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Les Mouches (Dipteres : Tephritidae) Et Autres Insectes Ravageurs Des Légumes-Fruits

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Les Mouches (Dipteres : Tephritidae) Et Autres Insectes Ravageurs Des Légumes-Fruits UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIE MENTION E-CES Mémoire en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Master II Professionnel en Gestion Durable des Insectes Utiles et Nuisibles(GDINS) LES MOUCHES (DIPTERES : TEPHRITIDAE) ET AUTRES INSECTES RAVAGEURS DES LÉGUMES-FRUITS Soutenu par HERINANDRASANA Jaona Patrick Le 27 Mars 2018 Devant le Jury composé de : Président de Jury : Monsieur RAZAFINDRANAIVO Victor, Maître de Conférences Examinateur : Monsieur RANDRIANARISOA Ernest, Maître de Conférences Rapporteur : Madame RAVELOSON RAVAOMANARIVO Lala Harivelo, Professeur d’ESR Co rapporteur : Madame RASOLOFOARIVAO Henriette, Maître de Conférences A mes très chers parents, A ceux qui n’ont pas cessé de se sacrifier pour mon bien être, A ceux qui se sont toujours souciés de mes études, A la mémoire de mon oncle Jean RAKOTOMALALA. REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier, en premier lieu, le Seigneur tout puissant de m’avoir donné la santé, la force et le courage pendant la réalisation de ce mémoire. Cette étude a pu se réaliser grâce à la contribution de nombreuses personnes et organismes. Leur collaboration m’a été très précieuse et c’est la raison pour laquelle je tiens ici à exprimer mes sincères remerciements à : Monsieur le Professeur Bernard REYNAUD, Madame Docteur HDR Hélène DELATTE coordinateurs du projet EpiBio OI (EPIdémiosurveillance et BIOcontrôle des principaux bioagresseurs des filières végétales dans la zone de l’Océan Indien) et Madame le Professeur RAVELOSON RAVAOMANARIVO Lala Harivelo responsable scientifique, qui m’ont accepté de réaliser ce stage au sein du projet. Un grand merci également aux bailleurs qui ont financé ce projet. La Direction de la Protection des Végétaux Nanisana (DPV) qui nous a permis d’utiliser son laboratoire, en particulier la Directrice Madame RAMILIARIJAONA Nomenjanahary Saholy. Toutes les personnes qui ont participé aux déterminations des différentes espèces de Tephritidae : Docteur Issa Mze HASSANI, Monsieur RATOVONOMENJANAHARY Z. Tefiarisoa, et mes deux collègues Mamy, Tinarivony. L'ensemble des agriculteurs qui ont fait preuve de disponibilité et d'enthousiasme dans le cadre de cet inventaire pour leur contribution. Le Personnel du Département d’Entomologie. Je tiens également à exprimer ma gratitude envers tous les membres de jury : Monsieur le Docteur RAZAFINDRANAIVO Victor, Maître de Conférences et Chef du département d’Entomologie pour l’honneur qu’il a fait de présider le jury de cette soutenance de mémoire. Mes encadreurs Madame le Professeur RAVELOSONRAVAOMANARIVO Lala Harivelo et Madame le Docteur RASOLOFOARIVAO Henriette de m’avoir guidé, assisté de près pendant la réalisation de ce travail. Monsieur le Docteur RANDRIANARISOA Ernest, Maître de Conférences, d’avoir accepté d’être l’examinateur de ce travail. Enfin, merci à mes parents et à toute ma famille pour leur soutien durant toutes mes études. Sans oublier mes amis pour tous les bons moments partagés durant ces périodes. i Résumé Les cultures maraîchères, particulièrement les légumes-fruits rencontrent un grand problème entomologique à Madagascar. Les insectes de la famille des Tephritidae constituent une menace au développement de la production. La connaissance des différentes espèces de Tephritidae, leur plantes hôtes ainsi que leur distribution à Madagascar contribue à l’établissement d’une stratégie de lutte efficace contre ces insectes ravageurs. Des collectes d’échantillons de légumes-fruits cultivés et sauvages ont été faites dans les principales régions productrices de légumes : Alaotra Mangoro, Amoron’i Mania, Analamanga, Atsinanana, Boeny, Haute Matsiatra, Itasy, Vakinankaratra et Vatovavy Fitovinany. Les légumes-fruits collectés ont été incubés au laboratoire jusqu’ à l’obtention de mouches de légumes adultes alors que les autres insectes ravageurs ont été collectés directement en examinant chaque pied. Au total, 1496 individus de Tephritidae, répartis dans quatre espèces, ont été inventoriés : Dacus demmerezi (60,16%), Neoceratitis cyanescens (37,09%), Dacus vertebratus (2,4%) et Dacus bivittatus (0,33%). Neoceratitis cyanescens est inféodée à la famille des Solanaceae alors que les espèces du genre Dacus infestent les Cucurbitacea mais partagent aussi certaines plantes hôtes. Neoceratitis cyanescens, Dacus demmerezi et Dacus vertebratus ont été trouvés dans les zones de basse altitude jusqu’ aux hautes terres tandis que Dacus bivittatus a été trouvé seulement dans la région Atsinanana. Cinq autres insectes ravageurs ont été aussi observés, parmi lesquels Tuta absoluta (Lépidoptères Gelechiidae) est une espèce récemment introduite et constitue un problème majeur pour la culture de tomates sur les hautes terres. Comme le nombre d’espèces de Tephritidae inventoriées durant cette recherche est faible par rapport à celui trouvé par Meyer en 2012, des prospections dans d’autres zones seront nécessaires. De plus, des recherches sur la présence d’insectes parasitoïdes associés aux Tephritidae permettront de fournir des informations supplémentaires pour établir une stratégie de lutte biologique. Comme Tuta absoluta est connue avoir une résistance aux insecticides chimiques, la lutte biologique pourrait être une solution efficace. Mots clés : Insectes ravageurs, Tephritidae, Légumes-fruit, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Madagascar. Abstract Fruit-vegetables cultivations in Madagascar perceive an important entomological issue. Insects belonging to TEPHRITIDAE family represent a serious problem that affects fruit vegetables yield. Knowledge about Tephritidae species, their host plants and their distribution in Madagascar contribute to pest management planning. Fruit-vegetable were collected from the following regions: Alaotra Mangoro, Amoron’i Mania, Analamanga, Atsinanana, Boeny, Haute Matsiatra, Itasy, Vakinankaratra et Vatovavy Fitovinany. Samples collected were incubated in the laboratory until emergence of adult flies while the other insects were directly collected by investigating each pant. In total, 1496 individuals of Tephritidae distributed into four species were recorded: Dacus demmerezi (60,16%), Neoceratitis cyanescens (37,09%), Dacus vertebratus (2,4%) et Dacus bivittatus (0,33%). Neoceratitis cyanescens is associated to the family of Solanaceae. Dacus demmerezi, Dacus bivittatus and Dacus vertebratus infest Cucurbitacea but also share some host plants. Five other insects causing damages on lives or fruits have been also observed, among which Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera-Gelechiidae) recently introduced is considered as an important problem for tomato plantation in the highlands. As the number of Tephritidae species recorded in the present study is low compared to that of Meyer in 2012, prospection in other areas is needed. Moreover, studies on parasitoids associated to Tephritidae provide additional information to establish biological control program. As Tuta absoluta is known to be resistant to chemical pesticides, biological control could be an effective solution. Key words : Pests, Tephritidae, Fruit-vegetables, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Madagascar. ii SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................... i RESUME .................................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... ii SOMMAIRE ............................................................................................................................. iii GLOSSAIRE ............................................................................................................................. vi LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ vii LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................................ viii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ......................................................................................................... ix LISTE DES ANNEXES ............................................................................................................ ix I- INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 II- REVUE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ............................................................................................ 2 II.1. Les légumes-fruits cultivés à Madagascar ..................................................................... 2 II.2. La culture de légumes-fruit ............................................................................................ 3 II.2.1. La tomate ............................................................................................................. 4 II.2.2. La courgette ......................................................................................................... 5 II.2.3. Le concombre ...................................................................................................... 5 II.2.4. Le citrouille .......................................................................................................... 6 II.2.5. Piment et poivron ................................................................................................. 7 II.2.6. L’aubergine .........................................................................................................
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