Witches, what are they?

By: S.L. Drupsteen Profile and subject: E/M, history School and class: O.S.G. De Meergronden, H5T Monitor: Bart ten Dam Date: 15.02.2017 Witches, what are they? Introduction ------1 1. Witchcraft ------2

1.1 Short: What exactly is witchcraft? 2 1.2 What is the origin of witchcraft? 2 1.3 What was witchcraft like in the Middle Ages? 3

2. Witch-hunt ------4

2.1 What is the Hammer of Witches? 4 2.2 How did the witch-hunt start? 4 2.3 How were people accused? 5 2.4 What were the different tests? 5 2.5 How did the witch-hunt end? 6 2.6 What happened in Salem? 6

3. Magic ------8

3.1 In general: What is magic? 8 3.2 What are magical rituals? 8 3.3 What is the history of magic? 8 3.4 What is the connection between religion and magic? 9 3.5 What is white magic? 10 3.6 What is black magic? 10 3.7 What is animal magic? 11

4. Modern witchcraft ------12

4.1 What is Wicca? 12 4.2 What is the history of Wicca? 12 4.3 What is the connection between Wicca and Satanism? 12 4.4 What is Wiccan magic? 13 4.5 What are the rituals and celebrations of Wiccans? 14

Conclusion ------16 Introduction The topic of my PWS is witchcraft. I chose this topic because I think it is very interesting. I did not know that much about witchcraft or magic before, but I was always fascinated. Many people believe witchcraft is something dark and scary, including me. I wanted to find out if this was really the case. Something that interested me as well was the witch-hunt. In school we only learned that it was there in the Middle Ages. I wanted to learn more about this, why it happened and how they ‘tested’ the suspects. The subject I chose is history because witchcraft has been around since the dawn of time and changed during the course of history. The question I will be answering is: “Witches, what are they?” I will find information about witchcraft, magic, the witch-hunt and modern witchcraft and this will give me a broad picture of witches and witchcraft throughout history. My PWS is divided into four subtopics mentioned above. These subtopics will be divided into paragraphs to make it uncluttered.

A mideaval picture of witches

1 1. Witchcraft 1.1 Short: What exactly is witchcraft? The dictionary states that witchcraft is sorcery and magic. This means that witchcraft is about using magical or supernatural powers. These powers were used to either help or hurt others. These powers included spells, making potions, but also specific rituals.

1.2 What is the origin of witchcraft? The first evidence of witchcraft dates back to the Stone Ages. On petroglyphs you can find weird human-like figures. These are medicine men or shamans performing magical rituals, mostly for successful hunting but also Zeus, a Greek god offering for helpful spirits. On other petroglyphs, people were depicted Human-like figures on a petroglyph performing religious rituals involving dancing in animal costumes. This belief in the supernatural was due to many natural phenomena that couldn’t be explained by science yet, so people turned to the belief in supernatural causes. The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans also included magic in their faith. Instead of believing in one god, they worshiped multiple gods. The people living in this time needed the help of witches and wizards when they were sick or traveling, they would use spells and rituals in order to obtain the protection of the gods. Witches in ancient Egypt used their knowledge of witchcraft-rituals to bend the powers to their will. The Greeks had an entirely different form of magic, almost a religion, called worship. This was the practice of rituals Zeus, a Greek god performed with the intention of getting the blessing from the gods. Christianity soon spread across the Roman Empire, changing the daily life radically. The Dark Ages came around the corner, lasting 600 years. A lot of things fell apart, like the Roman Empire, and the only thing still standing was the Christian Church. People still went to witches and wizards for love potions or medicine, but not

2 for the protection of gods. In the Middle Ages (500-1500) the church wanted to ban this superstition called witchcraft. The people who still practiced witchcraft were called heretic, mostly because their beliefs and religion weren’t the same as Christianity. This is where the witch-hunt began. People started accusing others, mostly women, of practicing this craft. There were many ways to prove if someone was a witch, I will discuss these in chapter 2.3.

1.3 What was witchcraft like in the Middle Ages? Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire in the Middle Ages. After the fall of the Roman Empire and other catastrophes like the plague and famine, the Christian Church became a strong pillar in society so the role of witches and wizards became less important. But who were these witches and wizards? They were medicine men and shamans, men and women. They were often seen as very wise people. In the Middle Ages the witch-hunt started, caused by the Christian church. They banned witchcraft and a brutal murder spree started.

A painting from the Middle Ages, picturing a magical ritual

3 2. Witch-hunt 2.1 What is the Hammer of Witches? The Hammer of Witches is the title of a book published in 1486 by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. The book is originally called Mallevs Maleficarvm, which is the Latin name for Hammer of Witches. It was the first book about witchcraft, or as these two German monks called it: Demonology. The book described what witches were, what they did and how to recognize them. It was also described how to make a witch confess and how to punish them. The writers believed that if all witches were either killed or banished, it would put an end to all deadly diseases and wars. There is a list in the book of everything that witches could do, according to the monks. Here are a few examples: witches make people infertile, they kidnapped children and gave them to the The cover from the book 'Hammer of Witches' Devil, and they could hurt people and animals without even touching them, and so on. It is clear that these two monks disliked women, as they wrote: "Without women, the world would be in less danger. The most dangerous thing is that, nowadays, most of the women are witches." Inquisitors in later eras did not believe everything that was stated in this horrible book, but they did hang on to the idea that only women practiced witchcraft. They also held on to the gruesome methods to test and kill witches, for example by using the cauldron.

2.2 How did the witch-hunt start? In the early Middle Ages, poverty and famine were major problems. There were different epidemics, like leprosy and the plaque. People didn’t know what to think about it, because they had little to no medical knowledge those days. Subsequently there was a need for a scapegoat: the Devil, who was believed to be the cause of people’s suffering. As told in the previous chapter, after the fall of the Roman Empire the Christian church was thriving. Even though Christianity became the main religion, many pagan traditions continued to be practiced by the people. The Christian church did not have much knowledge of magic and its rituals, so they ruled that all of these traditions were the work of the devil. As a consequence the Christian church forbade the practice of magic; and ruled that anyone who practiced these pagan traditions,

4 magic and other forms of witchcraft was to be declared a heretic. They started a witch-hunt, which lasted from the 15th Century until well into the 18th Century. Hundreds of thousands of people who were suspected of practicing magic were tried, sentenced and killed, mostly due to false accusations and false proof.

2.3 How were people being accused? It is a big misunderstanding that the most brutal witch-hunt took place in the Middle Ages. It actually took place during the Renaissance. There are two periods where most of the witch-hunts were held: 1520 - 1560 and 1580 - 1650. In the Middle Ages the inquisitors were devout members of the church, whereas during the Renaissance any man could be appointed as a professional witch-hunter. These inquisitors received substantial fees by the proceeds of the suspect's possessions. This easy way of earning good money caused the inquisitors to as far as accusing even the innocent people. When someone was accused of being heretic, an inquiry would follow. There were many different tests to see if someone was a witch. After these tests were completed, if the suspect happened to survive the tortures, she would then be sentenced to death by using one of the brutal ways of execution listed in the next paragraph.

2.4 What were the different tests? First of all you had the infamous Heksenwaag, which was an enormous weighing scale made for women. When a woman was accused of being a witch, she was forced to undress and step on the scale. If this woman weighed less than 50 kilograms it was a proven fact she was a witch, because a witch could not be too heavy in order to fly her broomstick. If she was heavier than 50 kilos she would be declared innocent. The woman would then be able to buy a Certificate stating she was not a witch and also be freed from any future prosecution. The most famous Heksenwaag is in Oudewater, The Netherlands. Another famous test was tying a rope weighed down by a heavy rock around the suspect's neck and throw her in the water. If she didn’t drown she had to be a witch. Most women drowned Heksenwaag in Oudewater because they couldn’t swim. These

5 poor dead women were then declared innocent. Women would also be tortured until they admitted they were a witch. If a woman happened to survive these tortures and admitted to being a witch, a trial would follow. If the judge was being lenient, she would be banished from town, but in the worst case she would be sentenced to death. The most famous way of execution was to have the witch burn at the stake. This is often used in books and movies. This was an extremely painful death. Another way of execution was being tied to a plank and being forced to drink water until the stomach was full. Then the plank was tilted until the person would hang upside down. The full stomach would press onto the heart and lungs causing the victim to suffocate. Those who didn’t die instantly would receive a beating in their stomach until death followed. The cauldron was also a widely used form of execution. An iron pan would be placed on the person's stomach and filled with mice and rats. They would then heat the pan, making the mice and rats panic, they would try to escape by eating their way out through the person's stomach, causing a horrible way of dying. 2.5 How did the witch-hunt end? In 1597 the last witch was sentenced to death in the Netherlands. After that prosecutions were still being held, but with milder punishments such as banishment. In the 17th and 18th century the number of prosecutions were reduced, caused by the enlightenment and the decrease in power of the Christian church. People started letting go of the idea that the Christian church had all the answers. They wanted to obtain knowledge of natural occurrences, death and diseases by using science and investigation. Faith and the church became less important.

2.6 What happened in Salem? Salem was a small village in Massachusetts, USA. In 1692 an outbreak of witch trials started in this small village, all caused by a group of young girls. These girls led a monotonous life of work and pray and weren’t allowed to go to school. It is led to believe that is was out of boredom that Painting of the Salem witchtrials this group of girls started to take an interest in witchcraft and magic. The girls thought it would be fun to fake symptoms of weird diseases and randomly accuse villagers in Salem of using witchcraft to make them sick. Soon other girls claimed to have these symptoms as well and panic started to spread throughout the entire village, which brought on even more (false) accusations. In a matter of days Salem was taken over by witch trials and fear. What started as a prank ended with 141 trials and twenty executions. This

6 was the most extreme case of the witch-hunt because all of these trials took place in less than a year. It was not until 1957 that the government admitted that what happened in Salem was wrong.

7 3. Magic 3.1 In general: What is magic? During the stone ages people didn’t understand much about the forces of nature such as hurricanes. Back then these occurrences were explained by the supernatural and it was thought that witches and wizards tried to control these supernatural forces. An example of magic is performing the rain dance in order to make it rain. Magic is the use of rituals, symbols, actions, gestures and language with the aim of controlling supernatural forces and another word for the craft or ability of witches. It can be practiced alone but also in a coven, a group of 13 witches. The craft of witches can be positive, trying to help others, or negative, trying to hurt others. There are two types of magic: black magic and white magic. The goal of black magic is to hurt people and animals. White magic is the good kind of magic, used to help and heal people and animals. Most witches and wizards practiced white magic, which is the reason they were not feared for a long time, they were actually respected for their wisdom. The witches and wizards helped deal with sickness, helped crops grow and were generally very knowledgeable.

3.2 What are magical rituals? The goal of magical rituals is to gather power as described above. Most rituals consist of reciting specific words or sounds and is only effective if every step is done correctly. They are mostly written down in old books, some even date back to the stone ages. Emilé Durkheim, a sociologist from the 19th century, stresses the importance of rituals for collective effervescence. People in the 19th century were not as cohesive as nowadays and generally on their own a lot of the time. Durkheim invented the concept of collective Emilé Durkheim effervescence, CE for short. It means that groups can have the same thought at the same time and bond that way. Rituals have always been a big part of the lives of many people, even before the witch-hunt it was a way to bond (CE) and a way to explain and control natural occurrences.

3.3 What is the history of magic? Magic is very old, even in the time of Ancient Egypt magic was practiced. The Egyptians believed in Heka, which was more of a religion than a practice. They believed that with Heka they could obtain magic and influence the gods to gain protection, healing and transformation. In Mesopotamia magic was also practiced and believed in. Archaeologists have found clay tablets showing magical rituals.

8 In Ancient Greece magic was extremely important in everyday life. It was part of their religion and medicine practice. This was the beginning of magic practice for centuries, but also the foundation of Christianity. Lead tablets which were found buried in the ground depict sceneries of magical spells and rituals. Some of these rituals could only be performed with a large group of people, communal rituals, but others could only be practiced alone. The use of communal rituals declined after the Greek classical period, but the rituals that could be performed alone were still being practiced by witches and wizards. During the Middle Ages magic was still broadly practiced. In many cases only for improving physical health, but this stopped happening in public when the witch-hunt began. The Christian Church could not explain magic and thus decided to ban it, because they were scared of the powers of witches. The people who Two woman performing a still practiced magic, had to do this in total magical ritual. A picture from the secrecy. One of the most famous people that still Middle Ages practiced magic in the Middle Ages was Saint Hildegard of Bingen. Her healing abilities were so good, people traveled from far to get blessed by her. In the Renaissance a rise in the knowledge of science took place which caused a fall in the practice of magic. Magic had always been used as a way to explain and control natural occurrences, but since there was more knowledge about these occurrences, the practice of magic became less important. People still practiced magic, but it was harder to do so due to the brutal witch-hunt that took place at that time. In the Baroque period the witch trials ended but belief in witchcraft and sorcery still existed on a small scale. All over the world governments banned witch trials, but people were still scared to believe in and perform magic rituals. In the Romantic period magic was seen from a more scientific point of view. Baron Carl Reichenbach for example tried to bridge the gap between magic and science. European colonialism put the Western world in contact with countries like India and Egypt, lighting the fire beneath old and exotic believes. Nowadays magic is legal in almost every country. In our country white magic is legal while black magic is illegal.

3.4 What is the connection between religion and magic? In the Greek and Roman era, religion was intertwined with magic. As the monotheistic religion Christianity took her form, they started to separate. Religion started being a social structure and serve to unify a community, while magic became an individual act. Magic was mostly practiced in secret, this was mainly caused by

9 the witch-hunt. The main focus of religion was believing in spiritual beings and supernatural occurrences, such as those from the bible. This was very different from how magic practitioners viewed things, witches and wizards wanted to gather those supernatural powers and control them. However big the differences between religion and magic, they do have some aspects in common. Religion knows magical rituals and spiritual believes, like praying for someone’s health and witches and wizards called out to gods in some of their rituals. The Christian church wanted nothing to do with magic or witchcraft, that can be concluded from the witch-hunt in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance which is explained in my earlier paragraphs.

3.5 What is white magic? White magic, also referred to as light magic, is meant to help or heal others by using supernatural powers or forces. White magic can also be referred to as natural magic, because of its ties to the traditional pagan nature worship. White magic dates back to the Stone Ages where shamans and medicine men tried to heal others and prayed to the gods for a successful hunt. During the Middle Ages practitioners of this type of magic were called white witches, they would rid people of their illnesses and diseases. Many people in the Middle Ages were plagued with illness so the white witches were very sought after and some people even traveled great distances to be blessed.

3.6 What is black magic? Black magic, also referred to as dark magic, is the polar opposite of white magic. Its sole purpose is to harm others. Black magic has been around since the dawn of time and it is one of the main reasons that the mistrust of the Christian church came about, the church was afraid of what black witches could do and A voodoo doll thus banned all kinds of magic. The church incorrectly linked black magic to the concept of Satanism. Satanism is the act of worshiping the devil, but not intentionally wanting to hurt others directly, while black magic is used to hurt people directly. One of the most famous rituals of black witches is voodoo, where a small doll (preferably hand-made) is used to inflict harm upon others. The small doll is supposed to represent a person of your choosing, needles will be pierced into the doll. The person that the doll takes after will experience pain in the places the doll was pierced.

10 3.7 What is animal magic? Animal magic is not an actual form of magic, rather it is used in both black and white magic. Animals could be used as sacrifice and pieces or parts of dead animals could be used in specific rituals, such as a goat’s heart. Animal magic is more common in black magic but was sometimes also used in white magic.

An ancient picture of animal sacrifice

11 4. Modern witchcraft Side note: Wicca is the same as modern witchcraft.

4.1 What is Wicca? Wicca is a nature religion. The people who believe in this are called Wiccans. Most Wiccans are duo theistic. They believe in two Gods, The Goddess of the moon, earth and sea, also known as Mother Nature and the God of the woods, the hunt and the animal realm, mostly referred to as the Horned God. Wiccans perform most of their rituals during full moon and annual celebrations, called Sabbaths. They can, of course, be performed A Wiccan altar at any other time. There are other forms of Wicca beliefs. First of all there are pantheistic witches. They believe that the universe is a manifestation of God and it mirrors all his good and sacred qualities. Secondly there are polytheistic witches. They believe (like the Greek and Romans) that there are many Goddesses serving and protecting our world. Monotheistic witches worship the Goddess as the One and only.

4.2 What is the history of modern witchcraft? The founder of modern witchcraft is the Brit Gerald Gardner, who started the first coven in 1939. At this time it was illegal in Great-Britain to practice any form of witchcraft, forcing people to practice their religion in secrecy. Gardner created a new religion he called Wicca. He believed that the ability to practice magic was given to you by the God and the Goddess. Gardner was influenced by the many forms of witchcraft practice while he was creating Wicca. Elements from the old nature religions and elements from other cultures can be found in Wicca. Witchcraft used to be a tradition that was passed down by generations, whereas Wicca is a religion which states that anyone who is willing can become a Wiccan. There was a lot of attention for new religions in the sixties, which caused modern witchcraft to spread around the world.

4.3 What is the connection between Wicca and Satanism? Satanism is a religion based on the character Satan. All Satanists believe in Satan although they may have different views of who and what Satan is and what his role is. There are the two types of satanic religions. Theistic Wiccan and Satanic pentagram

12 Satanism is about Satan being the exact opposite of the Christian God. Satan stands for freedom of thought and human’s creative potential. Theistic Satanists strongly believe in their own personal development. Most of them do not condone animal sacrifice or any ritual that involves hurting people. Secondly there are atheistic Satanists who also believe that personal development is important. However, they do not believe that Satan literally exists. They do not worship him but believe that Satan stands for a philosophy and that Satan is a metaphor for pride, freedom and individualism. There are some similarities between Wicca and Satanism .They both use the encircled five pointed star called the Pentagram. Performing magical rituals is extremely important in Wicca as well as the satanic religion. Both Satanists and Wiccans define themselves as witches, which may cause some confusion. One of the gods of Wicca is called the Horned God, which many people consider to be the Devil who goes by the name Satan, whereas in fact the Horned God is good and not evil. Despite some similarities there are also quite a few differences between Wicca and Satanism. Wicca is a religion based on the laws of nature and cohesion. Satanism is about individualism and freedom. Wiccans deny the existence of Satan whereas all Satanists believe and worship Satan.

4.4 What is Wiccan magic? Wicca knows many different types of magic, vastly differing from the original witchcraft. However the way they performed the magic rituals and the reason for performing magic are the same. First of all there is Wiccan white magic, this is different than the white magic discussed in chapter two. Wiccan white magic consists of three different forms, namely nature magic (using the elements of nature), astrology magic (working with the powers of the moon and planets) and visualization magic (magic by means of imagination). Another form of Wiccan magic is gray magic, this is a very different type of magic based on sexuality such as candle magic (magic A Wiccan ritual. In the background the two using candles) and trance magic (magic gods of Wicca using dance and drugs). Then there is black magic, which is the same as the original magic. Magical rituals are performed in a group of witches or in a coven, however some rituals can also be performed alone. Wiccans aren’t the only ones performing magical rituals. Many other cultures and religions also practice the use of magic including the Christian Church. There’s a passage in the bible where Jesus turns water into wine and multiplies bread.

13 4.5 What are the rituals and celebrations of Wiccans? The religion Wicca consists of many different rituals and celebrations. Wicca knows eight big and festive celebrations throughout the year. Wiccans handle a different year calendar than we do. Their year starts on October 31 with Samhain; this is also on the same day as halloween. Samhain is a kind of halloween celebration.On December 21 they celebrate Yule, which is a Christmas-like celebration and this is also around the time of the winter solstice (shortest day of the year). Imbolc, the return of the Wiccan celebrations light (daylight grows longer), is celebrated on February second. Around March 21 the spring equinox (beginning of spring) is celebrated, called Ostara. Not long after Ostara comes the Beltane fest, on the night to the first of May. The next celebrations take place during and around the longest day of the year, June 21, where they celebrate the summer solstice or Litha. On the first of August Lughnasadh is celebrated, also known as the harvest festival. Their last celebration of the year is the fall equinox or Mabon (days are getting shorter), which takes place around September 21. The Wicca religion knows many rituals. First of all they have a spring ritual which they perform around the spring equinox. These rituals have to be performed with a coven. You sit in a circle around an altar and each write down a wish on a piece of paper. This piece of paper is then thrown into the fire that’s lit on top of the altar. After that you have to close your eyes, recite a magic riddle and pray your wish will come true. After these steps have been completed the ritual will end by tossing special flowers into the flames. The second ritual is the summer ritual which happens around summer solstice. Everyone who participated in the last spring ritual has to bring some kind of offer to the god and goddess. These offers are thrown into the flames and a special dance is performed. The flames are then put out by using water mixed with flowers and everyone recites a short prayer at the end. The third ritual is the fall ritual which is performed around fall equinox. All participants get the opportunity to thank their gods for this wonderful year and make new wishes for the witch year yet to come. To complete the ritual the witches all dance and sing around the altar whilst holding hands. The ritual is ended in the same way as the summer ritual. The last ritual is the winter ritual, celebrated around winter solstice. Everyone sits down around the altar whilst holding hands. A prayer is said

14 by the leader after which the oldest witch leaves the circle. These prayers are repeated until only the leader and the youngest of the group are left behind. They both sing and dance around the altar, saying goodbye to the old leader and celebrating that a new one has been chosen. Besides these main rituals the Wiccans have a multitude of other rituals for numerous occasions, such as giving birth or helping a dying person to pass over in peace.

15 Conclusion Witchcraft has been around for thousands of years and it has changed a lot throughout the course of history. It started in the stone ages and slowly evolved into a more medicinal role in the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages witches and wizards were doctors and healers, but all changed when Christianity arose. In the Middle Ages a book called the Hammer of Witches was written and published by two German monks. This book describes a multitude of "known facts" about witches. Hammer of Witches would go into detail about the atrocities a witch could commit, furthermore the book gives you information on how to test if a person is a witch and if so, how to kill them. After the release of the book the witch-hunt started and innocent women were accused of being a witch. After being accused, the woman would be tested and possibly killed. The most brutal witch-hunt took place in the Renaissance in an American village called Salem. Magic is the craft or ability of a witch or wizard they would use in order to gain and control supernatural powers. This is done via rituals. Magic knows two currents: black and white magic. Black magic is used to hurt people and animals, whereas white magic's aim is to help them. Wicca, however, is a religion that practices magic. They mainly worship two gods called the (horned) God and Mother Nature a.k.a. the Goddess. Wicca was founded by Gerard Gardner around 1939. They practice three different types of magic. Wiccan white magic is not the same as the original magic. Wiccan white magic can be sorted into three categories: nature, astrology and visualization magic. Wiccans also have grey magic which is about sexualisation and drugs. Wiccans can also practice the original black magic by using voodoo for instance.

Witches are difficult to define. I believe that there is not one straight up definition for a witch, because this definition changes constantly. In the stone ages witches and wizards were shamans and medicine men. Their main goal was to heal people and say prayers for successful hunting. Then came the classical antiquity where religion was born: the polytheistic religion. During that time witches and wizards weren't just medicine men and women, they also helped the civilians obtain the protection and blessing by the gods. During the Middle Ages Christianity spread then witches and wizards only became helpful as medicine men and women. Their powers began to decrease during the course of the witch-hunt. After that witches and wizards were forced to practice in secrecy, but that all changed in 1939 when Gerard Gardner founded the first Wiccan coven. The coven practiced Gardner's new religion called Wicca. So the role of witches in society has changed radically through time and place, making it very difficult to define them in one single phrase.

The process of writing my PWS went quite well, even though I did experience some minor difficulties. One of them was that I had some problems getting started on writing and doing my research. It was a lot of information to go through which made it difficult to get going. I also had some trouble to see whether all of my sources were trustworthy. The angst of writing either too little or too much was ever present. The biggest problem however was staying focused on my grammar and spelling.

16 I did not experience any trouble planning, I stuck to my planning and if I didn't I made a new one. Writing this paper was also not very difficult, I had some fun.

Witches from the tv-serie American Horror Story, season 3, Coven

17 Literary list Belle, M. (2002) Heksen en tovenaars, Antwerpen, Standaard Uitgeverij Geurink, H. (2006) Heksen feesten, Oosterhout, Deltas Lewis, J.R. (1996) Magical religion and modern witchcraft, New York, SUNY Rieter, O. (2010) Magie, Utrecht, Nederlands centrum voor volkscultuur Schmitt, J. (1995) Bijgeloof in de middeleeuwen, Nijmegen, SUN Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft Internet, gevonden op (22-09-2016) Http://www.thefreedictionary.com/divinatory Internet, gevonden op (22-09-2016) Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sorcery Internet, gevonden op (22-09-2016) Http://www.scholieren.com/profielwerkstuk/12777 Internet, gevonden op (24-09- 2016) Http://thecreationeffect.blogspot.nl/2011/03/superstition-in-the-middle-ages.html Internet, gevonden op (19-11-2016) Https://www.google.nl/search?sourceid=chrome-psyapi2&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF- 8&q=what%20is%20superstition&oq=what%20is%20&rlz=1C1SAVI_enNL513NL516 &aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l5.4039j0j7 Internet, gevonden op (19-11-2016) Http://www.witchcraftandwitches.com/history_ancient.html Internet, gevonden op (19- 11-2016) Http://www.witchcraft.com.au/witchcraft-history.html Internet, gevonden op (19-11- 2016) Http://www.scholieren.com/praktische-opdracht/24363 Internet, gevonden op (19-11- 2016) http://www.scholieren.com/praktische-opdracht/11371 Internet, gevonden op (19-11- 2016) http://www.scholieren.com/spreekbeurt/6847 Internet, gevonden op (19-11-2016) http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/witchhistory.html Internet, gevonden op (19-11-2016) http://www.witchcraftandwitches.com/history_medieval.html Internet, gevonden op (19-11-2016) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism Internet, gevonden op (20-11-2016) https://www.equip.org/perspectives/satanism-and-witchcraft-is-satanism-the-same- as-witchcraft/ Internet, gevonden op (20-11-2016) http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/difference-between-wiccans-satanists-7616.html Internet, gevonden op (20-11-2016) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal) Internet, gevonden op (01-12-2016) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_and_religion Internet, gevonden op (01-12-2016) https://www.faust.com/legend/magic-and-religion/ Internet, gevonden op (01-12- 2016) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_magic Internet, gevonden op (01-12-2016) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic Internet, gevonden op (01-12-2016) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca#Magic Internet, gevonden op (27-12-2016) Logbook

Date Description Time spend

07-02-2017 | 19:00 This really were the final touches, I filtered all of the last 30 min spelling errors, layout errors and some tiny grammar issues.

05-02-2017 | 21:00 I executed the final touches on my PWS. 1 hour and 30 min - Page numbers - Index with page numbers - Literary list - Logbook - Final touches layout

Reflection This was a very long day, but it all worked out fine. Over all was it a very efficient and succesful day.

05-02-2017 | 11:30 I have finished everything of my PWS. It is just the final 7 hours and 30 min touches tonight or tomorrow. - I checked everything for grammar, spelling and if I have given enough information - I uploaded everything to Apprentice XM - I put in pictures and perfected my layout

Reflection It went really good, there were some frustrating moments though. Like when I found out my pictures were gone. Over all: it took a long time, but I am happy about how much I have done.

19-01-2017 | 11:00 I have uploaded all of the previous done work: 30 min - Four sub topics - Grammar checked 2/4 sub topics

Reflection /

04-01-2017 | 16:30 I have chosen the pictures to go into my PWS 1 hour - for all four subtopics

Reflection It was hard to find pictures that I could explain what was going on and where it came from

03-01-2017 | 17:00 I started checking my draft and I finished two last pieces: 3 hours witch hammer and rituals of Wicca

Reflection It went smoothly

01-01-2017 | 19:00 I finished writing my draft version of my PWS. Today I 3 hours wrote my introduction, conclusion and finished my last subtopic.

Reflection I did not have any trouble

30-12-2016 | 16:00 I wrote my draft of two questions of my last subtopic. I 3 hours and 30 min wrote about the connection between Satanism and Wicca and Wiccan magic.

Reflection I could concentrate well, I did not have any problems.

29-12-2016 | 20:00 I finished two of my questions of my subtopic modern 1 hour and 30 min witchcraft, draft.

Reflection It was hard, because I had a lot of information, but in the end it paid out and I have written two pieces

29-12-2016 | 16:00 I finished my third subtopic: magic. Draft. 1 hour and 30 min

Reflection I worked really fast, was very concentrated and finished a lot in a short time.

28-12-2016 | 12:00 I worked on my third sup topic: magic. Draft 4 hours

Reflection It was hard to focus, and I think that is why it took so long and I finished little

27-12-2016 | 16:00 I worked on my third sup topic: magic. Draft 1 hour

Reflection I worked fast and efficient

27-12-2016 | 12:30 I finished my second subject, the witch-hunt. Draft 3 hours and 30 min

Reflection I worked good

17-12-2016 | 14:00 I have finished writing the draft of my first subtopic: 1 hour and 30 min witchcraft. Draft

Reflection I had no problems 13-12-2016 | 14:00 Today I started writing! I have begun to write my first 1 hour and 30 min subtopic: witchcraft. I think I am about 1/4 done with my first subtopic. Draft

Reflection I worked fast and efficient, it couldn't have gone any better.

07-12-2016 | 16:30 Today I wrote my appealing piece for the presentation 30 min night.

Reflection It was not that hard, I did not have any problems.

01-12-2016 | 11:30 I changed all of my subtopics and main topic. It was very 1 hour and 30 min hard to find information about some of my subtopics, so after talking to Bart, I changed them. Today I finished all of my research.

Reflection It was easier to do my research and I could use some of the research I had done earlier.

20-11-2016 | 15:00 Today I finished finding information about witchcraft, 3 hours and 30 min which I have now completed.

Reflection I worked great

19-11-2016 | 19:30 Today I started gathering all of my information I'll be 2 hours using to write my pws. I have gathered information about the topic in general and about my first subtopic: witchcraft.

Reflection I think it went really well, I worked a long time, but it was worth it. I have made a lot of progress.

25-10-2016 | 19:00 I have finished my planning, or 'plan van aanpak'. I have 1 hour and 30 min worked on this before, here and there.

Reflection I think I worked efficient and finished it quite fast

24-09-2016 | 11:00 I have made a presentation about witchcraft for English, I 2 hours now have information about the history of witchcraft, magic and Wicca.

Reflection This will help me why some of my subtopics, so I think it was very helpful

22-09-2016 | 10:00 I am starting research about witchcraft. I now have some 30 min basic information about witchcraft, so I can start thinking about my research question and subtopics.

Reflection It was hard to start, and I could have worked faster, but since it was the first thing I did I am happy about my progress.

Total time: 48 hours