research is necessary to prepare for this committee. For those of you who are new to JulieJacob Johnson Greene Model UN, this committee is a crisis committee, meaning that there will constantly be Chief of Staff new problems (provided by our lovely crisis directors: Owen Park, Josh Sacca, and Nick Shiland) that you must solve. In addition, this is a JCC which stands for joint Ryan Kelly crisis committee, in one room there will be delegates associated with the colonist side OliviaVice-Secretary Becker of in the revolution and one room will have delegates associated with the British side. ChiefCommittees of Staff The two groups will be in constant communication throughout the conference. We want both groups to fully represent their positions while working together to come up Olivia PollackBecker with a solution for this Crisis. ChiefVice-Secretary of Staff of This committee will start on June 15, 1775, which is the day after the Administration formation of the and the appointment of as Halle Friedman Commander-in-chief of the colonist army. Anything before this is set in stone, but UnderHalle SecretaryFriedman anything after is all up to you. Emphasis will be placed on not copying exactly what GeneralVice-Secretary of Committees of occurred in real life, as we want you to come up with interesting and creative Outreach solutions on your own. Please do not try to copy what actually occurred in committee, Hannah Platt as the wonderful crisis staff will be introducing new crises often, many of which did not historically occur. LeilaniUnder Secretary Elkaslasy We are very excited to hear your solutions and ideas on the complicated issues CommunityGeneral of Service we will be dealing with over this conference. We fully welcome any questions you DirectorCommunications have, and we look forward to seeing you in May!

Alex Keswani Feel free to contact us with any queries, Crisis Director Your Chairs Jacob Greene Jackson Davis ([email protected]), Alex Power ( [email protected]), Ben Greer Crisis Director ([email protected]), and Lucas Saidenberg ([email protected])

Lily Josephson Crisis Director EthicalMUNEthicalMUN IIIII

Delegates,

Welcome to EthicalMUN III and the JCC American Revolution! My name is Theo Dassin Jackson Davis and I am excited to be serving as your co-chair for the British side of Co-Secretary General this JCC. A little about myself - I have been involved in Model UN since 7th grade. I Iva Knezevic have competed in many conferences myself, and am excited to be able to help lead Co-Secretary General this conference with the help of my amazing team! Additionally, I have additionally competed in Model Congress and as a part of a debate team. These have helped me CormacAlex Keswani Thorpe sustain my passion for international and internal affairs as well as debate. At Co-SecretaryChief of Staff General Fieldston, I am in Form IV. I have played on the Fieldston Varsity Soccer team since Freshman year and also compete in track on the local, state, and national levels. In my JulieJacob Johnson Greene free time, I enjoy playing squash, tennis, and occasionally the violin. Our other co- Chief of Staff chair, Alex Power also has experience in Model UN. He has a passion for debate and diplomacy. Alex is a talented athlete, competing in Soccer, Varsity Hockey, and Ryan Kelly ultimate Frisbee at Fieldston. OliviaVice-Secretary Becker of We will be working with a talented crisis staff during this committee. Nick ChiefCommittees of Staff Shiland, Josh Sacca and Owen Park will be in the committee room frequently to accept notes and present crisis. While this committee will start with events from real Olivia PollackBecker history and the creation of the Continental Army, the crisis staff will present many ChiefVice-Secretary of Staff of other crises pertaining to the revolution, which you will be tasked with solving. These Administration crises will deviate from the historical series of events as the delegates set to work. To Halle Friedman be effective, delegates will require in-depth knowledge of the topic and have to UnderHalle SecretaryFriedman conduct independent research. GeneralVice-Secretary of Committees of As the committee begins, the Rebel’s has just created Outreach the Continental army, and George Washington has been nominated and elected as Commander in Chief. You will be representing a combined group of major players in Hannah Platt Leilani Elkaslasy the , British government, and British leaders in the colonies. Depending Under Secretary on the direction you all decide to lead this committee, it can represent anything from a GeneralCommunity of Service Director war room to a set of political meetings to debate the best course of action to combat Communications the insidious riots of the colonies. You will have a lot of freedom to move this committee in many directions, but remember that crises, both originating from the Alex Keswani other portion of this JCC and from our crisis directors. Crisis Director At the beginning of the debate we will allow delegates to give opening speeches, and then we will move into informal debate consisting of moderated and Jacob Greene unmoderated caucuses, and our first crisis will be introduced. We will follow standard Crisis Director parliamentary procedure during this committee, so we urge delegates to brush up on it here. Additionally, EthicalMUN follows a strict no computers policy in committee, so Lily Josephson all research must be done beforehand. If any questions come up about the committee, portfolio powers, or research during committee, please do not hesitate to ask us or the Crisis Director crisis staff. Alex and I cannot wait to see you at the conference and we look forward to a dynamic, interesting, and thought provoking committee!

Warm Regards, Jackson Davis ([email protected]) Co-Chair of the British JCC American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

Committee Description actual revolution took place. Its roots trace back to the start of European The date is June 14, 1775, and colonization in North America. The everything is being flipped upside Americas were first discovered by the down. After fighting broke out at West upon the arrival of Christopher Concord, an unexpectedly large show Columbus in 1492, an Italian explorer of force by local militia has seemed to whose trip was funded by King materialize overnight, initially laying Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of siege to Boston, one of the British Spain. However, continental North strongholds. The power of the Second America wasn’t discovered for Continental Congress is obvious and another five years, in 1497 by just today they consolidated the many Giovanni Caboto, an Italian explorer independent militias fighting the commissioned by English King Henry British under their control as the VII. In 1507, this new continent was Continental Army and they have named “America” after explorer chosen George Washington as its Amerigo Vespucci. Juan Ponce de leader. Recently, the Continental León was the first known European to Congress also extended an Olive land on what is now the United States. Branch Petition as a last-ditch effort He called this territory “Florida”. to partially assuage tensions in order By the latter half of the 16th century, to avoid a full-out war. Nonetheless, settlements were popping up all over this petition was disregarded by the the Northeast coast of what is today British Crown. the United States. It wasn’t until 1607 that the British established their first History of the Committee lasting colony, at Jamestown, The story of the American Virginia. This colony survived mostly Revolution begins long before the because of its success in growing !1 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

tobacco. In the next two decades, attempted to regulate trade in the numerous other British colonies were colonies and passed the Navigation established, including Plymouth, Act of 1651, which banned foreign Massachusetts (founded by the ships from trading with the colonies passengers of the Mayflower) in and required all colonial ships to trade 1620, Massachusetts Bay in 1630, and through English ports. Although this Rhode Island in 1636. However, Act was voided at the beginning of wasn’t the only nation with Charles II’s reign, it marked the colonies in North America. Spain had beginning of a century-long belief by a fort at Saint Augustine, Florida and the colonies that England was France colonized Louisiana and the infringing on their essential rights as Great Lakes area. The Dutch settled British citizens. In 1686, the New Amsterdam, which would later Dominion of New England was become New York. The Scottish, formed by King James II, who aimed Irish, Germans, Swedes also had to consolidate the colonies under one colonies in North America at this administration. This measure was time. fiercely opposed by the colonies, who As time wore on, Britain began resented the fact that the English to control more and more of the monarchy was undermining their eastern seaboard and by the turn of liberties and democracy solely for the the 18th century, England had ten sake of trade. Towards the end of the colonies stretching from New 17th century, England unofficially Hampshire to the Carolinas. During adopted a policy commonly referred this time, the seeds of the American to as “salutary neglect.” Around this Revolution were planted in the form time, England had many domestic of small tensions between the colonies concerns and as a result, the and England. In 1651, England government couldn’t afford to spend !2 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

time governing the American colonies fought side by side for the colonies. While the King still first time. This created a sense of appointed the governors of each unity and national pride that had colony, the colonies were essentially never existed before in the colonies. left to rule themselves. During this The war finally ended nine period, America got a taste of self- years later, in 1763 with the signing of governance and many of the the . France was forced quintessential “American” ideals, to cede the totality of its territory east such as freedom, liberty, and justice, of the Mississippi River to the British. we see today were created. Although England won the war, they Meanwhile, tensions between still found themselves in trouble France and England, two countries financially because of the immense who had never been on good terms, cost of the war. They put an end to were escalating. In 1754 war broke salutary neglect and began to tax the out in North America between the colonies in an attempt to pay off their American colonies and New France, debt. Colonists were resentful of the the French colonies in America. Both loss of freedom that resulted from the sides were backed by troops from end of salutary neglect and were their respective parent countries and outraged by the taxation that England many Native Americans fought for the was forcing upon them. Two years British. This war is commonly known later, Parliament passed the Stamp as the “” and Act, which required all paper products was a precursor for the Seven-Years’ in the colonies to bear a royal stamp War, which would commence two that was to be purchased from years later in Europe, between the England. This act brought about more same two powers. During the war, outrage than prior taxes and tariffs, Americans from throughout the such as the , had !3 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

because this new tax affected virtually passionate response of the colonists everyone. Colonial society relied on and repealed the Act on March 18, paper for everything: news, 1766. However, not before passing the communication, information, , which asserted education, and more. The Stamp Act English authority to legislate any made every one of these things more matter concerning the colonies. expensive for everyone. Around this In 1767, Charles Townshend proposed time the slogan “no taxation without a series of acts that would indirectly representation” began to be circulated, tax the colonists, believing that they expressing resentment to the fact that wouldn’t be met with the same England was taxing the colonies even opposition that the Stamp Act had. though the colonies had no say in how These acts, called the Townshend they were governed. In response, the Acts, had multiple purposes. First, colonies formed the Stamp Act they taxed some imported goods, such Congress which consisted of 27 as glass, lead, and paper. They also delegates from nine colonies. This gave customs officials the ability to Congress produced the “Declaration search the possessions and ships of of Rights and Grievances,” which, anyone that they wanted to through among other things, asserted that the use of “writs of assistance.” colonists had all the natural rights of Lastly, it gave British navel courts, Englishmen and therefore only the not colonial courts, the jurisdiction colonial assemblies, not Parliament, over customs violation and smuggling had the right to tax the colonies. cases. Contrary to what Townshend Normal citizens also responded to the thought, these acts were met with an Act by protesting, marching, and equal amount of resistance as the boycotting British goods. England Stamp Act had. Colonists still was worried about the violent and believed that this was “taxation !4 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

without representation” and a at the soldiers. As a result, the soldiers violation of their innate rights as fired into the crowd, killing three and Englishmen and furthermore, they felt wounding others. This event, which that the ability of customs officials to became known as the Boston search anyone at will, without proper Massacre, was immortalized by Paul cause as a second egregious breach of Revere in his famous depiction of the their rights. event. While this depiction was a At this point, the tensions widely inaccurate portrayal of the between the colonies and their mother event to make the colonists seem country were reaching their boiling more innocent, it succeeded in point. Colonists felt outraged and inciting the colonial public and betrayed by England’s unrelenting increasing the already present anti- taxation of the colonies and they felt English sentiments in the colonies. that England was unjustly repressing Shortly after the ‘massacre,’ England their natural rights. British troops had passed another extremely been stationed in the colonies and controversial act, the . The colonists were forced to house them British East India Company had been in their own homes. The relationship struggling financially and had a between the colonists and these massive amount of tea sitting around soldiers was hostile, at best. On in their London warehouses. After the March 5, 1770, a mob of colonists were passed and began verbally assaulting a British England began to enforce the sentry. Eventually, eight armed British collection of taxes on certain goods, soldiers came to support the sentry including tea, many colonists began to and were also subjected to verbal purchase smuggled tea as it cost less. abuses. The mob began to throw This tea was Dutch and made up 86% snowballs, rocks, and other projectiles of the tea in the colonies. Parliament !5 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

passed the Tea Act in 1773, allowing English government and that public the British East India Company to meetings were restricted to once per directly ship tea into the colonies and year, third, it gave English courts the to export their tea tax- and tariff-free jurisdiction over any crimes from England in an attempt to committed by British soldiers in the revitalize the company and cut down colonies (a power the colonial courts on smuggling. Colonists were furious once held), and finally, it required that as it allowed the company to sell tea colonists house English troops in their cheaply enough to undercut the homes if asked to. These acts were market of local and other international seen as massive violations of their merchants. In response, colonists rights as free men and well, boarded English ships in Boston intolerable. The colonies formed the Harbor on the night of December 16, First Continental Congress to respond 1773, and dumped an estimated $1.7 to these acts in 1774. The Congress million (in today’s currency) worth of consisted of delegates from twelve of tea into the water. and met in After England learned of this Philadelphia. They ultimately crime committed by the colonists, produced a petition to the British Parliament passed the Coercive Acts King, George III, to repeal the (commonly called the Intolerable Acts and decided to in the colonies) as punishment. These boycott all British goods until the acts did four things: first, it closed the King did so. They also decided to Port of Boston until the city paid reconvene the following year if the England for the value of the lost teas, acts hadn’t been repealed by then and second, it took away Massachusetts’ to also cease exports to Britain around charter, meaning that virtually all that time. positions of power were chosen by the !6 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

Meanwhile, the people of only had about 100 casualties while Massachusetts had responded to the the British suffered almost three times revocation of their charter by setting as many casualties. As a result of up a provisional government and a these battles, the Continental patriot militia. This militia consisted Congress reconvened as the Second of colonists across Massachusetts and Continental Congress in May of 1775. had set up military supply location, A month later, on June 14, the such as the one at Concord. England Congress approved the creation of the discovered the location of this supply Continental Army, the American depot and secretly ordered 700 colonies’ first unified army. soldiers from Boston to destroy it. However, colonists found out about Relevant Dates these orders well in advance and 1492: The Americas were discovered enlisted lookouts, such as the now by Christopher Columbus, an Italian famous , to warn the working for the Spanish Crown. colonists at Concord of the route the 1497: Continental America was British were taking and when the discovered by Giovanni Caboto, an British would arrive. The British Italian explorer commissioned by arrived around the dawn of April 19, English King Henry VII. 1775, and were met by prepared, 1607: Jamestown, the first permanent although outnumbered, colonists. European settlement in North After fighting that lasted most of the America, is established by the London morning and spilled over into the Company is southern Virginia. The neighboring town of Lexington, the settlers consisted of 104 men and British were forced to withdraw boys, most of whom were indentured towards Charlestown. Despite being servants. dreadfully outnumbered, the colonists !7 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

1620: The Pilgrims, fleeing religious 1775: Increased tensions between the persecution, found the Plymouth British Army and the newly formed colony in Massachusetts. patriot militia leads to the Battles of 1651: English Parliament passes the Lexington and Concord. Navigation Act of 1651. 1775: The Second Continental 1686: Dominion of New England is Congress convenes. formed by King James II. 1775: The Continental Army is 1754: Beginning of the French and created. Indian War. 1763: Signing of the Treaty of Paris, Positions and Delegate which puts an end to the French and Views Indian War (as well as the Seven Years’ War). 1765: The Stamp Act is passed. King George III 1766: The Stamp Act is repealed. King George III was the king of 1767: The Townshend Acts are both Great Britain and Ireland passed. beginning in 1760. His father died at 1770: A dispute between colonists and the age of 44, leaving the throne open British troops leads to the Boston to him when he was just a boy. His Massacre. decisions were largely guided by his 1773: The Tea Act is passed. mother and a man named John 1773: In response to the Tea Act, Stewart, who would become his prime colonists dump hundreds of crates of minister from 1762-63. Early in his tea into Boston Harbor, in what is reign, Great Britain defeated France now known as the . in the 7 Years War to establish itself as 1774: The First Continental Congress the primary military power in Europe. convenes for the first time. However, costs from the war, as well !8 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

as his extravagant lifestyle, began to acts restricted trade in the colonies’ accumulate large debt in Britain, major ports and shut down Boston’s which they decided to pay by taxing government in order to discourage the American colonies. As ruler of rebellious colonists. However, these Britain, he is expected to take charge acts mainly just served to anger them of the committee along with the more. As Prime Minister, he will be in Prime Minister in planning actions charge of the British Parliament, and against the colonies. will be expected to collaborate with King George III to solve any issues Lord Frederick North that will arise in the committee. As Lord Frederick North was the leader of Britain, he is expected to prime minister of England beginning take charge of the committee along in 1770. He was elected to Parliament with the King in planning actions in 1754 at the young age of 22, and against the colonies. was promoted to the Lord of Treasury in 1759. He became the leader of the William Wildman Shute Barrington, House of Commons in 1768 before 2nd Viscount Barrington his promotion to Prime Minister in William Wildman Shute 1770, shortly after Britain’s expansion Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington following the Seven Years War. was the Secretary at War during the North’s main role throughout his term American Revolution. He first was to manage the American colonies. became involved in politics in 1740, After the Boston Tea Party in 1773, as a member of the House of North enforced a series of regulations Commons in England. By 1755, he to punish the colonists called the was appointed as Secretary at War, Coercive Acts, nicknamed the though his first few years were Intolerable Acts in the colonies. These plagued with corruption allegations. !9 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

Barrington oversaw the campaigns As a member of Parliament, he was during the Seven Years War in the sympathetic to the American colonies, African and Caribbean front. openly opposing the Intolerable/ However, he was ineffective in Coercive Acts. Furthermore, he was curtailing the American Colonies in opposed to taking military action rebellion, being out-seed out of his against the American colonies, and seat in the Commons when his would only do so underneath Thomas political party opposed his Gage. King George called on Howe to continuation of the Stamp Act. In serve in early 1775, and he accepted, 1775, Barrington ordered for General claiming that not to do so would be Burgoyne to be put in command of unpatriotic. As a general of the British British forces in the Colonies. As Army, he will be expected to take part Secretary at War, he should focus on in British military actions and will planning military actions on behalf of have a lot of military power. the British side. George William Howe Thomas Gage was the military William Howe was a British governor of Massachusetts during the general during the American War of American Revolution. His military Independence. Prior to the career greatly precedes the revolution, Revolution, Howe had fought in the having joined the military some 35 Seven Years War, quickly rising years prior (the exact date is not through the ranks of the military. In known). He was first sent to America 1758, Howe was elected a member of in 1755 as a lieutenant colonel to fight parliament for Nottingham, and in in the French and Indian War. 1772, he was promoted to the position Following the war, he led several of major general of the British Army. campaigns against the French to !10 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

secure British hold over the colonies, William Franklin where he was made the military The illegitimate son of governor of Montreal. In late 1763, he , William Franklin left Montreal and became was the Royal Governor of New Commander-in-Chief of North Jersey beginning in 1763. Prior to his America. Stationed in New York, he appointment, he fought in the had to deal with uprisings such as Pennsylvania regiment in as part of Pontiac’s Rebellion. As tensions rose King George’s War, becoming captain in the colonies, Gage ordered for in 1747. Following his military troops to be withdrawn for the frontier service, Franklin completed his law to fortify cities such as Boston, education in England and worked ordering for them to be located within with his father to secure himself a colonial housing. Some of the troops legislative position. Unlike many of that he had stationed in Boston would his colleagues, Franklin made popular later go on to be the catalysts for the reforms such as the improvement of . He was made roads and construction of bridges. He military governor of Massachusetts in also negotiated with England to 1774, and suppressed the colonists secure crop subsidies and founded the through measures such as the Boston colony’s chancery courts. However, Port Act. As a military governor, he leading up to the Revolution, Franklin will be expected to be keeping tabs on became increasingly loyal to Britain. what is happening in the Colonies and As a royal governor, he will be coordinating with Britain on any expected to be keeping tabs on what is actions concerning the Colonies. He happening in the Colonies and will also be expected to oversee troop coordinating with Britain on any movement within the colonies. actions concerning the Colonies.

!11 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

Sir William Johnson military activity as far back as 1749, Sir William Johnson was the and by 1758, was made a lieutenant British Superintendent of Indian colonel in the British Army. He first Affairs. He moved to New York when saw action during the Seven Years he was young to an estate in the War, as part of the 1st Foot Guards middle of the Iroquois Nation. After who were stationed in Germany. learning the Mohawk language and During the war, he was promoted to other Iroquois customs, Johnson was colonel and made friendships with promoted to be the British prominent figures in the American Superintendent of Indian Affairs in Revolution. These included American the northern colonies. Johnson lead an General , as well as Iroquois militia during the French and British generals William Alexander Indian War and was instrumental in and Charles Cornwallis. Clinton was Britain’s victory in the Battle of Lake promoted to Major General in 1772, George in 1755 as well as the capture and obtained a seat in Parliament of Fort Niagara in 1759. He should be during the same year. In February most concerned with trying to 1775, he was ordered by King George convince the Natives to join the to prepare for service in North British cause. America. As a major general, he is expected to coordinate and help plan Sir Henry Clinton any military actions during the Henry Clinton was a British committee, and should also work with major general of the British Army and the British government to coordinate member of the House of Commons as these actions. He should also oversee a politician. At the time of the the actions of any non-major generals. American Revolution, he was made a general. Clinton was engaged in !12 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

Charles Cornwallis dispositions to the colonies, he will be Charles Cornwallis was a good advocate for diplomacy. British Army General in the American Revolution. He first joined the army in 1757, after finishing his college Lord William Campbell was the studies. After completing his military governor of South Carolina during the studies abroad, he first saw action in American Revolution. He was born to 1758 when he sailed to the European a family that was very loyal of the continent to fight in the Seven Year British Crown. Campbell initially War. After his father’s death, joined the in India from Cornwallis inherited the title of Earl 1752 to 1760. In 1762, he was called and became a member of the House of on to serve in America as part of the Lords, one of two major parts of the Seven Years War. In 1764, Campbell British government. Despite his returned to Britain where he became a position of power in Britain, he member of Parliament, and was openly opposed the suppression of the appointed Governor of colonists. Cornwallis voted against three years later. In 1775, he was the Stamp Act and maintained a appointed governor of South Carolina. strong support for colonists during the As a governor, he will be expected to tensions preceding and leading up to be keeping tabs on what is happening the American Revolution. As a major in the Colonies and coordinating with general, he is expected to coordinate Britain on any actions concerning the and help plan any military actions Colonies. during the committee, and should also work with the British government to coordinate these actions. Given his John Burgoyne was a major general of the British War during the !13 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

American Revolution. Burgoyne first joined the British army in 1745 as part George Germain, 1st Viscount of the 1st Royal Dragoons, being Sackville promoted later to captain in 1747. He George Germain, 1st Viscount served as a captain in the Seven Years Sackville was the Secretary of State War, participating in raids on the for the American Department during French coast, in which he introduced the American Revolution. He first light cavalry into the British Army. joined the army in 1740 as a This was major step forward in the lieutenant in the Gloucestershire as a development of the British army, lieutenant colonel to fight in the War allowing them a new line of offense. of the Austrian Succession. During During the war, he also served as a the war, he purposefully disobeyed brigadier general in Portugal, helping orders in which he was court the Portuguese to repel a large marshaled and found guilty. He was invading force from Spain. In 1768, sent back to England and was barred Burgoyne was elected to the House of from joining the military. Sackville Commons, and was noted for his had also been a Member of outspokenness. Leading up to the Parliament sporadically since 1733, in revolution, Burgoyne had been both Westminster and Dublin, but had promoted to major-general. As a yet to take political action. At the start major general, he is expected to of King George III’s reign, Sackville coordinate and help plan any military began to once again build his political actions during the committee, and image. In 1769, he became a should also work with the British supporter of future Prime Minister; government to coordinate these Lord North, creating a political actions. He should also oversee the alliance with him. Before the start of actions of any non-major generals. the war, he was appointed Secretary !14 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

of State for the American Department. Rebellion against the Native As Secretary of State For The Americans. He suggested a use of Colonies, he is expected to keep smallpox ridden blankets to weaken control of the colonies and to oversee the opposing forces. Amherst was their actions. then removed from this position, but subsequently made Lieutenant- Jeffery Amherst General of the Ordnance in 1772. He Jeffrey Amherst was the is expected to be involved within Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance military actions, backing the military during the American Revolution. Prior on their actions. to the Revolution he had served in the British military, firstly as part of the Guy Carleton War of the Austrian Succession as a Guy Carleton, 1st Baron lieutenant colonel. Amherst the fought Dorchester was a major general of the in the Seven Years War, firstly on the British Army during the American European front, then engaging in the Revolution. Prior to the Revolution, North American campaign. During Carleton was engaged in military this time, he was promoted to action as early as the age of commander in chief of the British seventeen. He joined the British army Army in North America, and lead in 1742, fighting in the War of the multiple campaigns against the Austrian Succession, where he served French. In recognition of his victories, as a lieutenant, and then a captain. He Amherst was appointed as the then fought in the Seven Years War as Governor-General of British North a lieutenant colonel, fighting on both America in 1760. His most notable the European and North American action during this time was using Front. Following the war, he was biological warfare during Pontiac's appointed as Governor of Quebec, !15 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

and then later promoted to major a potential French invasion. In 1748, general in May 1772. Carleton openly he became the First Lord of the supported the British government's Admiralty, yet lost it quickly in three passing of the , yet did year. He had no participation in the nothing when the Boston Committee Seven Years War. After briefly of Correspondence attempted to gain occupying various high tier delegates from Montreal for the government positions, he was Second Continental Congress. As a reinstated as First Lord of the major general, he is expected to Admiralty under Lord North’s coordinate and help plan any military administration in 1771. As First Lord actions during the committee, and of the Admiralty, he is expected to should also work with the British oversee and be in charge of all naval government to coordinate these affairs that Britain takes. actions. He should also oversee the actions of any non-major generals. John Murray John Murray, 4th Earl of John Montagu Dunmore was the Governor of the John Montagu, 4th Earl of Province of Virginia during the Sandwich was the First Lord of the American Revolution. He became Admiralty during the American royal governor of the Colony of Revolution. Beginning his political in Virginia in 1771, leading a series of 1744, Montagu was a Commissioners campaigns against the Native of the Admiralty, where he oversaw Americans. During his time as the development of the British Navy. governor, Murray attempted to govern The following year, Montagu was without consulting the Colonial commissioned as a Colonel in the Assembly, yet eventually had to British Army, as part of a response to concede in order to obtain funding for !16 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

his campaign. He suppressed attempts curtailing the Marylanders into by the Colonial Assembly to address loyalty with Great Britain. However, the Townshend Acts, which he was firmly opposed to armed eventually led to the dissolution of the opposition to the Crown. As a assembly. In the face of rising tension, governor, he will have insight and Dunmore aimed to staunch Virginia’s control into the actions that the militia of military supplies. As a colonies are taking, and will have governor, he will have insight and allies in Britain. Given his aversion to control into the actions that the force against the colonies, he will also colonies are taking, and will have be expected to be less in favor of allies in Britain. forceful tactics.

Sir Robert Eden Mariot Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet of was the Vice Maryland was the last Royal Admiral of the Blue in the British Governor of Maryland during the Royal Navy during the American American Revolution. He served in Revolution. He entered the navy in office starting in 1769, succeeding the late 1720s, and became a Horatio Sharpe in the Position. As commander in 1746. The same year, governor, Eden would attempt to he was made the commander of the maintain authority over the colony sloop HMS Jamaica, and became the during the years leading up to the captain of the frigate HMS Surprize. revolution. Despite his position, he Arbuthnot fought in the Seven Years did not believe in the British measures war as a member of the navy. He will against the colonists leading up to the be expected to oversee any naval Revolution. Eden believed that actions that Britain takes. forceful coercion would not work in !17 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

Questions to Consider: "Introduction." Masshist.org. 1. What would be the ideal outcome Accessed February 2, 2019. http:// for your position? www.masshist.org/revolution/ 2. What is the best route to regain topics.php. control over the Colonies? 3. To what extent would you be Thomas, Steven. America's willing to negotiate with the Homepage and the Virtual Tour of Colonists? Washington, D.C. Accessed February 4. What are some ways to resolve 02, 2019. https://ahp.gatech.edu/ this conflict diplomatically while stamp_act_bp_1765.html. maintaining your position? 5. If conflict is entirely unavoidable, how can you minimize losses of Encyclopedia of American Studies, territory and resources? ed. Simon J. Bronner (Baltimore: 6. How will you demonstrate to the Johns Hopkins University Press, people of England or to your 2018), s.v. "Revolutionary War" (by commanders that the actions you Edward Countryman), http://eas- plan on taking are worth the ref.press.jhu.edu/view?aid=587 losses? (accessed February 2, 2019).

Bibliography: Smith, Ivan. "Seven Years War "Detailed Description." Timeline." November 16, 2013. Bostonmassacre.net. Accessed Accessed February 02, 2019. https:// February 2, 2019. http:// web.archive.org/web/ www.bostonmassacre.net/plot/ 20131221124712/http://ns1763.ca/ detailed1.htm. remem/7yw-timeline-w.html. !18 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

844/what-was-the-actual-value-of-tea- "Salutary or Benign Neglect." destroyed-during-the-boston-tea- Salutary or Benign Neglect. Accessed party. February 02, 2019. http:// community.weber.edu/weberreads/ "Great Britain : Parliament - The salutary_or_benign_neglect.htm. Boston Port Act : March 31, 1774." The Avalon Project. Accessed Remijas, JP, and Danny Koch. "JCC February 02, 2019. http:// American Revolution: Patriots." avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ Accessed February 2, 2019.https:// boston_port_act.asp. www.lths.net/cms/lib/IL01904810/ Centricity/domain/110/lymun/III/JCC "Great Britain : Parliament - The %20American%20Rev%20Pats.pdf Massachusetts Government Act; May 20, 1774." The Avalon Project. Kiley, Peter, and Dennis Sopic. "JCC Accessed February 02, 2019. http:// Redcoats." Accessed February 2, avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ 2019. https://www.lths.net/cms/lib/ mass_gov_act.asp. IL01904810/Centricity/domain/110/ lymun/iii/JCC%20Redcoats.pdf "Great Britain : Parliament - The Administration of Justice Act; May 20, 1774." The Avalon Project. Palant, Wladimir. "What Was the Accessed February 02, 2019. http:// Actual Value of Tea Destroyed during avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/ the Boston Tea Party?" History Stack admin_of_justice_act.asp. Exchange. November 24, 2011. Accessed February 02, 2019. https:// history.stackexchange.com/questions/ !19 American Revolution EthicalMUN III Crisis British EthicalMUN II Crisis

"Timeline of the American 02, 2019. https://www.history.org/ Revolutionary War." Ushistory.org. almanack/life/politics/4thjuly.cfm. Accessed February 02, 2019. http:// www.ushistory.org/declaration/ "Second Continental Congress." revwartimeline.html. Ushistory.org. Accessed February 02, 2019. http://www.ushistory.org/us/ "Colonial America (1492-1763)." 10e.asp. America's Story From America's Library. Accessed February 02, 2019. http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/ "The American Revolution." colonial/jb_colonial_subj.html. Ushistory.org. Accessed February 02, 2019. http://www.ushistory.org/us/ 11.asp. Pavao, Janelle. "Causes of the American Revolution." The American Revolutionary War. Accessed "Important People of the American February 02, 2019. http:// Revolution." The American www.revolutionary-war.net/causes-of- Revolution - (Important People). the-american-revolution.html. Accessed February 02, 2019. http:// theamericanrevolution.org/ people.aspx. "Reasons for the Revolution." Terms of Estrangement: Who Were the ? : The Colonial Williamsburg Official History & Citizenship Site. Accessed February

!20